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DECLARATION
This is to certify that the present project report isbased on our work and data collected and indebtedness to
other works/publications has been duly acknowledged at
the relevant places. It has not been submitted for any
other degree or diploma of any other university.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank some illustrious personalities whohave been kind enough to help us in this endeavor. We
wish to thank Dr.D.J.Biswas, Director In charge of
BITIC RAK, for him giving us an opportunity to complete
this project.
This project woudnt has been successful if not for the
constant mentoring of our H.OD. Dr. Peeyush Tewariand
we wish to thank him.
It would not be fair if we dont mention our project Guide
and Physics lecturer Mrs.A.S.Padmashree who have
been pillars of strength to us and constantly guided us to
achieve more about this concept. Moreover we would like
to thank her from the bottom of our heart.
We would like to take this opportunity to thank one all
non teaching staffs namely Mr. Rajendranwho provided
necessary information regarding the lighting equipments
used in our institute which definitely helped us to have a
survey of energy audit. This acknowledgement would not
be complete if it was not for the resourcefulness andinspiring words of our friends and classmates. So Thank
You one and all. Last but not least, we would like to thank
our parents and the Almighty.
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled ENERGYAUDIT is the project work carried out by Nimitha
Manikantan (BE/8001/10), Aindrila Biswas
(BE/8004/10), Mohd. AbdulRahman (BE/8006/10),
Greeshma Selvam (BE/8011/10), Rathore Kanwarpal
Singh(BE/8013/10) and Farzeena Moosa (BE/8019/10)
of BE (Semester-2) Department of Engineering, Birla
Institute of Technology, International Center, Ras Al
Khaimah, UAE during the academic year(2011- 2012), in
partial fulfillment of the requirements, as per subject &
code PH 2103 for the award of the degree of Bachelor
of Engineering in respective branches.
Mrs. A.S. Padmashree
(Sr. Lecturer Physics, Guide)
Dr. Peeyush Tewari
(Head of Department, Science)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
AbstractAims & Objectives
Detailed Life Cycle
Theoretical Background of Energy Audit
Lighting System Audit
School Energy Audit-A Bright Idea
The Concept of Clean Energy
Growth of renewables
Maximising System Efficiency
Bibliography
Conclusion
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ABSTRACT
Have you ever thought of the ways to reduce the energy
consumption per unit area of product output or to reduceoperating costs?
Such a question gives rise to the concept of Energy
Audit. Energy Audit literally means Energy
Account/Energy Management. As per the Energy
Conservation Act, 2001, Energy Audit is defined as the
verification, monitoring and analysis of use of energy
including submission of technical report containing
recommendations for improving energy efficiency with
cost benefit analysis and an action plan to reduce energy
consumption. Recently the world has embraced energy
auditing as one way to reduce energy consumption.
Through the systematic inspection of energy flows,
auditing identifies energy savings and managementopportunities, as well as cost-effective measures to be
applied for buildings and industrial processes. The
reduction of energy consumption has primary importance
for the sustainability of future development regarding
global problems associated with climate change and global
warming. Energy use and supply is of fundamental
importance to society, and continued economicdevelopment relies upon securing cost-effective, reliable
and sufficient energy supplies. So energy should be
accounted in each and every aspect of our life.
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AIMS & OBJECTIVES
The aims and objectives of this project are:1. To introduce the purpose of concept of Energy
Audit.
2.To see how it is applied over a system (lighting) and
in schools, houses, industries etc.
3.To create awareness in people regarding the
conservation of energy.
4.
To perpetuate the concept of clean energy andmaximizing the system efficiency.
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Audit is the translation of conservation ideas into realities, by
lending technically feasible solutions with economic and other
organizational considerations within a specified time frame.
The type of Energy Audit to be performed depends on:- Function and type of industry
- Depth to which final audit is needed, and
- Potential and magnitude of cost reduction desired
Thus Energy Audit can be classified into the following
two types.
i) Preliminary Audit
ii) Detailed AuditPreliminary Energy Audit Methodology:
Preliminary energy audit is a relatively quick exercise to:
Establish energy consumption in the organization.
Estimate the scope for saving.
Identify the most likely (and the easiest areas for
attention.
Identify immediate (especially no-/low-cost)improvements/ savings.
Set a reference point.
Identify areas for more detailed
study/measurement.
