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A. PART 3
HISTORICAL REFERENCES
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HISTORICAL REFERENCES LECTURE 1
Early Middle Ages
1. Social History
2. Philosophy 2a. Natural and Mythical phenomena
2b. How space was understood
2c. Theories about space
2d. Literary references
3. Making spaces- The Enclosed Garden
3a. Characteristics of the enclosed garden
3b. Typologies
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EARLY MEDIEVAL, DARK AGES CHRISTIAN PERIOD, FALL OF ROME, WARRING FACTIONS,
CITY ABANDONMENT, DE- POPULATION
CAROLIGNIAN, CHARLEMAGNE GAINS CONTROL
BYZANTINE CONTROL
CITY RE- POPULATION
RURAL ECONOMY OF FEUDALISM EMERGES
ROMANESQUE - HIGH/ LATE OR CLASSICAL MIDDLE AGES
GOTHIC
PLAGUES & FAMINES PLAGUES & FAMINES
CRUSADES
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1. Social History
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Early Middle Ages
Fall of Rome
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With the collapse of the
Roman Empire, and the flood
of Nomadic Barbarian
peoples came war, famine
and plague.
Trade had become almost
impossible
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Much of the urban population left the cities
Towns were enclaves in an immense landscape, a landscape to which monasteries,
castles and settlements turned their backs.
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2. Philosophy
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Philosophy
a. Natural and Mythical phenomena
b. How space was understood - contrasts
- experience of space
c. Theories about space
d. Literary references
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- until the 11th century europe
was covered in forests and
heathland
- the forest was a wilderness
with real & imagined dangers
-the forest also provided a
source of income, it offered
wood, resin, acorns, honey
game..
2.Philosophy
a. Natural and Mythical phenomena
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Phenomena such as:
- eclipses of sun/moon,
- earthquakes
- rainstorms
2.Philosophy
a. Natural and Mythical phenomena
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- eclipses of sun/moon,
- earthquakes
- rainstorms
were signs of the mysterious
powers of nature which the
people feared
2. Philosophy
a. Natural and Mythical phenomena
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- Society was deeply embedded in a
semi mythical nature
- natural & supernatural phenomena;
angels, devils, miracles & dragons
existed side by side
2. Philosophy
a. Natural and Mythical phenomena
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2. Philosophy
b. How space was understood
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Contrasts in the landscape
- the medieval image of nature was
determined , not by the forest but the
cultivated open spaces
- the glade (clearing)
- these were spatial entities that could be
understood, as opposed to the terrifying
endlessness of the forest
2. Philosophy
b. How space was understood
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glade
- the glade formed a ‘natural’ inner world
- defined by openness- the physical absence of the forest
2. Philosophy
b. How space was understood - contrasts
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glade
glade
- that which is hidden is brought to view
- opening provides a view of the sky, linking the earth and the sky
2. Philosophy
b. How space was understood - contrasts
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glade and oasis
- in the desert, the oasis is a natural inner world with water, vegetation and shade
- both oasis & clearing spatially and visually act as counterpoints in the landscape
2. Philosophy
b. How space was understood - contrasts
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glade and oasis
- the oasis as an entity in a horizontal plane visualizes the line linking earth & sky
- vertical & horizontal come together & give the coordinates of the space
- just as the oasis is a haven in the desert for a nomad, so the clearing was a refuge in
the wilderness for medieval man
2. Philosophy
b. How space was understood - contrasts
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2. Philosophy
b. How space was understood - Experience of space
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Text
- Medieval man understood the landscape only in
terms of well defined spaces
- the world view was introverted, & centralized
2. Philosophy
b. How space was understood - Experience of space
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Text
- infinity was a quality of god alone, mans world
was finite
- the only comprehensible space was the finite
space - a space a bounded by walls
2. Philosophy
b. How space was understood - Experience of space
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2. Philosophy
b. How space was understood - Experience of space
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Text
-with fear of the ’void’ medieval man did
not want to confront the horizon of his
world
2. Philosophy
b. How space was understood - Experience of space
2. Philosophy
c. theories about space
Aristotle was one of the
philosophers of antiquity who
influenced medieval thinking
about space
- as the earth was understood
to be the centre of the
universe
- each space is cosmic space
(related to the universe)
-In Aristotles theory, space
existed as a locus around an
object
- the space was generated by the
object ‘expanding’ and forming
its own cavity
2. Philosophy
c. theories about space
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-This shaped the way medieval man
understood space;
- Emptiness was incomprehensible
- Everything is enclosed and has its
proper place - always a relation between
container &...
