PMKSY: Implementation Pathways and Options
Tushaar Shah
and Shilp Verma
|| 07-Sep-2016 || Ranchi ||
About IWMI-Tata Program
• ITP has operated as an ‘irrigation-agriculture-poverty’ think-tank for past 15 years
• ITP has closely studied important irrigation interventions in various states.
• It has written about what has worked, where and why in the irrigation playing field (and what has not).
• PMKSY is a subject of intense ITP study
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Irri
ga
ted
Are
a (
'00
0 H
a)
Canals Tanks
Wells Other Sources
Type I Irrigation Type II Irrigation
Public / CPR Private / Group / Market
Single system may service 20 – 1.5 mha Typically serves 1 – 20 ha
Endemic Head – Tail Inequity Rare
Level of service tied to bureaucratic effectivenessImmune to bureaucratic lethargy;
Affected by fuel prices or feeder anarchy
Surface Ground / Surface / Surface Flow
Gravity flow in open channels Piped delivery; mechanical or kinetic energy
Unsuited for MI without pressure Ready for MI
6-12 on-farm deliveries /year On-Demand; throughout
Farming adapts to irrigation regime Irrigation regime adapts to farming
HAR KHET KO PANI?LESSONS FROM IRRIGATION SUCCESS IN
GUJARAT AND MADHYA PRADESH AFTER 2000
Tushaar Shah
Irrigation Miracle in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh post 2001
• The battle cry of BJP 2014 electoral manifesto: Har Hath Ko Kam, Har Khet Ko Pani
• BJP’s spectacular irrigation performance in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh since 2001 (10%+ agricultural growth)
• PMKSY should emulate BJP irrigation strategies that worked in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.
Har Khet Ko Pani:BJP’s Commitment
PMKSY: A Break from the Past?
• Since Colonial times, irrigation policy has aimed at creating irrigation potential by building major, medium and minor irrigation projects.
• Even after Rs 700,000 crores in these, 6.8 crore out of India’s 13.85 crore farms today are totally rainfed.
• Har Khet Ko Pani means supplemental irrigation to these 6.8 crore farm holdings in 3-5 years time-frame?
the Farmers are demanding
year-round, on-farm water control.
TYPE I TYPE II
IRRIGATION
SERVICE
5-6 IRRIGATIONS/YEAR IRRIGATION-ON-DEMAND, ALL YEAR-
ROUND
IRRIGATION
SYSTEM
RESERVOIR/TANK/
CANAL/CHANNELS/
GRAVITY FLOW
WELLS/TUBEWELLS/
PUMPS/PIPES/MICRO-IRRIGATION
COMMAND AREA UP TO TO 15 LAKH
HECTARES
1-20 HECTARES
WHO MANAGES GOVERNMENT/ WATER
USER ASSOCIATION
INDIVIDUAL FARMER/WATER
SELLER/SMALL GROUP
GOVERNMENT
POLICIES/
INTERVENTIONS
AIBP/MMM IRRIGATION
PROJECTS/PARTICIPATO
RY IRRIGATION
MANAGEMENT
MILLION WELLS
SCHEME/ELECTRIFICATION OF
WELLS/MICRO-IRRIGATION PROMOTION/
SOLAR PUMP/GW RECHARGE
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10
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30
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70
Are
a (M
illio
n h
a)
Net irrigated area of India
Canals Tanks Groundwater Other sources
Canals Type I
Tanks type I
Wells &tubewells type II
Since 1985, Irrigation type I is stagnating; Irrigation Type II is
booming all over India
% of cultivated area irrigated
But Jharkhand, Chhatigarh, Bihar,
Orissa, Assam have ample
rainfall
Western Rajasthan and Kutch have little
rainfall
Rapid increase in the index of net area irrigated in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh under BJP governments post-2001;
unprecedented in India and the whole world.
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2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
Figure 5.2 Index of Net Area Irrigated from all Sources (2000-01=100)
Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Gujarat Maharashtra India
Madhya Pradesh
Gujarat
India
Maharashtra
Andhra Pradesh
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Figure 5.1 Index of Canal Irrigated area (2000-01=100)
Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Gujarat Maharashtra India
Gujarat
Madhya Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Maharashtra
India
BJP governments in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh recognized the criticality of Type II irrigation.
