Prehistory
• Primary sources• First hand accounts: letters, diaries, speeches
• Secondary sources• Written after the fact: textbook
• Hunters and Gatherers• Weapons and tools made of stone• Discovery of fire and wheel
Neolithic Revolution
• The change from hunting and gathering to farming– Leads to the development of: – Communities– Governments– Advances in arts and sciences– Written system
• Domestication of animals
Civilization
Ancient River Valleys
Mesopotamia
• “Cradle of Civilization”• “Land between the rivers”• Modern day Iraq in Middle East• Tigris and Euphrates Rivers• Important city-states
• Sumer• Ur• Babylon
• Religion• Polytheistic• Ziggurats
Contributions of Mesopotamia
• Wheel• Sailboat• Copper and bronze tools and weapons• Cuneiform• 12 month calendar• Number system based on 60• Code of Hammurabi
– “an eye for an eye”– Goal was to ensure justice and protect the
weak
Ancient Egypt
• Egypt it in Africa
• Nile River– “lifeblood of ancient Egypt”– “Egypt is the gift of the Nile”– Yearly flooding provided fertile soil
• Pharaoh– Leader who was believed to be a god and had
control over all of Egypt
Contributions of Egyptians• Writing
• Hieroglyphics• Papyrus
• Architecture• Pyramids• Temples
• Sciences• Math
– geometry
• Medicine– Embalming– Medical procedures: setting broken bones
• Astronomy– 365 day calendar based on the movement of stars
India
• Subcontinent of Asia• Indus River
• Earliest civilizations in India developed here
• Harrappans– Trade
• Earliest settlers in cities such as Mohenjo-Daro and Harrappa
– Very advanced cities: public sewers and water supply
• Indo Aryans• Brought the culture to area that is still practiced
today• Caste system
China
• Located in Asia
• Earliest civilization developed along the Huang He River (Yellow River)
• Grew millet,soybeans
• Shang dynasty– Built Anyang (first capital city of China)– Ruled with the aid of rich nobles
Bronze casting, silkand calligraphy
China
Huang He
Gobi Desert
Himalaya Mts.
Classical Civilizations
Greece• Greece is made up of 3 peninsulas
• Hilly terrain which caused people
to settle in city-states– Athens
• Direct democracy: every citizen takes a direct part in government
• Women, slaves and foreigners not allowed to participate
– Sparta• Totalitarian: complete control over every
aspect of life• Oligarchy: government run by a select few
Male, native born, land owners
Typically conquered people or those that owed a debt
Golden Age of Athens
• Period of peace, prosperity and growth
Pericles: Athenian leader who rebuilt Athens and is responsible for the building of the Parthenon.
Socrates Plato Aristotle
Alexander the Great: Created an empire that stretched from the Med Sea to the Indus River. Also created a new culture: Hellenistic
Socratic Method: teaching by asking questions
Blending of Greek and Middle Eastern cultures
Polytheistic
Conquered people used as slaves
Contributions of the GreeksDemocracy: Rule of the people
Advances in math and
science:
Euclid, Pythagoras and
Archimedes
Perfection in art Glorify the human body
Ionic Corinthian
Comedies, tragedies, play and historical writings
Rome
• Italian peninsula• Shaped like a boot
• Protected by Alps in the north and seas all around
• Roman Republic– Type of government that
has a leader, not a king or queen, who is elected
– Patricians: Rome’s wealthy landowning class
– Plebeians: small farmers, merchants and artisans
Tiber River
Alps Mt.
citizens
Senate: lawmaking body
Consuls: elected officials
Twelve Tables: civil, criminal and religious laws that were written down and placed in the Forum.
Rome
Julius Caesar
Declared dictator for life, killed March 15 44 BC: the Ides of March
Augustus Caesar
Member of Second Triumvirate as Octavian, first emperor of Rome
Constantine: Legalized Christianity in Rome
SPQR
Senate and the People of Rome
Pax Romana: Period of peace and prosperity in Rome
Prior to this Chrisians were persecuted by Romans due to the fact that they refused to worship the emperor as a god.
Supported by the poor for his reforms
Rome
• Rome divides into 2 empires Eastern Roman EmpireWestern Roman Empire
Rome is capitalFalls 476 AD
Constantinople is capitalBecomes Byzantine Empire
Corrupt emperors Lack of
loyalty from troops
Bad economy
Roman Contributions
Latin: becomes basis for many modern languages
Law: “innocent until proven guilty”
Christianity: beginning of the spread of the religion
Engineering: roads and aqueductsRoman Empire
relied on slave labor
India and China
Indo-Aryans invade and develop a civilization
Golden Age of India was brought about by Gupta Empire
-zero-infinity-decimal system
Hinduism and Buddhism develop in India
Hinduism remains the religion of choice
Caste system is put in place for social ordering.
Zhou dynasty uses Mandate of Heaven to acquire power to rule
All dynasties after Zhou claim Mandate as reason for rule
Qin dynasty comes to power under Qin Shi Huangdi: firstemperor of China
-responsible for the building of the first Great Wall of China
Civil Service examinations areimplemented under Han dynasty
-find the best minds to work in government-Confucius thought is
the main focus of these exams
The Middle Ages
Feudalism in Europe
Barbarians settle much of Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire
Vikings leave Scandinavia to lookfor a new food supply
Charlemagne is crowned Holy Roman Emperor in
800 AD.
Feudalism: a political system based on the ownership of land and loyalty to those that gave the land. Developed out of the need for social organization, leadership and goods.
fief: land given to a lord in return for his loyalty.