Preliminary energy audit uses existing, or easily
obtained data.
Detailed Energy Audit Methodology:
A comprehensive audit provides a detailed energy project
implementation plan for a facility, since it evaluates all
major energy using systems. This type of audit offers the
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most accurate estimate of energy savings and cost. It
considers the interactive effects of all projects, accounts
for the energy use of all major equipment, and includes
detailed energy cost saving calculations and project cost.In a comprehensive audit, one of the key elements is the
energy balance. This is based on an inventory of energy
using systems, assumptions of current operating conditions
and calculations of energy use. This estimated use is then
compared to utility bill charges.
Detailed energy auditing is carried out in three phases:
Phase I, II and III.Phase I - Pre Audit Phase
Phase II - Audit Phase
Phase III - Post Audit Phase
How to conduct Energy Audit?The Energy Audit should be carried out by a
competent person having adequate technical knowledge on
Building Services (BS) installations, particularly Heating,
Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Installation,
Lighting Installation and any other BS Installations. This
competent person is referred to as the auditor and a
team of auditors forms the audit team. To gain a better
knowledge of the building and its energy consuming
equipment/systems, the audit team must collect
information on the building operation characteristics and
the technical characteristics of its various energy
consuming equipment/systems. Its performances have to
be identified through checking O&M records, conducting
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site surveys and reading metering records. The flow
chart on conducting energy audit is given as follows:
Flow Chart on Conducting Energy Audit
Optimizing the Input Energy Requirements:
Consequent upon fine-tuning the energy use practices,
attention is accorded to considerations for minimizingenergy input requirements. The range of measures could
include:
Shuffling of compressors to match needs.
Periodic review of insulation thickness
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Identify potential for heat exchanger networking and
process integration.
Optimisation of transformer operation with respect to
load.Energy Audit Instruments:
The requirement for an energy audit such as identification
and quantification of energy necessitates measurements;
these measurements require the use of instruments. These
instruments must be portable, durable, easy to operate and
relatively inexpensive. The parameters generally monitored
during energy audit may include the following:Basic Electrical Parameters in AC &DC systems Voltage
(V), Current (I), Power factor, Active power (kW), apparent
power (demand) (kVA), Reactive power (kVAr), Energy
consumption (kWh), Frequency (Hz), Harmonics, etc.
Parameters of importance other than electrical such as
temperature & heat flow, radiation, air and gas flow, liquid
flow, revolutions per minute (RPM), air velocity, noise andvibration, dust concentration, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS),
pH, moisture content, relative humidity, flue gas analysis
CO2, O
2, CO, SO
x, NO
x, combustion efficiency etc.
No. Name of the
Instrument
Intended Use
1. Flue-Gas
Analysers
Used for optimizing the
combustion efficiency by
measuring/monitoring the
oxygen and CO levels in flue gas
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of boilers, furnaces etc. and
calculation of CO2percentage in
excess air level and efficiency.
2. TemperatureIndicators
Used for measuringtemperatures of gases/air,
liquids, slurries, semi solids,
powders etc. Using different
types of probes.
3. Infrared
Thermometers
Used for measuring
temperatures from a distance
using infrared technology.4. Thermal
Insulation scanner
Used for measuring loss of
energy in Kcal per unit
area from hot/cold insulated
surfaces. The total loss can be
obtained by multiplying the
total surface under study.
5. Steam TrapMonitor
Used for performanceevaluation of steam Traps.
6. Conductivity
Meter
Used for on the spot water
analysis of the amount
of dissolved solids in water.
7. pH meter Used for on the spot analysis of
effective acidity or alkalinity of
a solution/water. Acidity
/alkalinity water.
8. Thermo-
hygrometer
Used for measurement of air
velocity & humidification,
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ventilation, Air-conditioning and
refrigeration systems etc.
9. Thermo-
hygrometer
Used for measurement of
humidity and temperature andthe calculation of dew point to
find out the heat being carried
away by out going gases in
industries. Where product
drying requires hot air.
10. Ultrasonic Flow
Meter
Used for measurement of flow
of liquids through pipelines ofvarious sizes through ultrasonic
sensors mounted on the
pipelines.
11. U-Tube
Manometer
Used for measurement of
differential pressure.
12. Digital
Manometer
Used for measurement of
differential pressure.
13. Visguage Used for measurement of
differential viscosity.
