PLS 405: Ethnicity, Nationalism, and DemocracyPLS 405: Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Democracy
Ethnic ConflictEthnic Conflict
Ethnic Conflict Resolution by Third Parties
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Thus far…
• We have examined issues that arise during ethnic conflicts
• Next, we will look at how third parties attempt to resolve the issues
• Today:– We will discuss our research
questions in class– We will examine the attempts of
third parties, in general
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Four Techniques Used
• Peace Making• Peace Enforcing• Peace Keeping• Peace Building
• Each has a different target and a different hoped-for outcome
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Peace Making
• Objectives:– Induce (or coerce) the adversaries
to sign a peace accord that is in their best interests
• Targets:– Leaders of both sides
• Qualities:– Prior consent of the parties not
needed– Impartial– Substantial, leveraged mediation
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Peace Making
• Should not be confused with peace keeping
• Peacemaking:– Peace does not exist yet– The organization undertakes action
designed to bring about a peace• Purely politico-diplomatic
activity• Encouragement of both sides to
come to the table and negotiate
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Peace Enforcing
• Objectives:– Coerce (through violent force) the
adversaries to accept and implement peace accord
• Targets:– Both Leaders and Soldiers
• Qualities:– Take sides, if needed– Use of force—heavily, if needed– Prior consent of parties not needed– The outside state takes sides in the
war and cause a side to win– Requires “Boots on Ground” for the
outside state
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Peace Enforcing
• Tends to be overt military action on the part of the third party
• Does not assist the people of the state, only designed to end open hostilities– When the government is the
support target, the rebels will tend to be driven underground
– Tends to create:• Insurgency• Guerilla Warfare
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Peace Keeping
• Objectives: – Stop the violence– Implement the peace accords
• Targets:– Soldiers (and rebel fighters)
• Qualities:– Prior consent of all parties
necessary– Impartial– Very limited use of force, if at all
• Usually the RoE require only return fire, if that
– Keep the sides apart
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Peace Keeping
• Not to be used to halt conflict, only ensure the continued peace
• Keeps peace, does not create it—that is the purpose of peace making
• If there is no peace accord to implement, then this has no hope of success– In those cases, it has no endpoint
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Peace Building
• Objectives:– Foster mutual understanding
between adversaries– Reconstruction of (war-torn)
societies
• Targets:– Masses (and rulers)
• Qualities:– Can be both pre- and post-conflict– Policy coordination between
various agencies essential– An aim of socio-economic and
political development
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Peace Building
• Some activities:– Building of state’s infrastructure– Increase spending for education– Economic aid to government– Increase of trade with state
• Fundamental purposes:– Give the people a vested interest in
peace in the state– Give the state a vested interest in
joining the society of states– Give the rulers a vested interest in
keeping the people happy– Give the people a sense of civic
nationalism
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Examples
• Peace Making:– European Union in Yugoslavia– NATO in Yugoslavia– African Union in Sudan– OAS in Haiti
• Peace Keeping:– NATO in Kosovo– MFO in Sinai– ECOMOG in Côte d’Ivoire– Any of the 61 UN DPKO operations
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Examples
• Peace Enforcing:– ECOMOG in Liberia (1990), Guinea-
Bissau (1999), Sierra Leone (1997, 1999), and Guinea–Liberia (2001)
– NATO in Bosnia (1994)– NATO in Kosovo (1999)
• Peace Building:– USA in Afghanistan– USA in Iraq– France in Zaïre
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Assignment
• Taras and Ganguly: 96-111
• Next:– Ethnic Resolution by the United
Nations
• Look Ahead:– Literature Review due 12 October
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