Madhya Pradesh: NSS survey results of % of cultivated area under irrigation by different sources 2003 and 2013
1.13
28.13
5.09
34.35
6.48
16.56
0.96
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3.78
34.73
8.2
46.71
21.12
63.36
3.52
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Govt. canals wells and tubewells Other sources All sources
Figure 4 INCREASE IN % OF CULTIVATED AREA UNDER IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES IN MADHYA PRADESH:
COMPARING NSSO ROUND 59 (2002-3) WITH NSSO ROUND 70 (2012-13)
Kharif 2003 Kharif 2013 Rabi 2003 Rabi 2013
Madhya Pradesh: Remote-sensing images of increase in land-cover ‘greenness’ between
winter 2009 and winter 2014
Remote sensing assessment of changes in single, double and triple cropping areas in Gujarat
between 2003-4 and 2010-11
11.09
5.53
1.38
12.51
8.96
2.17
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4.00
6.00
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Monsoon Rabi Summer
Gujarat: RS estimates of increase in cropped area:
2003-4 to 2010-11
Area cropped 2003-04 ( million hectares)
Area cropped in 2010-11 (Million Hectares)
It is commonly believed that irrigation increase in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh
was due to new projects in Narmada basin; but not true..
Madhya Pradesh: Canal Irrigation increase was in all basins, not only Narmada
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Figure 3 Area reported to be irrigated by public canals in different river basins of Madhya Pradesh: 2011-12 to 2013-14
Total 2011-12 Total 2012-13 Total 2013-14
Single crop
Double crop
Tripplecrop
Perennial crop
In Gujarat, area outside Sardar Sarovar Command experienced more irrigation growth than command
other governments BJP in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh
Irrigation potential creation Benefit to farm households
Large projects, distant benefit Small investments, quick benefits
Major, Medium, Minor Irrigation schemes
Groundwater wells backed by aggressive recharge programs
Free power, but no power Reliable energy for irrigation
Construction of new mega projects Management of existing projects
Build-neglect-rebuild maintenance of existing infrastructure
No attention to groundwater recharge
Groundwater recharge in campaign mode
Lip service paid to new technologies but small budget allocation
Smart promotion of new-age technologies like micro-irrigation and solar irrigation pumps
Key Take-aways
1. Quick results
2. Energy for irrigation
3. Decentralized groundwater recharge
4. Maintenance of infrastructure
5. Management of public projects
6. Convergence of water, agriculture, RD, WS&S
7. CM’s & CS’s role in vigorous monitoring and coordination
Thank You…
Re-thinking PMKSY
Practical ways forward for India’s “unirrigated half”
District Clusters…
Different geographies have different hydro-ecological and socio-economic conditions…and would require different interventions…
India’s Unirrigated Half: Primary Target for PMKSY
Cluster # 1: Less than 30% irrigated holdingsCluster # 2: Irrigation constrained by absence of electricity and high cost of dieselCluster # 3: Irrigation constrained by inadequate and unreliable power supply
Quick Recap…
• Changing nature of India’s irrigation economy
• Type I and Type II irrigation
• India’s most irrigation deprived districts
• In its current shape, PMKSY unlikely to target “irrigation deprivation”
• Different district clusters face different problems and require different solutions
• Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh have shown the way with several innovations
• New opportunities such as solar irrigation pumps are inevitably going to reshape India’s irrigation economy
Contours of Deprivation in Jharkhand
Irrigation, Agriculture, Livelihoods
Mean Annual Rainfall and Irrigation
High rainfall, low storage, very little irrigation…
Groundwater Development and Energy Use
Surplus Groundwater, low density of structures, very little energy use in agriculture
Cropping Intensity and Agricultural Productivity
As a result, low cropping intensity and agricultural productivity, both per hectare and per worker
Irrigation Status in Jharkhand
• As against Ultimate Irrigation Potential, the total Irrigation Potential Created (IPC) and Irrigation Potential Utilised (IPU) in Jharkhand stands at 43% and 70% respectively
– The national numbers are 73% and 84%
• At present the major share of AIBP in the state goes to Suvernarekha Multipurpose Project (SMP) that intends to benefit two districts at a cost of ₹6,600 Cr.
• 16 out of the total 18 districts are a part of the most irrigation-deprived geography of India
Jharkhand INDIATop 20
Districts
Percentage Irrigated Area 10% 41% 86%
Percentage Canal Irrigated Area 0.1% 11% 14%
Percentage GW Irrigated Area 8% 28% 67%
Percentage Rainfed Holdings 85% 48% 12%
Cropping Intensity 1.10 1.37 1.84
Level of Groundwater Development 32% 61% 92%
GW Wells per 1000 Operational Holdings 58 146 203
Pump HP per 100 Ha NSA 19 89 174
Energy Consumption in Agriculture (kWh-equivalent per Ha of NSA)
122 504 1152
Agricultural Productivity (Rs/Ha) 26,088 27,584 74,201
Irrigation Deprivation in Jharkhand…
All Classes SC ST
Average Land Holding Size (Ha) 1.23 0.91 1.52
Percentage GCA under Irrigation (%) 9.61% 13.16% 6.84%
Irrigation Deprivation within Jharkhand…
Even within Jharkhand, Adivasi’s are the most irrigation deprived social group…
PMKSY implementation in Jharkhand
Can it ensure ‘Har Khet Ko Pani’? How?
