7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
1/44
Physiology 441
The Blood, Chapter 11
Text: Human Physiology (Sherwood), th!d"
#ulie Bal$h Samora, %P&, %PH
'samorahs$"w*u"edu
+-.-41+, /oom -140
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
2/44
Components of the Circulatory System
Heart Pump
Blood *essel Passageways
Blood Transport %edium
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
3/44
Functions of Blood
Transports:Nutrients
O2 & CO2
Waste Products
Hormones
lectrolytes
!efense:Forei"n or"anisms
#n$ury%infection
Clottin" process
Body temperature
aintains Homeostasis
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
4/44
Components of Blood
Blood is a mi'ture of cellular components
suspended in plasma:
1"rythrocytes ()BCs*+" +eu,ocytes (WBCs*
Total Blood -olume: . / of 0ody 1ei"ht
234 % 44 liters of 0lood is plasma
(remainin" is the cellular portion*
-" Throm0ocytes (platelets*
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
5/44
Blood 5essel)ed 0lood cell
platelet
Plasma
White 0lood cell
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
6/44
Hematocrit 6Pac,ed Cells7
2 /BCs hea*iest 3 pa$ed at ottom a5ter
$entri5ugation
2 &*erage 406 5or men 7 4+ 6 5or women
2 8mportant $lini$al diagnosti$ marer
2 &nemia 9ow per$entage o5 erythro$ytes
2 Hemato$rit 3 mostly /BCs 7$ they are the most
aundant type o5 lood $ell (6)
2 Plasma rest o5 lood not o$$upied y /BCs
(006 o5 whole lood 5or males7 06 5or 5emales)
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
7/44
Centrifu"ed Blood Sample
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
8/44
Separation of Components
Plasma 8 +ess !ense
Hematocrit
6Pac,ed Cells7
ore !ense
Platelets % WBC9s
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
9/44
Components of Plasma
Blood plasma Consists of:2;ater ? Cl.)16
Other components:2=utrients (e"g"
@lu$ose and amino a$ids)
2Hormones (e"g" Cortisol, thyroxine)
2;astes (e"g" Area)
2Blood gases (e"g" C+, +)
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
10/44
Functions of Plasma
1" ;ater: Transport mediumD $arries heat
+" !le$trolytes:
%emrane ex$itaility
smoti$ distriution o5 5luid 7t !CE ? 8CE
Bu55ering o5 pH $hanges
-" =utrients, wastes, gases, hormones:3=o 5un$tion 3 'ust eing transported
4" Plasma Proteins (See =ext Slide)
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
11/44
Plasma Proteins
Plasma Proteins: (al0umins "lo0ulins fi0rino"en*
1" %aintaining $olloid osmoti$ alan$e (al0umins)
+" Bu55ering pH $hanges
-" Transport o5 materials through lood (su$h as water
insolule hormones)
4" &ntiodies (e"g" gamma "lo0ulins, immunogloulins)
0" Clotting 5a$tors (e"g" fi0rino"en)
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
12/44
; Cellular lements of Blood
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
13/44
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
14/44
echanism of Transport
= Heme%ole$ules
> = O'y"en%ole$ules
xygenated Hemogloin
Bright /ed (systemi$)Feoxygenated Hemogloin
Blue (*enous $ir$ulation)
HO?+OB#N
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
15/44
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
16/44
2 9a$ intra$ellular organelles ne$essary 5or$ellular repair, growth, di*ision
2 Short +ife Span(G1+< days)3 &ged /BC3 Eragile . prone to rupture
2 )uptured )BC9sare destroyed in spleen
3 Phago$yti$ ;BCs I$lear the derisJ
)BC9S (rythrocytes* cont@
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
17/44
Formation of Ne1 )BC9s
)uptured cellsmust e repla$ed y new $ells y a
pro$ess $alledKKK ""rythropoiesis
Se$retion o5 the hormone erythropoietin
=ew /BCs (and platelets ? leuo$ytes) are produ$ed
in the Bone arro1
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
18/44
Fi"ure
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
19/44
Too 5ew, Too many
2 &nemia 3 low hemato$rit (elow.normal
oxygen.$arrying $apa$ity o5 the lood)
3=utritional, perni$ious, aplasti$, renal,hemorrhagi$, hemolyti$
2 Poly$ythemia. anormally high hemato$rit
(too many /BCs in $ir$ulation)3Primary, se$ondary
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
20/44
)BC9s WBC9 s
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
21/44
2 White Blood Cells
(+eu,ocytes*
2 %oile units o5 odys de5ense system:
2 6See, and !estroy7 Functions:1" Festroy in*ading mi$roorganisms
+" Festroy anormal $ells (ie: $an$er )
2 Clean up cellular de0ris (pha"ocytosis*-" &ssist in in'ury repair
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
22/44
4 A Types of WBC9s