The need for order grows from this chaos. Hence the development of
Medieval Manor
Manors were self sufficient
Feudaliam con't• The shogun (like the king) ruled the country through
the daimyo (like the nobles), who were the heads of the samurai (like the knights).
• Peasants farmed the land in exchange for protection by the samurai, who operated under a code of conduct known as bushido (like chivalry).
•Feudalism also took hold in Japan–Emperor
• Shogun: real power in Japan
– Daimyo: noble landowners
Samurai: equivalent to a knight
Magna Carta 1215
• “Great Charter”• King John forced to sign
– Took away some of the king’s power
• No longer raise taxes without the consent of the Great Council
– Guaranteed freemen the right to trial by jury of peers
Established the idea that people have certain rights and the power of government should be limited
King Edward I
set up a group
of people who
were to advise
him called
Parliament.
House of Lords
House of Commons
Growth of the Roman Catholic Church
• Faith– People deeply
religious
• Wealth– Tithes (church tax)– Europe's largest
landowner
• Education– Officials typically the
only ones who could read and write
• Crusades– Holy wars wages against
Islam
– Wanted to gain control of the Holy Land (Jerusalem)
• Effects of the Crusades– Trade increased due to
desire for exotic goods
– New ideas and goods are brought to Europe
– Intolerance for religions such as Judaism and Islam
Byzantine Empire
• Survived for 1,000 years• Natural center for trade
– Silk, spices and furs imported
– Grains, olives and wines exported
• Greatly influenced by Greek culture
• Emperor Justinian created a comprehensive code of laws– Justinian’s Code
• Corpus of Civil Law– Becomes the basis for western
civilization laws
IslamGolden Age of Islamic Culture
Mathematics
-Arabic numerals
-alegebra and geometry
Medicine
-discovered blood moves to
and from the heart
diagnose measles and small-
pox
Arts
-images of people forbidden
-geometrical designs
Architecture
-mosques
Sample Seventh Grade Schedule
Decline of Feudalism
• Rise of powerful kings• Development of gunpowder• Growth of a middle class• Growth of towns• Growth of trade
Black Death: also known as the Bubonic Plague entered into Europe through trade. Fleas on goods that were shipped by boats carried the disease. Depleted much of Europe's workforce. Helped bring an end to feudalismdue to the fact that many serfs left the manors to work in the towns
Renaissance and Reformation
Renaissance
• “Rebirth of learning”• Began in Italy
– Venice and Florence– Located near major sea routes– Wealthy from trade and banking– Embraced “classical” past of Greece and Rome
• Characteristics– Growth in secularism: looking at the world
from a non religious viewpoint– Humanist: believed that each person was
unique
Renaissance Thinkers
Filippo Brunelleschi's dome
Dante: Wrote the Divine Comedy which helped createthe Italian language
William Shakespeare: wrote plays that have endured to modern times
Leonardo da Vinci: he was the definition of a “Renaissance Man.”Mona Lisa and Last Supper
Michelangelo: commissioned by the church to paint the Sistine Chapel. Most works were or religious nature. Pieta
Renaissance thinkers con't
Copernicus: believed that the planets revolved around the sun
Machiavelli: wrote The Prince which told that a leader must do whatever is necessary to rule. Believed that “the ends justify the means”
Galileo: helped develop the scientific method
Miguel Cervantes: wrote Don Quixote
Johann Gutenberg: inventor of movable type. This allowed for the mass production of books which led to increase in learning.The Bible was the first book massprinted.
Reformation and Counter Reformation• Martin Luther
– Objected to sale of indulgences– Posted Ninety Five Theses– Broke away from the church
• Other Protestant religions started– John Calvin– Henry VIII of England started Church of England and
became the head of it
• Weakened the church's power• Wars fought between Catholics and Protestants
Counter Reformation: begun by the Catholic Church in response to the Reformation.At the Council of Trent the sale of indulgences was ended. Inquisition was begun to try heretics or those that held beliefs that went against the Catholic Church.
Africa and the Americas
Medieval AfricaKingdom of Ghana: Controlled major trade routes and gained wealth through taxesand trade.
Kingdom of Mali: Mansa Musa, leader of Mali, who helped spread Islam throughoutWest African kingdoms. Timbuktu becomes the center of learning and trade.
Kingdom of Songhai: Askia Muhammed divides the empire and ruled according to Muslim law.
Gold and Salt trade
Beginning of West African Slave Trade
AmericasMaya Civilization:
Chichen Itza: important city that had pyramids
Tikal: capital city
Practiced human sacrifice
Constant warfare led to the decline of the Mayan
Began cultivation of corn
Aztec Civilization:
Tenochititlan: capital city
Worshipped sun god plus many others
Needed human sacrifice to appease sun god. This was done on massive scale.
Typical social structureof nobles, merchants and farmers
Inca Civilization:
Machu Picchu: best example of an Incan city
United empire with roads
Quipu: knotted rope that kept records
Typically lived in cities in the Andes Mountains
Mississippian Civilizations: developed along Mississippi River, mound builders, farmers who grew corn on a large scale and developed trade networks that extended to the Rocky Mountains
Effects of European Conquest of the Americas
Triangular Trade
Commercial Revolution
• Mercantilism– The theory and system of
political economy prevailing in Europe after the decline of feudalism, based on national policies of accumulating bullion, establishing colonies and a merchant marine, and developing industry and mining to attain a favorable balance of trade.
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