14. Used Lube Oil
Test Kit
Used for testing lube oil.
15. Non-Contact
Tachometer
Used for measurement of speed
of rotation equipment.
16. Demand Analyser Used for measurement and
analysis of electrical load and
demand control.
17. Power Analyser Used for measurement and
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analysis of electrical Power.
18. Harmonic
Analyser
Used for analysis of harmonics
in power System.
19. Luxmeter Used for measurement ofillumination level.
20. Clip on Dig. Watt
Meter
Used for measurement of power
without interrupting the
connections.
21. Clip on Dig. PF
Meter
Used for measurement of power
factor without interrupting the
connection.22. Clamp on amp.
Meter
Used for measurement of
current without Interrupting
the connections.
23. DigitalMultimeter Used for measurement of
voltage. Current and resistance.
24. Frequency Meter Used for measurement of power
supply frequency.
Energy Economic Analysis:
In determining possible energy efficiency measures it is
necessary to develop some method for evaluating the economic
basis or comparing the cost effectiveness of competing
investments. The audits should analyze the "life cycle cost" ofan energy saving opportunity. The estimated cost savings
should be compared with the implementation costs to
determine the relative economic impact of applying the EE
measures. A number of methodologies have been developed to
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provide some uniform methods of comparison. The various
methods are used in calculating the profitability for
investments. In ENSI Economic Software Program there are
two modules:Profitability calculations and
Cash flow calculations.
The profitability calculation methods are presented using
criteria:
1. Payback (PB)
2. Net Present Value (NPV)
3. Net Present Value Quotient (NPVQ)4. Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
5. Pay-off (PO)
Lighting System AuditBasics of the lighting system:
As lighting is a major energy consumer of energy, especially in
commercial buildings, it is important to be able to audit the
lighting system as thoroughly as the other building loads.
In office buildings, for instance, 30% to 50% of the
electricity consumption is used to provide lighting (Brown,
2005). In addition, heat generated by lighting contributes to
the thermal load to be removed by the cooling equipment. The
output from a lamp is its luminous flux and is measured in
lumens. The intensity of luminous flux is measured in
lumens/m2 or lux (L). A flux falling on a surface is described
as illuminance, whereas a flux emitted from the surface of a
luminaire or reflecting surface is known as luminance. To
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better understand the measures that need to be considered
in order to improve the energy-efficiency of lighting systems,
a simple estimation of the total electrical energy use due to
lighting can be described by equation:n
KWh=NlumxWRlumx N h
i=1
where: Nlum- is the number of lighting luminaries of type i
(a luminary consists of the complete set of ballast- power
transforming device, electric wiring, housing and lamps in the
building), WRlum-is the wattage rating for each luminaries oftype i. The energy use due to both the lamps and ballast
should be accounted for in this rating; N h is the number of
hours per year when the luminaries of type are operating.
There are three variants of reducing the energy use due to
lighting, including:
a) Reducing the wattage rating for the luminaries
including both the lighting sources (lamps) and the power
transforming devices (ballasts). This leads to decreasing
the term WRlumin equation .
b) Applying lighting controls, which leads to reducing the
lighting systems time of use, therefore decreasing the
factor Nh in equation. Thanks to automatic controls the
use of a lighting system is decreased, so illumination isprovided only during times when it is needed.
c) Reducing the number of luminaries, therefore
decreasing the factor Nlum in equation. This goal can be
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achieved only if there are too many lighting sources, i.e.
in cases of over-illumination.
Energy-Efficient Lighting Systems:Incandescent bulbs are the oldest, least efficient
electric lighting technology, and are the most common
lamps used in the residential sector in Georgia. The
incandescent bulbs and its many variations create light by
heating a small coil or filament or wire inside the bulb.
Making an incandescent bulb glow requires a large amount
of energy to heat the filament. In a typical light bulb,90% of the energy applied to the filament is wasted in
the form of heat. Therefore only 10% of energy paid for
makes light. Incandescent bulbs have a short life because
the tungsten evaporates from the hot filament and is
deposited as a dark haze on the inside of the bulb.
Improvements in the energy-efficiency of lighting
systems have provided several opportunities to reduceelectrical energy use in the buildings. Typically, three
factors determine the proper level of light for a
particular space, including: age of the occupants, speed
and accuracy requirements and background contrast. The
potential of high efficiency fluorescent lamps, compact
fluorescent lamps, compact halogen lamps and electronic
ballasts is discussed below.
