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0O1TED CONNECTIONS
Sli%critical and bearing t'e bolted connections.
Connections should be designed to be sli%critical (here2 stress reversal$ heav' imact loads$ severe vibration
3oint sliage (ould be detrimental to the serviceabilit' of the structure
4oints that must be designed to be sli%critical include 4oints sub3ect to fatigue loading or significant load reversal.
4oints (ith oversi5ed holes or slotted holes
4oints (here (elds and bolts sharing in transmitting load
4oints in a&ial tension or combined a&ial tension and shear
0earing%t'e bolted connections can be designed for 3ointssub3ected to comression or 3oints for bracing members
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S1I6%C7ITICA1 0O1TED CONNECTION
Sli%critical bolted connections can fail in t(o (a's2 8a9 sli at theconnection: 8b9 bearing failure of the connection
Sli%critical connection must be designed to2 8a9 resist sli at load
Service II; and 8b9 resist bearing ; shear at strength limit states
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S1I6%C7ITICA1 0O1TED CONNECTION
Sli%critical bolted connections can be installed (ith such a degreeof tightness large tensile forces in the bolt clam the
connected lates together
Alied Shear force resisted b' friction
Tightened
P
P
TightenedTightened
P
P
P
P
Tb
N =Tb
N =Tb
N =Tb
P
F=N
Tb
N = Tb
F=N
N = Tb
N =Tb
P
Tb
N =Tb
Tb
N =Tb
N =Tb
N =Tb
P
F=N
N =Tb
N =Tb
P
F=N
Tb
N = Tb
Tb
N = Tb
F=N
N = Tb
N =Tb
P
F=N
N = Tb
N =Tb
N = Tb
N =Tb
P
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S1I6%C7ITICA1 0O1TED CONNECTION
Slip-critical connectionscan resist the shear force using friction. If the alied shear force is less than the friction that develos bet(een
the t(o surfaces$ then no sli (ill occur bet(een them
Nominal sli resistance of a bolt in a sli%critical connection
7n< =h=sNs6t
>here$ 6t< minimum re)uired bolt tension secified in Table ?=h< hole factor secified in Table ?
=s< surface condition factor secified in Table /
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S1I6%C7ITICA1 0O1TED CONNECTION
@a'ing surfaces nainted clean mill scale$ and blast%cleaned surfaces (ith Class Acoating
nainted blast%cleaned surfaces (ith Class Bcoating
Bot%di galvani5ed surfaces roughened b' (ire brushing Class C
Bolt diameter
(in.)
Required Tension
(kips)
A3! A"#$
!%& '# "
3%" & 3!
%& 3# "#' !' "
'*'%& ! &$
'*'%" ' '$
'*3%& &! ''
'*'% '$3 '"&
For standard holes '.$
For o+ersi,e and short*slotted holes $.&!
For long slotted holes -ith the slot
Perpendiular to the /ore diretion
$.$
For long*slotted holes -ith the slot
Parallel to the /ore diretion
$.$
Values of Kh
Values of Pt
For 0lass A sur/ae onditions $.33
For 0lass B sur/ae onditions $.!$
For 0lass 0 sur/ae onditions $.33
Values of Ks
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S1I6%C7ITICA1 CONNECTION
Connection sub3ected to tensile force 8Tu9$ (hich reduces claming
Nominal sli resistance should be reduced b' 8?% Tu;6t9
Sli is not a catastrohic failure limit%state because sli%criticalbolted connections behave as bearing t'e connections after sli.
Sli%critical bolted connections are further designed as bearing%t'ebolted connection for the alicable factored strength limit state.
