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POWER PRODUCTION FUELS &
JAMAICA
By
Neville A. Tomlinson, Ph.D.
March 18, 2009
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POWER PRODUCTION FUELS & JAMAICA
INTRODUCTION
The long term fuels challenge
Identifying fuels that that satisfy the following:
Plentiful (available for the life of the supporting installation - ≥ 25 yrs.)
Available Contains high energy density Economical Safe to transport and use Supported by proven technology Environmentally economical Promote Jamaica’s short and long term economic development :
Investor friendly Promotes job creation Promotes improved living standard for Jamaican’s
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POWER PRODUCTION FUELS & JAMAICA
CONVENTIONAL SOURCESUNCONVENTIONAL SOURCES
Fossil Fuels : -petroleum (oil) - coal - propane - natural gas
Nuclear Fuels: - uranium - plutonium - thorium - minor actinides
Fossil Fuels: - tar sands - oil shale - heavy oil - coal to liquid (CTL) - coal to gas (CTG)
- petcoke
Alternative Fuels : - bioalcohol (methanol, ethanol, butanol)
- biogas (methane) - biodiesel - fuel cells - hydrogen - non-fossil natural gas
Renewables: - wind - solar - tidal - geothermal - biofuels (biogas, bioalcohol,
biodiesel, etc)
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POWER PRODUCTION FUELS & JAMAICA
GLOBAL TRENDS
EIA: Global energy demand grows despite the sustained high world oil prices that are projected to persist over the long term.
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GLOBAL TRENDS
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POWER PRODUCTION FUELS & JAMAICA
Fossil Fuel Emission Levels - Pounds per Billion Btu of Energy Input
Pollutant Natural Gas Oil Coal
Carbon Dioxide 117,000 164,000 208,000
Carbon Monoxide 40 33 208
Nitrogen Oxides 92 448 457
Sulfur Dioxide 1 1,122 2,591
Particulates 7 84 2,744
Mercury 0.000 0.007 0.016
Source: EIA - Natural Gas Issues and Trends 1998
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POWER PRODUCTION FUELS & JAMAICA
Typical Composition of Natural Gas
Methane CH4 70-90%
Ethane C2H6
0-20%Propane C3H8
Butane C4H10
Carbon Dioxide CO2 0-8%
Oxygen O2 0-0.2%
Nitrogen N2 0-5%
Hydrogen sulphide H2S 0-5%
Rare gases A, He, Ne, Xe trace
Coal Natural Gas Gas Condensate Crude OilHg0 T D D D(CH3)2Hg ? T T, S(?) T, S(?)HgCl2 S(?) N S SHgS D N Suspended SuspendedHgO T(?) N N NCH3 HgCl ? N T? T?
Abundance: D (dominant) - greater than 50 percent of total
S (some) - 10 to 50 percent T (trace) - less than 1 percent N (none) – rarely detected
? indicates that data not conclusive
Approximate Natural Abundance of Mercury Compounds in Hydrocarbons
Source: Naturalgas .org
Source: Abbot and Openshaw (2002)
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POWER PRODUCTION FUELS & JAMAICA
NATURAL GAS RESERVES
Middle East 2,548.9
Eurasia 2,020.0
Africa 489.6
Asia 415.4
North America 283.1
Central and South America 261.8
Europe 166.9
Total 6,185.7
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Gas Reserves by Country Top gas reserves by country, TCF World reserves: 4980 TCF
1. Russian Federation 17482. USA 14753. Iran 7424. Qatar 2455. Abu Dhabi 1886. Saudi Arabia 1857. Venezuela 1408. Algeria 1289. Turkmenistan 10010. Kazakhstan
8311. Canada 6712. Uzbekistan
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POWER PRODUCTION FUELS & JAMAICA
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Gas to Market Technologies
POWER PRODUCTION FUELS & JAMAICA
LNG (Proven technology, expensive)
CNG (Not proven, Developing, Cheap)
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CNG TRANSPORT SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
1. SeaNG
2. TrasOcean Gas
3. Floating Pipeline Company
4. Knutsen OAS Shipping
5. Enersea Transport
POWER PRODUCTION FUELS & JAMAICA
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CNG Transport
Courtesy Enersea
ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS & JAMAICA
VOTRANS concept in which the natural gasis compressed and cooled to lowertemperatures. This reduces the volume of thecompressed gas compared to just compressing itat ambient temperatures. At the lowertemperatures of 0 to –4oF the process works atlower pressures than at ambient temperatures.
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CNG Cargo Containment System
Courtesy Enersea
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CNG TRANSPORT - CONCEPT (Teekay Corporation Cosselle CNG Ships for 150 – 2000 miles
Cran and Stennings Technology)
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Economical for distances ≤ 2500 miles
Requires less facilities and infrastructure
Low up front investment
Inexpensive onshore facilities
Can exploit isolated supply sources
Suitable for small demand markets
Not economical for distances > 2500 miles
Technology in development – not proven
Low energy density
Weather sensitive
Not suitable for large power requirements
Environmental concern / cost impacts
High operating pressures (2500 to 3500 psi)
Safety Concerns / Explosive hazard
No existing regulation for power plant facilities uses. Need to develop regulatory platform
CNG ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
POWER PRODUCTION FUELS & JAMAICA
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EIS / HAZOP / HAZID report/review Cold eyes review of Ship/ Off-shore/Onshore facilities design Engineer representing Jamaica’s interest in the project (design
basis review , regulatory concerns, fire protection and ESD philosophy, etc.) Commissioning
Regulation
CNG PROJECT ENGINEERING
SUPPORT
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LNG tanker underway
Photo Courtesy of BP
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LNG Tank
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Economical for distances > 2500
Proven Technology
Can support large power demands
Vaporized gas can be supplied as feed-stock for other products
Suitable for large demand markets
Weather flexibility
High energy density CNG (60% that of diesel )
Expensive onshore facilities
Large up front investment
Safety Concerns
Facility needs careful regulation (NFPA 59A can be adopted)
Only 100 LNG liquefactions trains currently exist worldwide
LNG ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
POWER PRODUCTION FUELS & JAMAICA
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