2. Philosophy
c. theories about space
..the contained
2. Philosophy
c. theories about space
2. Philosophy
4. Literary and biblical references
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Literature, poetry paintings &
carpets gave medieval man a
range of images of the garden
as paradise from earlier
civilisations
2. Philosophy
4. Literary and biblical references
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Pairidaeza
Paradise is derived from the persian
word Pairidaeza meaning
“surrounded’ by walls
The idea of an ordered paradise first
emerged in the persian desert
With walls around to keep out the the
unpleasant world and in the centre a
fountain with irrigation channels
north east south & west, dividing the
garden into 4
- each quarter is subdivided into
smaller paradises which are divided
up again
- trees provide shade
-water cools the air
- pavilions with galleries around the
the edges of the garden so that the
garden can be admired from the
shade
2. Philosophy
4. Literary and biblical references
Garden of Eden
Garden of Eden
“And the lord planted a
garden eastward in Eden
and out of the ground god
made to grow every tree
that is pleasant to the sight
& good for food
-and a river went out of
eden to water the garden
the garden was considered
to exist somewhere
(surrounded by fire)
EDEN = an irrigated, well watered place
= pleasure & enlightenment (hebrew)
2. Philosophy
4. Literary and biblical references
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Arcadia
Arcadia
300BC Theocritus described a
pastoral landscape far from the
civilized world
Virgil created this world
situated in Arcadia
(isolated hilly Peloponese)
Between 42-37BChe wrote his
his Eclogues - pastoral poems
this idealised image of nature
was taken over by medieval
man as an idealised image of
nature
(since fall of romans ‘real’
nature had become degraded to
wilderness)
2. Philosophy
4. Literary and biblical references
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3. Making Spaces - The Enclosed Garden
a. Characteristics of the Enclosed Garden
b. Typologies
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3. Making Spaces - The Enclosed Garden
a. Characteristics of the Enclosed Garden
Contrasts again played a big role in how the enclosed garden
was defined and located in the world
(a) Cosmic Orientation
(b) Temporal Orientation
(c) Territorial Orientation
Cosmic Orientation
cosmic orientation - the primitive
experience of being on earth is
provided by the opposition between;
- earth and heaven
- high & low
- vertical & horizontal
- light and dark
- the path of the sun & stars aid
orientation and give a sense of
direction
3. Making Spaces - The Enclosed Garden
a. Characteristics of the Enclosed Garden
Temporal Orientation
Gained from;
- the rhythm of the seasons,
- day & night
- and from visible presence of the
past
3. Making Spaces - The Enclosed Garden
a. Characteristics of the Enclosed Garden
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Territorial Orientation
Relationships between space from
the visible topography, dualities of;
- centre & periphery
- inside outside
- far and near
3. Making Spaces - The Enclosed Garden
a. Characteristics of the Enclosed Garden
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3. Making Spaces - The Enclosed Garden
a. Characteristics of the Enclosed Garden
b. Typologies
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During the middle ages 3 types of
enclosed garden developed in:
3. Making Spaces - The Enclosed Garden
b. Typologies
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3. Making Spaces - The Enclosed Garden
b. Typologies
-the castles
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3. Making Spaces - The Enclosed Garden
b. Typologies
-the cities
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hortus catalogi
City/ Monastery
Geometric garden
- arrangement of flower beds
- classification of plant species
- expressed knowledge &
riches
3. Making Spaces - The Enclosed Garden
b. Typologies
hortus
contemplationis
Monastery
Cloister garden
- hierarchy of universe
with God at its centre
- the monastery was