Key Points
~190,000 wells can be created across all the districts (except in Dhanbad) without threatening GW sustainability
Creation of these wells will add 1.0-1.3 mha (5-7ha per well) to the region’s gross irrigated area at a cost of Rs. 950 crores (assuming 1 well costs Rs. 50,000)
These will add twice the NIA expected to be added by the Suvernarekha multi-purpose project (SMP) at 1/7th
of the cost
Tank-groundwater conjunctive use can be made possible by restoring available tank capacity
Potential for Sustainable GW Development
District-wise GW Development Opportunity
DISTRICTAnnual
GW Available
Current GW Use in Agri.
Current TOTAL
GW Use
Level of GW
Devt.
Dom. + Ind. GW Demand
2025
Mean GW Draft per Well (m3)
PotentialNew Wells
(70% GWD)
BOKARO 230.81 54.88 79.62 34.5 35.75 10,911 4,233
CHATRA 287.72 88.86 102.60 35.7 22.62 6,734 11,312
DEOGHAR 237.33 55.27 82.82 34.9 47.83 9,472 3,746
DHANBAD 149.43 37.15 83.38 55.8 57.80 11,066 -
DUMKA 435.98 89.03 122.51 28.1 43.97 2,760 50,247
GARHWA 309.86 92.21 112.48 36.3 29.25 34,027 2,209
GIRIDIH 436.95 123.08 162.21 37.1 52.45 19,651 4,641
GODDA 142.71 43.69 64.21 45.0 24.14 9,377 1,231
GUMLA 663.07 161.14 188.23 28.4 38.06 11,185 21,266
HAZARIBAG 468.85 142.59 194.42 41.5 64.23 22,680 3,067
KODARMA 75.72 18.18 27.03 35.7 12.86 5,357 2,448
LOHARDAGA 100.58 34.98 41.25 41.0 9.48 8,030 2,450
PAKAUR 137.83 7.85 20.41 14.8 18.97 4,249 13,439
PALAMU 602.93 154.05 190.64 31.6 53.75 12,645 14,048
PASHCHIMI SINGHBHUM 542.07 17.54 74.58 13.8 78.72 6,563 34,458
PURBI SINGHBHUM 291.00 31.38 66.05 22.7 38.37 19,178 5,177
RANCHI 516.94 151.32 218.38 42.2 98.84 7,373 6,055
SAHIBGANJ 132.28 9.57 30.70 23.2 31.59 4,934 6,142
JHARKHAND 5,762.06 1,312.77 1,861.52 758.69 186,170
Horticulture
Vegetable and Upland crops
Well + Pump
Cereal crop stabilization
Up-lands
Low-lands
Mid-lands
Borrowing from CInI…
Solar Pumps in JharkhandTo meet energy needs; to sustainably develop GW
• There are only 6% un-electrified villages but 62.9 % of HHs still live in dark.• Irrigation Structure Scarcity & Energy Scarcity
• Subsidy- Rs. 110/Wp up to maximum of Rs. 2.5 lakh can be reduced by private investment and financial products
15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20Total (MW)
MW Power Plant 100 250 250 500 500 2100
Rooftop 25 50 100 125 200 500
Solar Pumps Sanctioned 1500; 5 kWp 7.5
Digging more WellsFlat Rate
ElectricityMetered
Electricity GW Depletion
issue
Interventions to re-organize GW economy
Localized power generation to run irrigation pumps and injecting surplus electricity in the local grid-• Electricity to houses• Income to farmers,• Value attached to GW to avoid over-exploitation
Fig 1: Usual way of powering agriculture
Fig 2: As per Solar Policy of the state
Recommendations for PMKSY in Jharkhand
• Focus on “unirrigated holdings” in most-deprived districts and give priority to “Adivasi” holdings– ITP, CInI and Tata Trusts can help in finer level clustering
• Prioritize Type II over Type I irrigation for cost-effective irrigation expansion
• Support farmers to acquire wells, pumps and water delivery systems
• Support decentralized water harvesting and groundwater recharge activities at watershed level
• First ensure access to Type II irrigation, then invest in drip irrigation and other improved irrigation technologies
RaCE Irrigation Expansion Program
• Leverage MGNREGA for constructing ~200k private wells
• Leverage solar-PV opportunities for meeting rural energy needs and sustainably developing groundwater
• Solarize Public Tubewells through Irrigation Service Entrepreneurs
• Support irrigation distribution infrastructure for catalysing equitable irrigation service enterprises
• Invest in decentralized water harvesting and groundwater recharge
• Maximize conjunctive use in canal and tank commands
Irrigation Source, Water Control
Pumping/ Energy Needs
Distribution Systems
Recharge, Watershed,
Micro Irrigation
THANK YOU…
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