1.Halogen Lamps:
The halogen lamps were developed as direct replacements
for standard incandescent lamps. They are more energy-
efficient, produce whiter light and last longer than the
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latter. In halogen lamps, the filament is encased inside a
quartz tube that is contained in a glass bulb. A selective
coating on the exterior surface of the quartz tube allows
visible radiation to pass through but reflects theinfrared radiation back to the filament. This recycled
infrared radiation permits the filament to maintain its
operating temperatures with 30% less electrical power
input. The halogens can be combined with other elements
to form compounds known as halides-namely, fluorides,
chlorides, bromides, iodides.
2. High intensity discharge (HID) lamps:These lamps are used for outdoor floodlighting and
street lighting as well as in high spaces such as
warehouses and factories. They operate by passing a
current through a high-pressure gas or vapor, which
excites the electrons. Mercury Vapor, Metal Halide or
High Pressure Sodium Materials are for the light
producing arc. Because the gas is at a high pressure, thespectral lines become blurred, ending in increased color
rendering index. This effect is further increased in
metal halide lamps where a metal and a halide are used
together, further increasing the number of spectral
lines. HID lamps may be oval or tubular in shape. HID
lamps require a ballast to control the tube current.
3. Fluorescent Lamps:
Fluorescent lamps are the most commonly used lighting
systems in administrative and office buildings worldwide.
A fluorescent lamp generally consists of a glass tube with
a pair of electrodes at each end. The tube is filled with a
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mixture of inert gases (primarily argon) and liquid
mercury. When the lamp is turned on, an electric arc is
established between the electrodes. The mercury
vaporizes and radiates in the ultraviolet spectrum. Thisultraviolet radiation excites a phosphorous coating on the
inner surface of the tube that emits visible light. By
using a krypton-argon mixture in the high-efficiency
fluorescent lamps. the efficacy output can be improved
from a typical performance of 70 lumens/Watt to about
80 lumens/Watt. The flicking observed when the lamp
starts is caused by a small plastic cylinder, used by themost common lamps-it is the switch-start circuit. The
ballast also consumes energy, up to 25% of total.
Diagrammatic Representation of a Switch-start
Fluorescent Tube Circuit
4. Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) :
The CFL lamps are the miniaturized fluorescent lamps
with small diameter and shorter length. Their light
outputs are equivalent to those of incandescent lamps,but they are more energy efficient and have longer lives.
Ballasts are integral parts to the fluorescent lamps, since
they provide the voltage level required to start the
electric arc and regulate the intensity of the arc. Before
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the development of electronic ballasts only magnetic or
core and coils were used to operate fluorescent lamps.
While the frequency of the electrical current is kept at
50 Hz (or 60 Hz in US) by the magnetic ballasts,electronic ballasts use solid-state technology to produce
high-frequency (20 - 60 MHz) current, which increases
the energy-efficiency of the fluorescent lamps since the
light is cycling more quickly and appear brighter.
Electronic ballasts eliminate noise problems that are
typical to magnetic ballasts by the solid-state
components of the electronic ballasts. Different typesof fluorescent lamps and ballasts regarding their energy
saving opportunities compared by energy consumption
with the standard lamp and standard ballast taking into
account that all these luminaries maintain the same
lighting level.
Standard Standard Magnetic -100%
Standard Efficient Magnetic -87%Standard Electronic Electronic- 75%
Efficient Standard Magnetic -90%
Efficient Efficient Magnetic -80%
Efficient Electronic -68%
T 8 Matched Electronic -56%
Lamp Type Efficiency(Lumens/Watt) Average Life
(Hours)
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Standard
incandescent
5-20 750-1000
Tungsten-
Halogen
15-25 2000-4000
CFL(5-26
watts)
20-55 10,000
CFL(27-40
watts)
50-80 15,000-
20,000
Performance Characteristics of Various Light Sources
The School Energy Audit: A Bright Idea
How can we save the environment and save your school
money at the same time? Just follow a simple and
straightforward school energy audit, and we will be on
the way to helping the environment, learning about
climate change from a multiple disciplinary perspective,
and improving your school. Through this process, you will
discover exactly how your school uses energy on a daily
basis. The audit will cost the school little or no money
and, if acted upon, will likely save your school money on
its energy bill for this year and many years to come. The
function of an energy audit is to expose different ways
to affect energy consumption and identify numerousoptions for reducing energy consumption. The money our
school saves will be available to fund important school
projects, but just as important, energy savings help the
Earth by reducing resource use and environmental
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pollution. By improving efficiency in places like our
schools, we can get the same benefits while using less
energy. For example, substituting energy efficient
compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFL) for standardincandescent bulbs will save on average up to 6,000
megawatts of electricity each year. That is a savings
equivalent to the annual energy output of ten large coal-
fired power plants or about seven average nuclear plants.
