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Practical Networking
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Agenda
Nuts and Bolts of Internet Access, Edge, and Core Networks LAN Design End-user Protocols, Services and QoS Edge and Core Networks Performance
Bandwidth and Delay Security
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LAN Design (Access Network)
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LAN Design Goals
Critical to design is insuring a fast and stable network that will scale well as the organization grows
Design steps are...1. Gather & establish design goals based on
user requirements2. Determine data traffic patterns now & in the
future3. Define Layer 1, 2, & 3 devices & the LAN/WAN
topologies4. Document physical & logical network
implementation
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Establish the Design Goals
Although organizations are unique to the customer, the following requirements tend to be generic to all. The network must have... Functionality--speed and reliability Scalability--ability to grow without major
changes Adaptability--easily implements new
technologies Manageability--facilitates monitoring and
ease of management
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Critical Components of LAN Design With the emergence of high-speed
technologies and complex LAN technologies, the following critical components need addressing in design Function & placement of Servers Collision Detection Microsegmentation Bandwidth v. Broadcast domains
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Placement of Servers
Servers now perform special functions and can be categorized as either... Enterprise Servers--supports all users on
the network • DNS and mail servers• should be placed in the MDF
or... Workgroup Servers--supports a specific
set of users• file serving such as specialized databases• should be place in the IDF closest to users
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Intranets & Collisions
This has caused an increase in needed bandwidth. Therefore, design must address...
• Type of data to be accessed• Server privileges• Outfitting desktops with faster connectivity
– More processing power– 10/100Mbps NICs to provide migration to switched
technologies Collision detection and minimization has become a
major concern as users attempt to access the same server.
As we’ve seen, switches can provide dedicated bandwidth to minimize or eliminate collisions.
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Broadcasts & Segmentation
Layer 2 devices segment collision domains
Layer 3 devices segment broadcast domains
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Bandwidth v. Broadcast Domains A bandwidth domain
is shared by all devices on a single switched port.• Synonymous with
collision domain A broadcast domain is
shared by all devices on a single router interface.
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LAN Design Methodology
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Network Availability Network design seeks to
provide the greatest availability for the least cost.
Factors that affect availability include...• Throughput• Response time• Access to resources
In the graphic, what type of server is each and where should each be placed?
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Physical Topologies
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Layer 1 Design
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Ethernet Cable Runs The physical cabling (also called the cable plant) is
the most important Layer 1 issue to consider when designing a network.
Design issues include...• Type of cable to use (twisted-pair, coax, fiber)• Where to use each type (e.g. fiber on the backbone)• How far each run must travel before being terminated
(twisted-pair is limited to what distance?) In an existing LAN, a cable audit is performed to
determine where upgrading and/or replacement of bad cables is needed.
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MDF and IDF
Short for main distribution frame, a cable rack that interconnects and manages the telecommunications wiring between itself and any number of IDFs (Intermediate Distribution Frames). Unlike an IDF, which connects internal lines to the MDF, the MDF connects private or public lines coming into a building with the internal network. For example, an enterprise that encompasses a building with several floors may have one centralized MDF on the first floor and one IDF on each of the floors that is connected to the MDF.
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MDF & Other Acronyms
Whether the LAN is a star or extended star, the MDF is the center of the star.• From the workstation
to the telecommunications outlet, the patch cable should be no more than 3m.
• From their to the patch panel, called the HCC, no more than 90m.
• From the patch panel (the HCC) to the switch, no more than 6m.
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MDF & Other Acronyms When distances to the
MDF are more than 100m, an IDF is normally added.
The cable run from the IDF to the MDF is called the VCC and is usually fiber.
VCC is just another name for the backbone.
By adding more wiring closets (more IDFs), you create multiple catchment areas (Click of graphic button)
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10BaseT and 100BaseT Ethernet
100 BaseT (also called Fast Ethernet) is now the standard for connecting IDFs to the MDF. Although you can run Fast Ethernet over
100BaseT cabling (twisted pair), the distance limitation means fiber is most often used
The 100BaseT standard running on twisted pair is called 100BaseTX
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Layer 1 Logical Documentation Layer 1 logical
documentation is concerned with...• exact location of
MDF/IDF• type & quantity of
cabling• room locations & # of
drops• port numbers• cable labels
Notice Layer 1’s logical documentation shows nothing about logical addressing
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Layer 2 Design
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Common Layer 2 Devices The two most common
Layer 2 devices are...• Bridges and• LAN Switches
Both provide the added benefit of what?
Segmenting collision domains into microsegments.
Switches can also provide connections of unlike bandwidth (e.g., 100Mbps to the server & 10Mbps to workstations). This is called...?
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Sizing Collision Domains In a switched LAN
environment using hubs, the bandwidth of each switched port is shared by all the devices. Therefore, they also share the same collision domain.
To determine the bandwidth per host, simply divide the port’s bandwidth by the number of hosts (see graphic).
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Migrating to 100BaseT As long as your
workstations all have 10/100 NICs, increasing the bandwidth is easy.• Replace the hub with a
100Mbps capable hub and patch the HCC into a 100Mbps port on the switch.
• In addition, you can add another 100Mbps VCC from the IDF to the MDF, which provide 200 Mbps to the IDF’s switch.
• In the graphic, the red lines represent migrating to 100Mbps.
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Collision and Broadcast domains Hub
A hub receives a packet (chunk) of data (a frame in Ethernet lingo) at one of its ports from a PC on the network, it transmits (repeats) the packet to all of its ports and, thus, to all of the other PCs on the network. If two or more PCs on the network try to send packets at the same time a collision is said to occur.
Switch An Ethernet switch automatically divides the network into
multiple segments, acts as a high-speed, selective bridge between the segments, and supports simultaneous connections of multiple pairs of computers which don't compete with other pairs of computers for network bandwidth. It accomplishes this by maintaining a table of each destination address and its port.
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Layer 3 Design
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Routers and Design
Routers provide both physical and logical segmentation. Physically, routers
segment what? Logically, routers
segment according to Layer 3 addressing dividing the LAN into logical segments called subnets.
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Diagramming a LAN with Routers Notice in the graphic
that the two networks are kept separate by the router.
Each switch serves a different network regardless of the physical location of the devices.
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Logical & Physical Network Maps After determining your Layer 1, 2, and 3
design, you can create your addressing (logical) and physical maps. These are invaluable. They• Give a snapshot of the network• Show subnet mask info• Help in troubleshooting
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VLAN implementation
Created by software running on Layer 2 switches
Three methods for implementing VLANs Port-Centric Static Dynamic
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Port-Centric VLAN
Same VLAN, same router interface Easy for managemen
3 Port-Centric VLANs
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Static VLAN
Ports on a switch are administratively assigned to a VLAN Benefits
can be assigned by port, address, or protocol type secure, easy to configure and monitor works well in networks where moves are controlled
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Dynamic VLAN
Switch ports can automatically determine a user’s VLAN assignment based on either/or: MAC / logical address / protocol type
When connected to an unassigned port, the switch dynamically configures the port with the right VLAN
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References
Slides adapted from Allan Johnson, CCNA
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