ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR THE EUROPEAN REFINING INDUSTRY
Potential for CO2 Capture and Storage in EU Refineries
Alan ReidScience Executive, Concawe
IEAGHG & IETS Workshop on CCS in Process Industries
Lisbon, 10-11 March 2015
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Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement
Potential for CO2 Capture and Storage in EU RefineriesAlan Reid, Science Executive, Concawe
IEAGHG & IETS WorkshopLisbon, 10-11 March 2015
Content
1. What is Concawe?
2. Refining CO2 emissions compared to other sectors
3. Capture sources and technologies
4. Costs
5. Storage and transport
6. Conclusions
3
Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement
Potential for CO2 Capture and Storage in EU RefineriesAlan Reid, Science Executive, Concawe
IEAGHG & IETS WorkshopLisbon, 10-11 March 2015
CONservation of Clean Air and Water In Europe
Concawe was established in 1963 to conduct research on environmental issues relevant to the European petroleum refining, distribution and marketing industry
Objectives: To acquire adequate scientific, economic, technical, and legal information on HSE issues To communicate the findings in order to improve understanding of these issues by the
industry, authorities, and consumers
Operating principles: Sound science Cost-effectiveness of options Transparency of results
Our research reports are available at www.concawe.org
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Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement
Potential for CO2 Capture and Storage in EU RefineriesAlan Reid, Science Executive, Concawe
IEAGHG & IETS WorkshopLisbon, 10-11 March 2015
Membership of the Association
42 members, representing ~100% of European refining capacity Open to companies owning refining capacity in the EU
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Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement
Potential for CO2 Capture and Storage in EU RefineriesAlan Reid, Science Executive, Concawe
IEAGHG & IETS WorkshopLisbon, 10-11 March 2015
Content
1. What is Concawe?
2. Refining CO2 emissions compared to other sectors
3. Capture sources and technologies
4. Costs
5. Storage and transport
6. Conclusions
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Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement
Potential for CO2 Capture and Storage in EU RefineriesAlan Reid, Science Executive, Concawe
IEAGHG & IETS WorkshopLisbon, 10-11 March 2015
Climate change
Climate change is a challenge for governments, industry and consumers alike
Cancun consensus: need to keep global temperature rise below 2°C
Different scenarios target deep CO2reductions: 80 % CO2 reduction by 2050 (a.o. IEA 450 scenario and blue map)
Regulators target large emission sectors
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Potential for CO2 Capture and Storage in EU RefineriesAlan Reid, Science Executive, Concawe
IEAGHG & IETS WorkshopLisbon, 10-11 March 2015
Refining is one of the large CO2 emission sectors
Power generation sector
Coal
Gas & fuel oil
Industry sector
Cement
Iron and steel
Refining
Petrochemicals
EU Refining CO2emissions could grow from 144 Mt/a in 2010 to 165 Mt/a in 2020
Source:
140 145 150 155 160 165
Base case - 2008
Demand 2010
FQD PAH 8%
ECA bunker 1.0% S
Demand 2010-2015
Inland Waterway GO 10 ppm S
Non-road Diesel 10 ppm S
ECA bunker 0.1% S
Demand 2015-2020
Non-ECA bunker 0.5% S
CO2 emissions from EU27+2 Refineries (Mt/a)
Demand-relatedQuality-related
Source: Concawe (report no. 1/13R)
EU refining CO2 emissionsEstimated growth 2008-2020
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Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement
Potential for CO2 Capture and Storage in EU RefineriesAlan Reid, Science Executive, Concawe