Similarly, if every household in the U.S. replaced just one
incandescent light bulb with a CFL, it would prevent
enough pollution to equal removing one million cars fromthe road, about 1,000 pounds of pollution saved per bulb.
To have a school audit we will need to:
collect data about the energy use of your school
through auditing and accounting
analyze the data from auditing and tracking energy use
through projects
write a report on your findings and makerecommendations about how to improve school energy use
present your findings and recommendations to school
officials and try to get some of your recommendations
adopted.
A commercial lighting energy audit is a way to benchmark
how much energy your organization currently uses and to
determine what measures you can take to make your
business more energy efficient. An audit will measure the
efficiency of your current lighting fixtures and bulbs to
determine how retrofitting your system will save you
money and energy over a 5 to 10 year time
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period. Professional lighting energy audits generally go
into great detail. The energy auditor might do a room-by-
room examination of the commercial space, as well as a
thorough examination of past utility bills to determineyour best savings options. After the audit have been
completed and computed, one of our auditors will provide
you a detailed analysis with an easy to read savings
report.
Month Electricity (KWH) Cost(Dhs)
Jan
FebMar
Apr
May
Jun
Total
Total Cost
Sample of School Resource Table (6 months)
In order to perform a lighting audit in our school the
following steps are to be followed:
1. Determine lamp type for room.
2. Take Light Level Readings (Foot-candles).
3. Record number of light bulbs and their
wattage.4. Record how lights are controlled.
5. Record number of tubes per fixture.
6. Construct a room lighting checklist.
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Class
No.
Bulbs
(Watts)
CFLs
(Watts)
HIDs
(Watts)
Foot
Candles
(Watts)
Comments
Format for a lighting checklist
The above pie chart depicts the usage of electricity by
lighting system. It is found that around 55% of
electricity is used by lighting equipments which is much
more than other systems.
How to make schools more Energy Efficient?
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The following steps are to be followed in making our
schools energy efficient
Replace incandescent lamps with fluorescent lamps.
Place lights on timers.Use more natural lights in classrooms.
Change outdoor lights to be triggered by motion
sensors.
Track the energy use cost per hour of electrical
equipment and post this information on the
equipment.
Turn off lights in empty halls when not in use.Put LED bulbs in exit signs.
Install light sensors in school toilets.
Place light reflectors in hallways.
Seek funding programs that offer employment
positions for students to undertake energy audits.
Initiate ticket program for people who forget to
turn off the lights.Implement a School-wide energy poster campaign.
Keep an up-to-date inventory of electrical
equipment, lighting and so on in the school.
Guidelines in Performing the Lighting System Audit
To perform the lighting audit, the following steps are
required:
1 Room description:
- Define room Type office, storage, toilet, etc.
- Define Room Characteristicsheight, width, length,
color and condition of surfaces.
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- Define Lighting Fixture Characteristicsnumber of
fixtures, fixture mounting height, lamp. type, condition
of luminaries, methods of control, ballast and lamp
wattage.2. Lighting Levels and Lighting Quality Evaluation:
- Measure illuminance in Lux using a light meter.
- Draw luminaire types and layout in the room or area;
- Check for excessive glare and contrast.
- Discuss with users the lighting levels, controls, and
quality.
- Compare illuminance measurements to recommendationsfor the tasks performed.
3. Electrical Consumption Calculation:
- Calculate Total Watts (watts/fixture x # of
fixtures/1000 = Existing kW).
- Calculate Power Density (kW x 1000/square meter =
watts/square meter).
- Compare Existing Power Density to reference values.- Evaluate Annual Hours of Use.
- Calculate Annual Lighting Energy Cost.
