P R O F. S U B O D H S HA N KA R , F I T P
D e a n , F a c u l t y o f A r c h i t e c t u r e & P l a n n i n g , I n t e g r a l U n i v e r s i t y , L u c k n o w
F o r m e r C h i e f A r c h i t e c t P l a n n e r, U . P. H o u s i n g & D e v . B o a r d
Planning & Urban ManagementIssues and Challenges
Urban Planning
Urban Planning means the scientific , aesthetic and orderly disposition of Land, Resources, Facilities, and Services with a view of securing the Physical, Economic and Social efficiency, health and well being of Urban Communities.
Urban Planning integrates land-use, environment, transportation & services to improve economic and social environment of cities
Urban Management Key Issues
Rapid Urban Growth- PURA (provision of urban facilities in rural areas)
Basic Services- Water Supply, Sewerage, Drainage, Waste Disposal etc
Traffic & Transportation- congestion; safety; parking
Land Acquisition & Management- land pooling; rationalize demand
Environmental Degradation- adoption of green concepts
Participatory Planning
Urban Management Key Challenges
Urban Poverty- employment oriented development
Urban Sprawl- compact urban form; mixed land use
Sustainability – economic; environmental
Urban Administration – Decentralized ; 74 Constitutional Amendment Act
Global Aspirations
Heritage Conservation
Capacity Building- professional city managers
Rapid Urban Population Growth- India
Over the last two decades, India's urban population increased from 217 million to 377 million and this is expected to reach 600 million, or 40 % of the population by 2031.
In 2011 it was 31.16%
Urban Poverty
In 2011-12, the Planning Commission had estimated 26.4 per cent of urban India’s total population to be poor as per the methodology laid down by the Rangarajan committee.
However, The Tendulkar panel’s yardsticks put that figure at 13.7 per cent
Urban Inequality increased from 34 %to 38% between 1995-2005
Basic Services: Water Supply
Only 47 % of urban households have individual water connections.
Currently, it is estimated that as much as 40 to 50 per cent of the water is “lost” in the distribution system.
Almost half of the urban Indian population still depends upon groundwater sources which are contaminated
Only 77 of 393 Class 1 Cities have 100% water supply coverage.
Mumbai draws water from neighbouring areas and from sources located as far as 125 km in the Western Ghats.
Chennai uses water express trains to meets its growing demand for water.
Delhi meets large part of its water requirements from Tajiwala in Haryana. Water is also drawn from Ramganga as far as 180 Km
Basic Services: Sanitation
Over 50% of Indians don’t have access to a toilet, and India accounts for 59% of the 1.1 billion people who defecate in the open worldwide.
All Class I cities and Class II towns together generate an estimated 30,000 MLD sewage.
Against this, installed sewage treatment capacity is only 6000 MLD (20%)
Most of the untreated sewage is discharged into rivers, ponds or lakes, which is the main source of municipal water.
Basic Services: Solid Waste Disposal
Around 60 million tones of municipal solid waste (MSW) is generated in urban India annually
With rapid urbanization and changing lifestyle and food habits, the amount of municipal solid waste will increase significantly
e-Waste is of immediate and long term concern as the industry is unregulated and recycling can lead to major environmental degradation
City Drainage
“Heavy development has destroyed green spaces and mangrove forests, its natural flood protection”
Experts say they’d be right: One runway traverses the Adyar river, which burst its banks after some of the heaviest cloudbursts in the area in over a century swamped Chennai
“The authorities and the airlines just have commercial and political interests in mind. Safety is the last avenue.”
Traffic & Transportation
The annual rate of growth of vehicle pop.: around 10% during last decade.
Mixed Traffic Dwindling share of Non-motorised
Transportation
Acute shortage of parking spaces both on and off the streets
Heavy encroachment at major roads and junctions.
10 percent of the world’s road fatalities (130,000) occur in India alone.
