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Practical Applications of Immunology (Ch 18)
Vaccine Overview
Practical Applications of Immunology (Ch 18)
behance.net, CDC.gov
“Sacred to the Memory of
the Right Honourable Lady Mary Wortley Montague.
Who happily introduc’d from Turkey, into this Country, The Salutary Art
Of inoculating the Small Pox. Convinc’d of its Efficacy
She first tried it with Success On her own Children.
And then recommended the practice of it To her fellow Citizens.
Thus by her Example and Advice, We have soften’d the Virulence
And escap’d the danger of this malignant Disease…”
1789
Lady Mary Wortley Montague (1689-1762)
Variolation
500,000
Measles cases in the United States, 1960–2010. (CDC, 2010)
350,000
300,000
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
400,000
450,000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2010 2005 0
140
20
40
60
80
100
0
120
2000 01 02 03 05 04 06 07 08 09 10 Year
Rep
orte
d nu
mbe
r of c
ases
Year
Rep
orte
d nu
mbe
r of c
ases
Vaccine licensed
Vaccines for bacteria
Vaccines for viruses
Immunization Schedule
Vaccine Types
Live Attenuated: Figure 18.1 Influenza viruses are grown in embryonated eggs.
Live Attenuated: Figure 13.7 Inoculation of an embryonated egg.
Air sac
Shell Amniotic cavity
Chlorioallantoic membrane
Chlorioallantoic membrane innoculation
Amniotic innoculation
Allantoic innoculation
Yolk sac innoculation
Shell membrane
Albumin Allantoic cavity
Yolk sac
Conjugated vaccines: Figure 17.6 T-independent antigen
nature.com
West Nile DNA vaccine for horses
Thimerosal FAQ page from CDC http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/thimerosal/ CDC list of vaccine ingredients
Adjuvants
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/thimerosal/
Perception of Risk
http://anhinternational.org/
Risk in United Kingdom
http://anhinternational.org/
http://anhinternational.org/
Risk
Mumps
Measles
Rubella / German measles wikipedia.org
Measles
Let’s not forget
wikipedia.org
Diphtheria Diphtheria, skin lesion
Let’s not forget
Diphtheria
un.org
Let’s not forget Polio
wikipedia.org freeinfosociety.com
Tetanus
braindiseases.org
Let’s not forget
Diagnostic Immunology Two major problems to solve!
Figure 18.2.1-2 The Production of Monoclonal Antibodies.
Mouse injected with antigen. Antibodies produced.
Antigen 1
Mouse spleen removed. Contains B cells that produce antibodies. Spleen
2
Spleen cells mixed with myeloma cells. Some fuse into hybrid cells.
Suspension of spleen cells
Spleen cells
Myeloma cells
Hybrid cells Suspension of myeloma cells
Cultured myeloma cells (cancerous B cells)
3
Mixture of cells placed in selective medium that allows only hybrid cells to grow.
Spleen cell
4
Hybrid cells proliferate into clones called hybridomas. The hybridomas are screened for production of the desired antibody.
Hybridomas Figure 18.2.5-6 The Production of Monoclonal Antibodies.
5
The selected hybridomas produce large quantities of monoclonal antibodies, for treating and diagnosing disease.
Desired monoclonal antibodies
6
Pharmacychoice.com, oncozine.com, novosurge.com, mims.com
Naming
Figure 18.11a Fluorescent-antibody (FA) techniques.
Reactions in a positive direct fluorescent-antibody test Group A streptococci from patient’s throat
Fluorescent dye–labeled antibodies to group A
streptococci
Fluorescent streptococci
Figure 18.11b Fluorescent-antibody (FA) techniques.
Reactions in a positive indirect fluorescent-antibody test
T. pallidum from laboratory stock
Specific antibodies in serum of patient
Antibodies binding to T. pallidum
Fluorescent dye–labeled anti-human immune
serum globulin (will react with
any immunoglobulin)
Fluorescent spirochetes (see Figure 3.6b)
Figure 18.14: The ELISA method.
1
2
3
4
Direct: detects antigens Indirect: detects antibodies
1
2
3
4
Figure 18.13 The use of monoclonal antibodies in a home pregnancy test.
Control windows
Test windows
Not pregnant Pregnant
Sandwich formed by combination of capture antibody and free antibody when hCG is present, creating a color change.
Capture monoclonal antibody bound to substrate.
Free monoclonal antibody specific for hCG, a hormone produced during pregnancy.
1
2
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