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0EA7ING CONNECTION
In a bearing%t'e connection$ bolts are subjected to shearand theconnecting ; connected lates are sub3ected to bearing stresses 2
Bolt in shear
Bearing stresses in plate
Bearing stresses in plate
TT
T
T
Bolt in shear
Bearing stresses in plate
Bearing stresses in plate
Bolt in shear
Bearing stresses in plate
Bearing stresses in plate
TT
T
T
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0EA7ING CONNECTION
0earing t'e connection can fail in several failure modesa9Shear failure of the boltsb9E&cessive bearing deformation at the bolt holes in the connected artsc9 Edge tearing or fracture of the connected lated9Tearing or fracture of the connected late bet(een t(o bolt holese9@ailure of member being connected due to fracture or bloc+ shear or ...
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0EA7ING CONNECTION
Nominal shear resistance of a bolt
Threads e&cluded2 7n< -. Ab@ubNs
Threads included2 7n< -./ Ab@ubNs>here$ Ab< area of the bolt corresonding to the nominal diameter
@ub< ?- +si for A/" bolts (ith diameters -." through ?.- in.
@ub< ?-" +si for A/" bolts (ith diameters ?.?" through ?." in.
@ub< ?"- +si for AF- bolts.
Ns< number of shear lanes
7esistance factor for bolts in shear < s< -.-
E)uations above % valid for 3oints (ith length less than "-.- in. If the length is greater than "- in.$ then the values from the e)uations
have to be multilied b' -.
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0EA7ING CONNECTION
S6ACING 7EHI7E*ENTS *inimum sacing bet(een centers of bolts in standard holes shall not
be less than three times the diameter of the bolt
@or sealing against enetration of moisture in 3oints$ the sacing on asingle line ad3acent to the free edge shall satisf' s 8.- J .- t9 !.-
*inimum edge distances
Bolt diameter
(in.)
1heared
edge
Rolled or
2as 0ut edge
!%& '*'%& %&
3%" '*'%" '
%& '*'% '*'%&' '*3%" '*'%"
'*'%& '*'%
'*'%" *'%" '*!%&
'*3%& *3%& '*3%"
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0O1TED CONNECTION
Example 1 Design a sli%critical slice for a tension member. @orthe Service II load combination$ the member is sub3ected to a
tension load of -- +is. @or the strength limit state$ the member is
sub3ected to a ma&imum tension load of /-- +is.
The tension member is a W8 x 28section made from *!-%Gr. "-steel. se A/" bolts to design the sli%critical slice.
Step I.Service and factored loads Service 1oad < -- +is.
@actored design load < /-- +is
Tension member is W8 x 28section made from *!- Gr."-. Thetension slice must be sli critical 8i.e.$ it must not sli9 at service loads.
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0O1TED CONNECTION
Step II.Sli%critical slice connection
Sli resistance of one full'%tensioned sli%critical bolt < 7n< =h=sNs6t < ?.- for sli%critical resistance evaluation
Assume bolt diameter < d < K in. Therefore 6t< +is from Table ?
Assume standard holes. Therefore =h< ?.-
Assume Class A surface condition. Therefore =s< -.//
Therefore$ 7n< ?.- & -.// & ? & < F. +is
Therefore$ number of K in. diameter bolts re)uired for slice to be sli%critical at service loads < -- ; F. < ?.L.
Therefore$ number of bolts re)uired M
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0O1TED CONNECTION
Step III:1a'out of flange%late slice connection
To be s'mmetric about centerline$ need the number of bolts < multile of .
Therefore$ choose full' tensioned /; in. A/" bolts (ith la'out above. Sli%critical strength of the connection < & F. +is < ?.! +is
*inimum edge distance 81e9 < ? in. from Table . Design edge distance 1e< ?." in.
*inimum sacing < s < / & bolt diameter < / & K < ." in.
Design sacing < ." in.
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0O1TED CONNECTION
Step IV:Connection strength at factored loads The connection should be designed as a normal shear;bearing
connection be'ond this oint for the factored load of /-- +is
Shear strength of high strength bolt < 7n< -.- & -./ & Ab& @ubNs
E)uation given earlier for threads included in shear lane.