IEAGHG & IETS WorkshopLisbon, 10-11 March 2015
Content
1. What is Concawe?
2. Refining CO2 emissions compared to other sectors
3. Capture sources and technologies
4. Costs
5. Storage and transport
6. Conclusions
9
Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement
Potential for CO2 Capture and Storage in EU RefineriesAlan Reid, Science Executive, Concawe
IEAGHG & IETS WorkshopLisbon, 10-11 March 2015
CDU, 52.9%
Cat. Reformer, 20.3%
Alky/Isom, 3.0%
Hydrotreating, 5.4%
Sulphur recovery, 0.4%
Off sites, 18.0%
Hydroskimming refinery0.6 Mt/a CO2
CDU, 18.4%
VDU, 6.4%
FCC, 21.7%
Cat. Reformer, 9.8%
Alky/Isom, 5.5%
Hydrotreating, 5.3%
Sulphur recovery, 0.6%
Hydrogen, 20.6%
Off sites, 11.7%
Conversion refinery1.4 Mt/a CO2
Refineries have multiple CO2 sources
Refineries have multiple CO2 emission sources Fuel combustion to supply energy for refining processes Production of Hydrogen for internal use (hydrocracking and
hydrodesulphurisation)
Big differences in emissions between refinery types and locations Emissions (and no. of sources) increase with refinery complexity
Source: Concawe (report no. 7/11)
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Potential for CO2 Capture and Storage in EU RefineriesAlan Reid, Science Executive, Concawe
IEAGHG & IETS WorkshopLisbon, 10-11 March 2015
Refinery sources & capture technologies (1)
CO2 Capture from most refinery sources is technically feasible Though scale up and demonstration is needed
Different Capture technologies Post combustion Amine-based CO2 separation technologies are known to refineries Pre combustion Oxyfuel firing
Source: IPCC SRCCS (2005)
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Potential for CO2 Capture and Storage in EU RefineriesAlan Reid, Science Executive, Concawe
IEAGHG & IETS WorkshopLisbon, 10-11 March 2015
Refinery sources & capture technologies (2)
Various CO2 concentrations and pressures in refineries Cost trade-off between options: Maximisation of CO2 concentration of certain sources (e.g. oxyfuel) vs. simple
large scale capture at lower CO2 concentration Physical constraints for retrofits (e.g. plot space limitations) May drive technology choice May limit final capture rate Will add to costs
Source: Concawe (report no. 7/11)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 10 20 30 40 50 60Volume% CO2 in gas
Tota
l pre
ssur
e, b
ar
Working Regime for Physical Absorption
Working Regime for Mildly Alkaline Absorbents
Working Regime for Strong Alkaline Absorbents (e.g. Amines) Refinery Flue Gases
Refinery Hydrogen Plant/ POX units
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Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement
Potential for CO2 Capture and Storage in EU RefineriesAlan Reid, Science Executive, Concawe
IEAGHG & IETS WorkshopLisbon, 10-11 March 2015
Content
1. What is Concawe?
2. Refining CO2 emissions compared to other sectors
3. Capture sources and technologies
4. Costs
5. Storage and transport
6. Conclusions
13
Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement
Potential for CO2 Capture and Storage in EU RefineriesAlan Reid, Science Executive, Concawe
IEAGHG & IETS WorkshopLisbon, 10-11 March 2015
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5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
ProcessFurnaces
Utilities HydrogenPlant
FCC CO2Capture
% o
f tot
al C
O2
emis
sion
s FCC Refinery
Hydrocracker Refinery
CO2 Capture needs extra energy ⇒ added cost
CO2 capture units need power for CO2 compression and heat for capture solvent regeneration
For refineries with balanced utilities power and heat need to be generated by additional utilities Of which the CO2 emissions (15% to
30% of total) also need to be capturedt CO2 captured > t CO2 avoided
Which has a “roll-up” effect Incremental CO2 from utilities
requires more energy to capture, which requires more energy production by utilities, etc…
Which increases the cost of capture
Source: Concawe (report no. 7/11)
Compression for CO2 transport also requires additional energy
Irrespective of the technology selected, CCS will significantly increase the energy footprint of the refinery
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Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement
Potential for CO2 Capture and Storage in EU RefineriesAlan Reid, Science Executive, Concawe
IEAGHG & IETS WorkshopLisbon, 10-11 March 2015
CCS Costs for refineries
Cost of capture per ton CO2 avoided in refineries will be much higher than the 40-60 €/t quoted for coal power and considerably higher than current ETS market prices.