Environmental Degradation
India is the fourth largest emitter of CO2
627,000 people die every year of particulate air pollution
Native forests in India are disappearing at a rate of up to 2.7 percent per year
Air Quality Index (AQI) December 3, 2015
City AQI
Agra 333Bangalore 59Delhi 321Hyderabad 91Jaipur 41Lucknow 408Mumbai 126Pune 211Varanasi 302Ground-level ozone,
Particle pollution Carbon monoxide,Sulfur dioxide, Nitrogen dioxide.
Green CoverSq M per inhabitant
Gandhinagar 162.80Chandigarh 54.45Delhi 21.52Bangalore 17.32Jaipur 02.30Mumbai 00.60Chennai 01.92Kolkata 32.50Singapore 13.60London 21.90
Slums
13.8 million households – about 64 million people – located in city slums nationwide.
17.4 % of all urban households - roughly one-third of India's 1.2 billion people.
More than one-third of slum homes have no indoor toilets and 64 percent were not connected to sewerage systems.
About half of the households lived in only one room or shared with another family.
Urban Land Crunch
Developed Land- Shortage and high pricing
Land Acquisition Act – 1894 and 2011/2014?
Land Development Norms- Density, FAR
Compact City form
Coordination of Civic Affairs through 74 Constitutional Amendment Act-1992 ???
The people to take part in the issues that affected them directly.
The municipalities to be made responsible for urban planning, land use, water supply, roads, bridges, health sanitation slum improvement etc. in addition irrigation, libraries, cultural activities etc added to the local government’s share of responsibilities.
The authority to take decisions on these subjects was to be transferred by the state governments to the municipalities.
CURITIBA(BRAZIL)
Success Storey
Urban Management-Curitiba (Brazil)
Innovative managerial skills of Architect Turned 3 time Mayor Jaime Lerner“Fewer Cars and Separated Garbage” Trinary System- Integration of mass transit access roads and Land Use together (Dense
development along traffic corridors)
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)- carries 2.6 million people per day
Overnight conversion of busy though fares in -to pedestrianized Public Spaces with the help of students art work etc
Expanded Parks and Public Space for Greener Future- Increased green space from 1 Sq.M. To 52 Sq.M. per each inhabitant- Sheeps grazed the grass and produced manure, also gave wool fibre.
Turned Rubbish into opportunity- Bus or Movie tickets in exchange
GDP of Curitiba increased by 48% more than that of Brazil
Curitiba- BRT system
• 351 tube stations on the main bus line
• Tube stations sleek and modern
• Passengers pay when they enter the station
• Bus doors correspond with station doors
Curitiba- Transit oriented Land use Policy
Dense development along main traffic corridors
Curitiba
Conversion of busy though -fares in -to pedestrianized Public Spaces
Curitiba- Garbage Recycling through Complementary Currency
Anyone who deposited a bag full of pre-sorted garbage received a bus token.
Plastic chits for paper & carton collectors, exchangeable for parcels of seasonal fresh fruits and vegetables.
For every 4 pounds of recycling garbage a pound of fruits, vegetable and eggs,
In addition, a school-based garbage collection program supplied poorer students with notebooks.
More than 70% of Curitiban households became involved in the programs.
The 62 poorer neighborhoods alone exchanged 11,000 tons of garbage for nearly a million bus tokens and 1,200 tons of food
Curitiba
Enhancement of Green Cover from 1% to 58%
Jaime Lerner- Architect- Planner turned Politician
Born December 17, 1937
Mayor of Curitiba- 1971-75, 1979-84 and 1989-92
Governor of the state of Paraná, Brazil
o Helped create the Institute of Urban Planning and Research of Curitiba
o Past President- International Union of Architects-UIA(2002-05)
o Recipient of U.N. Environmental Award(1990)
Transformed Curitiba into one of the greenest cities in the world
Introduced BRT system in Curitiba
Introduced concept of “ Garbage that is not Garbage”
Achieved Pedestrianisation of the main shopping thoroughfare within 72 hours
Made possible Increasing of green space from 1 Sq.M. To 52 Sq.M.
Jaime Lerner- Integrate Compatible Urban Functions
Hats off Jaime
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