Ab< /.? & -.!"; < -. in
@ub< ?- +si for A/" bolts (ith d ?%?; in.
N
s< ?
Therefore$ 7n < ?L.? +is
The shear strength of bolts < ?L.? +is;bolt & < /L.F +is
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0O1TED CONNECTION
0earing strength of /; in. bolts at edge holes 81e< ?." in.9
bb7n< -.- & ?. 1ct @u0ecause the clear edge distance < ?." 8/; J ?;?L9; < -./!" in. d
bb7n< -.- & ?. & -./!" & L" +is & t < ".L" +is ; in. thic+ness
0earing strength of of /; in. bolts at non%edge holes 8s < ."9 bb7n< -.- & . d t @u
0ecause the clear distance bet(een holes < ." 8/; J ?;?L9 < ?.L!" in. , d
bb7n< -.- & . & -.!" & L" +is & t < F/.L +is ; in. thic+ness
0earing strength of bolt holes in flanges of (ide flange section W8 x 288t < -.L" in.9
& ".L" & -.L" J?L & F/.L & -.L" < F +is
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>E1DED CONNECTIONS
Introduction The shielded metal arc (elding 8S*A>9 rocess for field (elding.
Submerged metal arc (elding 8SA>9 used for sho (elding automatic or semi%automatic rocess
Hualit' control of (elded connections is articularl' difficult because ofdefects belo( the surface$ or even minor fla(s at the surface$ (ill
escae visual detection.
>elders must be roerl' certified$ and for critical (or+$ secial
insection techni)ues such as radiograh' or ultrasonic testing must beused.
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>E1DED CONNECTIONS
T(o most common t'es of (elds are the fillet and the groove (eld. la 3oint fillet (elds laced in the corner formed b' t(o lates
Tee 3oint fillet (elds laced at the intersection of t(o lates.
Groove (elds deosited in a ga or groove bet(een t(o arts to be
connected e.g.$ butt$ tee$ and corner 3oints (ith beveled 8reared9 edges 6artial enetration groove (elds can be made from one or both sides (ith or
(ithout edge rearation.
Fillet weld
Fillet weld
Fillet weldFillet weld
Fillet weldFillet weld
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@I11ET >E1DED CONNECTIONS
The shear strength of the base metal must be considered2
7n< v& -." Ag@'
(here$ v< ?.-
@'is the 'ield strength of the base metal and Agis the gross area in shear
Strength of (eld in shear Strength of base metal
< -.- & -.L- & @e&&& -.!-! & a & 1( < ?.- & -." & @'& t & 1(
Smaller governs the strength of the (eld
T
6le+ation Plan
T
6le+ation Plan
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@I11ET >E1DED CONNECTIONS
Lmtatons on !eld dmensons
*inimum si5e 8amin9 >eld si5e need not e&ceed the thic+ness of the thinner art 3oined.
amin deends on the thic+ness of the thic+er art 3oined
If the thic+ness of the thic+er art 3oined 8T9 is less than or e)ual to K in.amin < in.
If T is greater than K in. amin< ";?L in.
*a&imum si5e 8ama&9 *a&imum si5e of fillet (eld along edges of connected arts
for material (ith thic+ness -." in.$ ama& < thic+ness of the material for lates (ith thic+ness -." in.$ ama&< thic+ness of material % ?;?L in.
*inimum length 81(9 *inimum effective length of fillet (eld < & si5e of fillet (eld
Effective length of fillet (eld , ?." in.
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@I11ET >E1DED CONNECTIONS
>eld terminations and end returns End returns must not be rovided around transverse stiffeners
@illet (elds that resist tensile forces not arallel to the (eld a&is orroortioned to (ithstand reeated stress shall not terminate at corners
of arts or members
>here end returns can be made in the same lane$ the' shall bereturned continuousl'$ full si5e around the corner$ for a length e)ual to
t(ice the (eld si5e 8a9
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@I11ET >E1D DESIGN
Example 1 Design the fillet (elded connection s'stem for a double
angle tension member !" & /P & ?; made from A/L steel to carr'
a factored ultimate load of "- +is.