ach WBC has a specific function
?ranulocytes"ranulocytes
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
23/44
Blood Cell Ori"in and Production
Bone arro1
Circulation
Fi"ure
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
24/44
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
25/44
4DA3D/ of all leu,ocytes
(most a0undant of WBC9s*
> Pha"ocytes that en"ulf0acteria and !e0ris
> #mportant in inflammatory
responses
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
26/44
2 OS#NOPH#+S
> ttac, parasitic 1orms
> #mportant in aller"ic reactions
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
27/44
; BSOPH#+S
> )elease histamine
and heparin
> D4/ of the WBCEs
> #mportant in ller"ic
)eactions
> Heparin helps clear fat from 0lood
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
28/44
Types of WBC9s
ononuclear "ranulocytes
= onocytes
4 +ymphocytes
(B and T cells*
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
29/44
= ONOCTS
> 'it 0lood (diapedesis*to 0ecome macropha"es
> 2AG / of the WBCEs
> Pha"ocytic 8 defend a"ainst
5iruses and 0acteria
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
30/44
4 +PHOCTS
> BAlymphocytes:
Produce nti0odies
> TAlymphocytes:
!irectly destroy 5irusA
in5aded cells and cancer
cells
> 24A;; / of the WBCEs
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
31/44
Blood 5essel)ed 0lood cell
Plasma
White 0lood cell
Platelets
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
32/44
; Platelets (Throm0ocytes*
> Cell fra"ments 0ound to me"a,aryocytes
> 6Bud Off7 and are released into the 0lood
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
33/44
Function of Platelets
2 Stop leeding 5rom a damaged *essel
> Hemostasis
2 Three Stepsin*ol*ed in Hemostasis
1" Las$ular Spasm
+" Eormation o5 a platelet plug
-" Blood $oagulation ($lotting)
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
34/44
Steps in Hemostasis
2 #mmediate constrictiono5 lood *essel
2 Lessel walls pressed together 3 e$ome
Isti$yJ7adherent to ea$h other
2 %inimiMe lood loss
>!? TO B+OO! -SS+9!&FS T:
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
35/44
Steps in Hemostasis
a" P+T+TSatta$h to exposed $ollagen
" &ggregation o5 platelets $auses release o5$hemi$al mediators (!P Throm0o'ane 2)
$" !Pattra$ts more platelets
d" Throm0o'ane 2(power5ul *aso$onstri$tor) promotes aggregation ? more &FP
2 Platelet Plu" formation: (fi"ure
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
36/44
Fi"ure
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
37/44
Final Step in Hemostasis
a" Trans5ormation o5 lood 5rom liJuid to solid" Clot rein5or$es the plug
$" %ultiple $as$ade steps in $lot 5ormation
d Fi0rino"en (plasma protein* Fi0rinThrom0in
; Blood Coa"ulation (clot formation*:
6Clottin" Cascade7
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
38/44
Fi"ure
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
39/44
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
40/44
inacti5e
acti5e
Ha"eman factor (K##*
C+OT I
K
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
41/44
Clottin" Cascade
2 #ntrinsic Path1ay:
3Stops leeding within (internal*a $ut *essel
3Eoreign Sustan$e (ie: in $onta$t with test tue)
3Ea$tor O88 (Hageman Ea$tor)
2 'trinsic path1ay:
3Clots lood that has es$aped into tissues
3/euires tissue 5a$tors e'ternalto lood
3Ea$tor 888 (Tissue Thromoplastin)
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
42/44
Clottin" Cascade
2 Fi0rin :3Threadlie mole$ule.5orms the meshwor o5 the $lot
3!ntraps $ellular elements o5 the lood 5orms C9T
3Contra$tion o5 platelets pulls the damaged *essel
$lose together:2 Eluid sueeMes out as the $lot $ontra$ts (Serum)
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
43/44
Clot dissolution
2 Clot is slowly dissol*ed y the I5irin splittingJ
enMyme $alled Plasmin
2 Plasminogenis the ina$ti*e pre.$ursor that isa$ti*ated y Factor K## (Ha"eman Factor*
(simultaneous to $lot 5ormation)
2 Plasmin gets trapped in $lot and slowly dissol*esit y reaing down the 5irin meshwor
Fi"ure
7/24/2019 Phy441 Blood Balch 2006
44/44
Clot 5ormation:
Too mu$h or too little o5 a good
thingK2 Too mu$h:3 8nappropriate $lot 5ormation is a thromus (5ree.
5loating $lots are emoli)
3 &n enlarging thromus narrows and $an o$$lude*essels
2 Too little:
3 Hemophilia. too little $lotting. $an lead to li5e.
threatening hemorrhage ($aused 5rom la$ o5 one o5 the$lotting 5a$tors)
3 Thromo$yte de5i$ien$y (low platelets) $an also lead to
di55use hemorrhages
Top Related