Prediction in Human
Presented by: Rezvan Kianifar
January 2009
Syllabus
Prediction Levels senasorimotor level cognitive level
Related brain regions at cognitive level
Characteristics which emerge by prediction
Discussion
Motor prediction
biological systems need to be able to predict the sensory consequences of their actions to be capable of rapid, robust, and adaptive behavior.
Control Strategies: direct directly maps sensations to actions, without meaningful
intermediate steps and, in particular, without any attempts to explicitly model the movement system or task.
indirect explicitly employs multiple information-processing steps to
build the control policy, and in particular it employs internal models.
What is internal model?
Internal models are neural substrates that model
input/output relationships and their inverses of kinematic and dynamic processes of the motor system and the environment
Why seek for internal model?
Helmholtz observation
Holst and Sperry 1950s(efferent copy)
Other studies
Motor Prediction Influences
State estimation
Sensory confirmation and cancellation
Context estimation
State estimation
Sensory confirmation and cancellation
Context estimation
Mental practice, imitation and socialcognition
Forward model is used to predict the sensory outcome of an action, without actually performing the action.
In perception of action we could usemultiple forward models to
make multiple predictions and, based on the correspondence between these predictions and the observed behaviour, we
could
infer which of our controllers would be used to generate the
observed action.in social interaction, a forward social model could be used to predict the reactions of others to our actions.
How to investigate prediction in cognitive level?
Cognitive Tests
FMRI-Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Related brain regions in cognitive level of prediction
DLPFC- DorsoLateral PreFrontal Cortex
OFC- OrbitoFrontal Cortex
ACC- Anterior Cingulated Cortex
DLPFC- DorsoLateral PreFrontal Cortex
DLPFC- DorsoLateral PreFrontal Cortex is known
as a neural substrate for working memory in which
a model of environment could exist
OFC- OrbitoFrontal Cortex
OFC provides an updated representation of value
through interactions with other brain areas, such
as the amygdale, which can affect adaptive
behavior
ACC- Anterior Cingulated Cortex
ACC detects the state of conflict and drives control processes to resolve the internal conflict. Because of its anatomical position which receives information from
limbic and prefrontal regions as well as having direct access to
the motor system, it seems to play a key role in monitoring
the outcomes of voluntary choices under uncertainty when
the environment is changing.
Midbrain regions
OFC have connections with the amygdala and ventral striatum, both of which have been involved in anticipating the contingencies between environmental stimuli, actions and rewards.
The serial flow of information between the amygdala and ACC is essential for guiding efficient decision
making
relations
Characteristics which emerge by prediction
Prediction: capability of predicting
future properties
Anticipation: mechanisms that use
predictions to improve other mechanisms
including learning and behavior
predictive capabilities
(1) the types of predictions represented,
(2) the quality or accuracy of the predictions,
(3) the time scales of the predictions,
(4) the generality of the predictions,
(5) the capability of incorporating context information and action
decision information for improving predictions,
(6) the focusing and attentional capabilities of prediction generation,
(7) the capability of predicting inner states.
Anticipatory capabilities
(I) learning,
(II) attention,
(III) action initiation and control,
(IV) decision making.
Epigenetic Robotic
goal of Epigenetic robotics is to understand, and model, the role of development in the emergence of increasingly complex cognitive structures from physical and social interaction.
It is being driven by two main, somewhat parallel, motivations:
(a) to understand the brain by constructing embodied systems the so-called synthetic approach,
(b) to build better systems by learning from human studies.
Discussion
1- Prediction is a main characteristic of human activity.
2-new modeling approaches should consider prediction aspect of human behavior (model-based control algorithms such as MPC or RL are good candidates)
3- neural substrates under brain prediction is not well understood but it seems it is better to consider a general framework which covers all prediction levels.
thank you
References
1-Wolpert,D.M. & Flanagan,J.R., “Motor prediction” Current Biology Vol 11 No 18,2001
2-Mehta,B. & Schaal,S. “Forward Models in Visuomotor Control” J Neurophysiol88: 942–953, 2002;
3-Web,B. “Neural mechanisms for prediction: do insects have forward models?” Trends in Neurosciences, April 2004.
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References
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14- Floresco,S.B. & Sharifi,S.G., “Amygdala-Prefrontal Cortical Circuitry Regulates Effort-Based Decision Making”, Cerebral Cortex February 2007;17:251—260
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