organized around it
3. Making Spaces - The Enclosed Garden
b. Typologies
hortus lundi
Castle
The Pleasure Garden-
- a pleasant social space for
games & play
- the garden of courtly life
3. Making Spaces - The Enclosed Garden
b. Typologies
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3. Making Spaces - The Enclosed Garden
b. Typologies
Examples and characteristics
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Hortus Catalogi
raised flower beds
stone walls
gate
3. Making Spaces - The Enclosed Garden
b. Typologies
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monastery gardens
- C5-9th
- ensembles organised around a cloister
garden
- offered; light, safety, coolness, shade,
clarity of organization
- all garden types existed here
- orchard - hortus lundi
- herb/ vegetable garden - gave a
structured living enviroment
- hortus cont. - a garden of meditation for
monks
St. Galls Monastery
Hortus Catalogi
3. Making Spaces - The Enclosed Garden
b. Typologies
53 Plan of St.Gall Monastery c850 Hortus Catalogi
3. Making Spaces - The Enclosed Garden
b. Typologies
54 St. Galls Monastery
Hortus Catalogi
3. Making Spaces - The Enclosed Garden
b. Typologies
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Hortus Catalogi
-measure
-proportion
- classification of plant species
- illustrates order of nature
- garden has been recorded through
inventories and descriptions
- original catalogi - herb garden
- mostly occurring in monasteries
- plants symbolic connection to christian
doctrine
- traced back to muslim garden which
had a firm scientific basis via spain
brought botanical medical & cultural
knowledge
3. Making Spaces - The Enclosed Garden
b. Typologies
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Hortus Contemplatonis
fountain/tree
axial cross
grass
gallery & door
3. Making Spaces - The Enclosed Garden
b. Typologies
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Hortus Contemplatonis
Garden of Contemplation
- monasteries in 5th- 9thc they were ensembles
organized around a cloister garden
- these places offered light safety clarity of
organization coolness shade fertile ground within
inhospitable nature
- monasteries were symbols of cosmic order
- complete worlds
- all garden types are found here
- herb/ veg garden -gave structured living
environment around work ethic
- orchard (lundi)
- St gall monastery became a model for benedictine
monasteries
- These gardens belonged to the inner world of the
monastery the entrance gate was kept locked
3. Making Spaces - The Enclosed Garden
b. Typologies
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Hortus Lundi
- a garden full of flowers
- place for courtly love
reading, philosophy, music, sport
- elements seemingly placed at
random
Plays enacted in the gardens -
rose gardens
- the garden is fully removed
from the surroundings(whether in
the natural landscape or within
the castle walls)
3. Making Spaces - The Enclosed Garden
b. Typologies
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Hortus Lundi
- hortus lundi represented
paradise, symbolized women
- scene of dining dancing
conversing making music
planting - fresh green lawn,
sweet smelling flowers
aromatic herbs, fruit trees,
shade, water
turfed seat with aromatic
flowers smelled when sat on
3. Making Spaces - The Enclosed Garden
b. Typologies
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Hortus Lundi
the players are the principle
elements in the garden
to please all the senses -
smells sounds taste touch
theatre
(sounds of music water
birds)
3. Making Spaces - The Enclosed Garden
b. Typologies
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Hortus Lundi
berceau
turfed seat
stone table
fountain
fruit trees
flowery mead
stone walls
gate
3. Making Spaces - The Enclosed Garden
b. Typologies
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Hortus Lundi
3. Making Spaces - The Enclosed Garden
b. Typologies
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Hortus Lundi
the pleasure garden has been recorded through illustrations
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b. Typologies
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