List of
Equipment
A
Quantity
B
Electrical
Load
C
Time
operating
D
Total(A*B*C)
Lighting
Incandescent
Lamps
HIDs
CFLs
Halogen
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lamps
Total
Electricity
Format of Energy Spreadsheet
4. Energy Savings Calculation:- Determine new total kW after retrofit.
- Determine change in annual operating hours if lighting
controls are changed.
- Calculate energy savings (kW beforekW after) x
hours of operation = kWh.
Benchmarking and Energy Performance
Benchmarking of energy consumption internally
(historical / trend analysis) and externally (across similar
industries) are two powerful tools for performance
assessment and logical evolution of avenues for
improvement. Historical data well documented helps to
bring out energy consumption and cost trends month-wise
/ day-wise. Benchmarking energy performance permits
Quantification of fixed and variable energy consumption
trends vis--vis production levels
Comparison of the industry energy performance with
respect to various production levels (capacity utilization)
Identification of best practices (based on the external
benchmarking data)Plant Energy Performance:
Plant energy performance (PEP) is the measure of whether a plan
now using more or less energy to manufacture its products than i
did in the past: a measure of how well the energy management
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programme is doing. It compares the change in energy consumpti
from one year to the other considering production output. Plant
energy performance monitoring compares plant energy use at a
reference year with the subsequent years to determine theimprovement that has been made.
PEP = Reference year equivalent - Current year's energy * 100
Reference year equivalent
Production factor:Production factor is used to determine the energy that
would have been required to produce this year's
production output if the plant had operated in the same
way as it did in the reference year. It is the ratio of
production in the current year to that in the reference
year.
Production factor = Current year' s productionReference year s production
Monthly Energy Performance:
Experience however, has shown that once a plant has
started measuring yearly energy performance,
management wants more frequent performance
information in order to monitor and control energy use onan on-going basis. PEP can just as easily be used for
monthly reporting as yearly reporting.
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The Concept of Clean Energy
Clean Energy( Renewable energy) is energy which
comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain,
tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable(naturally replenished). In 2008, about 19% of global final
energy consumption came from renewables, with 13%
coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for
heating, and 3.2% from hydroelectricity. New renewables
(small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal)
accounted for another 2.7% and are growing very rapidly.
The share of renewables in electricity generation isaround 18%, with 15% of global electricity coming from
hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewables. many
renewable energy projects are large-scale, renewable
technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas,
where energy is often crucial in human development.
Globally, an estimated 3 million households get power
from small solar PV systems. Micro-hydro systemsconfigured into village-scale or county-scale mini-grids
serve many areas. More than 30 million rural households
get lighting and cooking from biogas made in household-
scale digesters. Biomass cook-stoves are used by 160
million households. Renewable energy is derived from
natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its
various forms, it derives directly from the sun, or from
heat generated deep within the earth. Included in the
definition are electricity and heat generated from solar,
wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources
and hydrogen derived from renewable resource.
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Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four
distinct areas: power generation, hot water/ space
heating, transport fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy
services:
Mainstream forms of clean energy:
1.Wind power
Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy
is believed to be five times total current global energy
production, or 40 times current electricity demand. This
could require wind turbines to be installed over largeareas, particularly in areas of higher wind resources.
Offshore resources experience mean wind speeds of
~90% greater than that of land, so offshore resources
could contribute substantially more energy.
2. Hydropower
Energy in water can be harnessed and used. Since water
is about 800 times denser than air, even a slow flowing
stream of water, or moderate sea swell, can yield
considerable amounts of energy. There are many forms
of water energy:
Hydroelectric energy is a term usually reserved for
large-scale hydroelectric dams. Examples are theGrand Coulee Dam in Washington State and the
Akosombo Dam in Ghana.
Dam less hydro systems derive kinetic energy from
rivers and oceans without using a dam.
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Ocean energy describes all the technologies to
harness energy from the ocean and the sea. This
includes marine current power, ocean thermal energy
conversion, and tidal power.
3.Solar energy
Solar energy is the energy derived from the sun
through the form of solar radiation. Solar powered
electrical generation relies on photovoltaic and heat
engines. A partial list of other solar applications includesspace heating and cooling through solar architecture, day
lighting, solar hot water, solar cooking, and high
temperature process heat for industrial purposes.
