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Practical Industrial Flow Measurement for Engineers

and Technicians


Industries involved in flow measurement and control include: food and beverage;medical;mining and metallurgical; oil and gas transport; petrochemical;pneumatic and hydraulic transport of solids;power generation; pulp and paper; andwater distribution.


Stationary plate

Moving plate


Shear

Shear stress Shear rate

or:

Shear stress = µ. Shear rate

where:

µ = dynamic viscosity ( Pa.s)

Formerly = poise

where:

1 Pa.s = 10 poise


Comparison of the viscosities of various fluids.

Fluid Temperature(C)

Viscosity (Pa.s)

Molasses 20 100Glycerine 20 1,5Engine oil (SAE 10) 30 0,2Milk 20 5 x 10 -3

Blood 37 4 x 10 -3

Water 0 1,8 x 10 -3

Ethyl alcohol 20 1,2 x 10 -3

Water 20 1 x 10 -3

Water 100 0,3 x 10 -3

Air 20 0.018 x 10 -3

Water vapour 100 0,013 x 10 -3

Hydrogen 0 0,009 x 10 -3


Shear rate

Shearstress

Yield point

Newton

ian

Idea

l plas

tic

Pseudoplastic

Dilatan

t

Non-Newtonian fluids


Ideal profile


Laminar profile


Turbulent profile


Re = r.v.D/ µ

where:

r = density (kg/m3)

µ = viscosity (Pa.s)

v = mean flow velocity (m/s)

D = diameter of pipe (m)

Laminar Re < 2000

Transitional Re 2000 - 4000

Turbulent Re > 4000

Reynolds number


Swirl


Definitions Volumetric flow rate Velocity Point velocity

Mean flow velocity Volumetric flow rate Mass flow rate Rangeability


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