Why? Scale: Reduced economy of scale ( 0.5 to 2.0 Mt/a CO2 versus 5+ Mt/a CO2) Distributed & diverse sources: Requires ducting and fans to connect to
capture facility Range of concentrations: Requires more complex capture system Utilities: Additional CAPEX for dedicated utilities equipment Brownfield projects: Retrofits involve higher project complexity and costs Fuel costs: Higher OPEX for natural gas as capture plant marginal fuel
(instead of coal) Economic premises: Refineries operate in a more volatile, less predictable
market requiring higher discount rates and capital charges, making annualised investment costs higher
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Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement
Potential for CO2 Capture and Storage in EU RefineriesAlan Reid, Science Executive, Concawe
IEAGHG & IETS WorkshopLisbon, 10-11 March 2015
CCS Costs for refineries
Refinery specifics may result in large differences in capture costs between refineries Specifically between deep conversion (complex) and hydroskimming (simple)
refineries
Capture costs will add significantly to overall refinery CAPEX and OPEX The impact on margins needs to be clarified, along with how these costs can
be transferred
Significant cost uncertainties since the technology has not been built to similar scale in a refinery application.
Cost of transport and storage to be included (about 15-20% of total CCS cost)
A project is in progress to estimate the cost of retrofitting CO2 capture technologies in refineries Project participants are IEAEPL, Concawe and SINTEF Energy Research Completion expected in December 2016
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Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement
Potential for CO2 Capture and Storage in EU RefineriesAlan Reid, Science Executive, Concawe
IEAGHG & IETS WorkshopLisbon, 10-11 March 2015
Content
1. What is Concawe?
2. Refining CO2 emissions compared to other sectors
3. Capture sources and technologies
4. Costs
5. Storage and transport
6. Conclusions
17
Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement
Potential for CO2 Capture and Storage in EU RefineriesAlan Reid, Science Executive, Concawe
IEAGHG & IETS WorkshopLisbon, 10-11 March 2015
CO2 Storage
Source: The European Technology Platform for Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plants (ZEP)Legend: Red dots are refineries, blue and green bounded areas are potential offshore and onshore storage areas
Location of EU Refineries and Potential CO2 Storage Areas
Refinery CO2 sources need to be matched with CO2 Storage sites
Depleted Oil and Gas fields Known, limited volume
Deep Saline Aquifers Larger potential volume but
needs exploration
Onshore and Offshore Offshore at higher costs
Sharing of storage sites with different industries will yield scale advantage
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Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement
Potential for CO2 Capture and Storage in EU RefineriesAlan Reid, Science Executive, Concawe
IEAGHG & IETS WorkshopLisbon, 10-11 March 2015
CO2 Transport
CO2 needs to be transported to storage locations by pipelines (or ships) Shared transport networks between capture facilities, for scale advantage
Source: ARUP/DG-ENER Feasibility Study for Europe-wide CO2 Infrastructures, October 2010
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Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement
Potential for CO2 Capture and Storage in EU RefineriesAlan Reid, Science Executive, Concawe
IEAGHG & IETS WorkshopLisbon, 10-11 March 2015
Content
1. What is Concawe?
2. Refining CO2 emissions compared to other sectors
3. Capture sources and technologies
4. Costs
5. Storage and transport
6. Conclusions
20
Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement
Potential for CO2 Capture and Storage in EU RefineriesAlan Reid, Science Executive, Concawe
IEAGHG & IETS WorkshopLisbon, 10-11 March 2015
CCS is technically feasible to reduce refinery CO2 emissions But needs scale up and demonstration
Refinery retrofit CCS will be complex and expensive to implement Specifically when compared with CCS in new-build power plants
There are significant uncertainties with CCS cost estimates, since the technology has not been built to similar scale previously
Cost of CCS per ton CO2 avoided in refining will be significantly higher than the current ETS CO2 market prices and the 40-60 Euro per ton CO2 cost quoted for coal power
For refiners deep CO2 reduction (greater than 90%) may be physically impossible or impractical due to multiple source types and capture efficiency limits
Piggybacking on a larger CO2 transport network will be crucial Watch this space for results of the IEAGHG/Concawe/SINTEF project
to estimate the cost of retrofitting CO2 capture in refineries
Conclusions
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Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement
Potential for CO2 Capture and Storage in EU RefineriesAlan Reid, Science Executive, Concawe
IEAGHG & IETS WorkshopLisbon, 10-11 March 2015
For More Information
Picture: ExxonMobil
Our technical reports are available at no cost to all interested parties
Concawe Website:www.concawe.org
Thank you for your attention
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