4.Biomass
Biomass (plant material) is a renewable energy source
because the energy it contains comes from the sun.Through the process of photosynthesis, plants capture
the sun's energy. When the plants are burned, they
release the sun's energy they contain. In this way,
biomass functions as a sort of natural battery for storing
solar energy. As long as biomass is produced sustainably,
with only as much used as is grown, the battery will last
indefinitely.
5.Geothermal energy
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Geothermal energy is energy obtained by tapping the
heat of the earth itself, both from kilometers deep into
the Earth's crust in volcanically active locations of the
globe or from shallow depths, as in geothermal heatpumps in most locations of the planet. It is expensive to
build a power station but operating costs are low
resulting in low energy costs for suitable sites.
Ultimately, this energy derives from heat in the Earth's
core.
Three types of power plants are used to generate powerfrom geothermal energy: dry steam, flash, and binary
Growth of renewables
During the five-years from the end of 2004 through
2009, worldwide renewable energy capacity grew at rates
of 1060 percent annually for many technologies. For
wind power and many other renewable technologies,
growth accelerated in 2009 relative to the previous four
years. More wind power capacity was added during 2009
than any other renewable technology. However, grid-
connected PV increased the fastest of all renewable
technologies, with a 60-percent annual average growth
rate for the five-year period.
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Organizations that implement energy-efficient measures
outperform their competitors by as much as 10%. To
remain profitable and gain a competitive edge, companies
need to do more than just turn off unnecessary lightsand adjust thermostats. They need to make energy
efficiency an essential part of their business plan. By
doing so, businesses lower their utility bills and help
ensure a reliable energy supply. The Clean Energy
Concepts audit report gives you estimated savings,
projected implementation costs, and complete ROI
return on investment information. This will allow you tosee the time frame to pay off the new lighting upgrades
as well as the projected savings over the complete life of
the bulb and fixture.
Identification of Energy Conservation Opportunities
1.Fuel substitution: Identifying the appropriate fuel forefficient energy conversion.
2.Energy generation: Identifying Efficiency
opportunities in energy conversion equipment/utility such
as captive power generation, steam generation in boilers,
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thermic fluid heating, optimal loading of DG sets,
minimum excess air combustion with boilers/thermic fluid
heating, optimising existing efficiencies, efficienct
energy conversion equipment, biomass gasifiers,Cogeneration, high efficiency DG sets, etc.
3.Energy distribution: Identifying Efficiency
opportunities network such as transformers, cables,
switchgears and power factor improvement in electrical
systems and chilled water, cooling water, hot water,
compressed air, Etc.
4.Energy usage by processes: This is where the majoropportunity for improvement and many of them are
hidden. Process analysis is useful tool for process
integration measures.
Maximising System Efficiency
Once the energy usage and sources are matched
properly, the next step is to operate the equipmentefficiently through best practices in operation and
maintenance as well as judicious technology adoption.
Some illustrations in this context are:
Eliminate steam leakages by trap improvements
Maximise condensate recovery
Adopt combustion controls for maximizing combustion
efficiency. Replace pumps, fans, air compressors, refrigeration
compressors, boilers, furnaces, heaters and other
energy consuming equipment, wherever significant
energy efficiency margins exist.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.
Energy Audit Manual(Author- Karine Melikidze)2.Guide on GB Energy Audit
3.Details of High School Energy Audit(A.S. Bahl)
4.Physics T.B(Class XI)
5.Internet(www.wikipedia.org)
(www.prsg.org)
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CONCLUSION
Through this project we mean to deliver the concept ofEnergy Audit by explaining its theoretical as well as its
application background. Theoretical points can be
explained by anyone. But how is it applied was the
milestone that we could establish through this project.
We confined ourselves to the auditing of the Lighting
system and we had taken survey of lighting equipments
and their energy usage at a nearby school in our locality.By doing such a survey of energy analysis, we could
actually realize the amount of energy conserved as well
as wastage of energy in the form of heat in lighting
equipments. We understood the fact that CFLs are much
more efficient than incandescent lamps and it stands on
the top in saving energy. We could generalize some points
to make schools more energy efficient and alsointroduced the concept of clean energy. But then we still
feel we touched only the tip of an ice burg. The project
can also be extended to the auditing of systems such as
Thermal, Cooling, Building Envelope etc. We hope our
project report would definitely be a guideline in
implementing an energy audit and also how to manage
renewable as well as non renewable sources of energy.
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