Step I. Design the (elded connection
Considering onl' the thic+ness of the angles: amin< ?; in. Considering onl' the thic+ness of the angles: ama&< ?; % ?;?L in. < !;?L in.
"esi#n$ a < /; in. < -./!" in.
Shear strength of (eld metal < 7n < -.- & -.L- & @ENN& -.!-! & a & 1(
< .F & 1(+is
Strength of the base metal in shear < 7n< ?.- & -." & @'& t & 1(
< ?-. 1(+is
Shear strength of (eld metal governs$ 7n< .F 1(+is
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@I11ET >E1D DESIGN
Design strength 7n, "- +is Therefore$ .F 1(, "- +is
Therefore$ 1(, .? in.
Design length of /; in. E!- fillet (eld < /-.- in.
Shear stren#th o$ $illet %eld & 2'7 (ips
Connection la'out Connection must be designed to minimi5e eccentricit' of loading.
Therefore$ the center or gravit' of the (elded connection must coincide
(ith the center of gravit' of the member.
Tu
/ 5
/ 5'
5'
5
3." in.Tu
/ 5
/ 5'
5'
5
3." in.
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@I11ET >E1D DESIGN
Connection la'out
Connection must be designed to minimi5e eccentricit' of loading.
The c.g. of the (elded connection must coincide (ith c.g. of the member
Total length of (eld re)uired < /- in.
T(o angles assume each angle (ill have (eld length of ?" in.
Tu
/ 5
/ 5'
5'
5
3." in.Tu
/ 5
/ 5'
5'
5
3." in.
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@I11ET >E1D DESIGN
The tension force Tuacts along the c.g. of the member$ (hich is?.L" in. from the to and /./" in. from the bottom 8AISC manual9.
1et$ $be the strength of the fillet (eld er unit length.
Therefore$ fL1" fL2= #u
And fL2x $.$% & fL1x 1.'% = ( % ta+ing moments about the member c.g.
Therefore$ 1?< .- 10ut$ 1?J 1< ?".- in.
Therefore$ 1?< ?- in. and 1< " in.
Design2 1?< ?-.- in. and 1< ".- in.
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@I11ET >E1D DESIGN
Consider another la'out
Tu
/ 5
5'
5
/ 5'
!/ 3." iTu
/ 5
5'
5
/ 5'
!/ 3." i
f1?J f1
J "f < T
u
f1& /." J "f & -." % f1
?& ?.L" < - % *oment about member c.g.
Additionall'$ 1
?J 1
J " < ?".- in.
Therefore$ 1?< !.L in. and 1
< . in.
Design2 1?< .- in. and 1< /.- in.
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Groove >elded Connections
Connects structural members that are aligned in the same lane
0asic T'es2 Comlete 3oint enetration groove (eld2 transmits full load of the member the' 3oin
and have the same strength as the base metal.
6artial enetration groove (eld2 >elds do not e&tend comletel' through thethic+ness of the ieces being 3oined.
G
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Groove >elds
Comlete enetration groove (elded connections
Tension and comression loaded
@actored resistance < factored resistance of base metal
Shear loaded on effective area lesser of @actored resistance of (eld < -.L & e)& @e&&< -.L & -." & @e&& L-# of factored resistance of base metal in tension
6artial enetration groove%(elded connections
Tension or comression arallel to the (eld a&is and comression normalto effective area factored resistance of the base metal
Tension normal to the effective area lesser of
@actored resistance of the (eld < -.L e2@e&&< -.L- & -.- & @e&& @actored resistance of the base metal
Shear loaded lesser of @actored resistance of the (eld < -.L e2@e&&< -.L- & -.- & @e&&
@actored resistance of base metal < -." @'
Groove >elds
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Groove >elds
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