CAMERA Types and Characteristics (Jenis-jenis dan
Ciri-ciri)
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Categories of Camera Light Catcher Sensor Medium (Medium
Penangkap Cahaya)
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Using celluloid film as a Light Catcher Medium and also Storage
Medium Type of Film depending on measurement a. Small format (35mm)
b. Medium format (100-120mm) c. Large format Format 35mm most
popular (a.k.a. Film 135) CELLULOID FILM
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THE PRINT (PHOTO PAPER) Darkrooms: Creating Images with
Chemistry Films that have been exposed go through a process called
developing. Developing film-dropping off rolls of 35mm film, and
getting back prints and negatives.
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Instant Camera (Polaroid) Kamera Segera (Polaroid)
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Instant Camera (Polaroid) Generates a developed film image
(a.k.a. self- developing film) by Polaroid Corporation.self-
developing filmPolaroid Corporation American scientist Edwin Land,
who unveiled the first commercial instant camera, the Land Camera,
in 1948, Camera and portable darkroom in a single compartment,
Invented in 1923 by Samuel Shlafrock. AmericanEdwin Land Camera
Using Zink Photo Paper as a Light Catcher Medium and also Storage
Medium. It is cheap and suitable those who like to collect
picture.
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Digital Camera (Memory Card) Kamera Digital (Filem)
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Using Image-sensor atau Picture Sensor as a Light Catcher
Medium and Memory Card also Storage Medium
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Pixels = Picture elements Resolution: number of pixels captured
by the image sensor. Higher Resolution Image 300 ppi Lower
Resolution Image 72 ppi Pixels
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Types of Camera Jenis-jenis Kamera Utama SLR/DSLR
Viewfinder/Rangefinder Camera Lomo Camera Mirrorless Camera Twin
Lens Reflex Camera Digital Compact Camera View Camera
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DSLR/SLR CAMERA Single-lens Reflex Camera - Profesional Type
Camera (Kamera Pantulan Lensa Tunggal)
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DSLR/SLR CAMERA Single-lens Reflex Camera (Kamera Pantulan
Lensa Tunggal) SLR Single Lens Reflect Light directed through a
hinged mirror/viewfinder (pembidik) DSLR Digital SLR
Interchangeable lenses Greater depth of field Accurate composition
Better image quality lens + CCD or CMOS (Light Sensor) Profesional
Designed for professionals and advanced amateurs. Often based on a
SLR design & feature resolutions between 8 and 12 million
pixels (or more). One huge advantage most of the features (such as
exposure controls) and accessories (such as lenses) designed for
the film versions also work with the digital versions
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DSLR/SLR Mechanism Kamera pantulan lensa tunggal yang mempunyai
sebuah cermin yang memantulkan cahaya yang diperoleh daripada lensa
dan melalui pentaprisma (No.7) dan imej dapat dilihat melalui
viewfinder (No.8). Semasa merakam, cermin (No.2) akan terangkat dan
mendedahkan sensor (No.4) dan merakam imej yang diperoleh daripada
lensa. A cross-section (or 'side-view') of the optical components
of a typical SLR camera shows how the light passes through the lens
assembly (1), is reflected by the mirror (2) placed at a 45-degree
angle, and is projected on the matte focusing screen (5). Via a
condensing lens (6) and internal reflections in the roof pentaprism
(7) the image appears in the eyepiece (viewfinder) (8). When an
image is taken, the mirror (2) moves upwards from its resting
position in the direction of the arrow, the focal plane shutter (3)
opens, and the image is projected onto the film or sensor (4) in
exactly the same manner as on the focusing screen.focusing
screenfilmsensor
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Universal standard or 35 mm: The sensors size is 2436 mm (when
is Full Frame). This is the most used by photojournalists,
photographers of nature, weddings and many advanced amateurs, due
to its combination of acceptable weight and price with high quality
and versatility. Moreover, among the DSLRr we have all the formats
described in the section The Sensor, with virtually the same
characteristics but with different sizes for the sensor, which
enhances the final quality of the file, as the quality increases
when the size is bigger.
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Medium Format The sensor (or film) measures are 64.5 cm or up
to 67 cm. This kind of camera is widely and mostly used in fashion
and advertisement photography, and for portraits. These cameras are
a little bit heavy, but their quality makes up for it, albeit their
prices dont help much to make them popular
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VIEWFINDER TECHNOLOGY
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Viewfinder Camera
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Rangefinder/Boutique Camera Kamera Penjulat/Butik
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Rangefinder Camera These are called "rangefinder" cameras
because they focus using a dual-image range finding device. You
turn a ring, and when two superimposed images line up, you're in
perfect focus. Leica M9 is the most prestige rangefinder camera
that be used by the street photographer. Price: RM25K (Body) dan
RM50K (lens 50mm f0.95)
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The photograph is taken through the main lens however the view
from the lens and the viewfinder is slightly different, this
difference is called parallax error.
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Lomo Camera (Kamera Lomo)
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Kamera Lomo pula merupakan kamera filem yang direka untuk
memberi kesan khas seperti gambar di atas. Kesan2 khas ini memberi
impak dramatik pada gambar yang dirakam. kamera ini menggunakan
filem dan perlu dicuci di kedai gambar. A Lomo Camera or lens
usually gives photos high contrast, twisted colors, and a
noticeable vignette (a shading of the outer edges of the
picture).
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Advantages and Disadvantages Viewfinder/Rangefinder Advantages
of the viewfinder camera: Simple viewfinder cameras are cheap.
There are fewer moving parts, so less chance of equipment failure.
Higher light levels to the viewfinder. High-quality rangefinder
cameras provide excellent focusing, especially in low light.
Quieter operation than SLR cameras. Disadvantages of the viewfinder
camera: Parallax error (unless compensated for). The viewfinder
image may be quite small.
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Mirrorless Camera Kamera Tanpa Cermin Samsung NX300
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Mirrorless Camera Kamera Tanpa Cermin Kamera jenis ini pula
merupakan kamera yang tidak menggunakan cermin sebagaimana yang
digunakan DSLR/SLR. jadi sensor terletak betul-betul di belakang
lensa dan kaedah elektronik shutter digunakan bagi menggantikan
kaedah mechanical shutter yang digunakan oleh DSLR. Kebanyakan
kamera jenis ini mempunyai sensor yang lebih kecil dan antara saiz
sensor yang terkenal ialah micro 4/3. Kamera jenis ini juga
membolehkan kita menukar lensa sebagaimana yang dilakukan oleh
DSLR. Mirrorless cameras, as the name suggests, don't need a
mirror. Instead, the light passes through the lens and falls right
onto the image sensor, as it does in point-and-shoot and phone
cameras. To preview the image before you press the shutter button,
you look at a screen on the back of the camera, or into a
viewfinder with an electronic screen
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Twin Lens Reflex Camera (Kamera Pantulan Lensa Kembar) SLR
TLR
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Twin Lens Reflex Camera A twin-lens reflex camera (TLR) is a
type of camera with two objective lenses of the same focal
length.cameralensesfocal length One of the lenses is the
photographic objective or "taking lens" (the lens that takes the
picture), while the other is used for the viewfinder system, which
is usually viewed from above at waist level.viewfinder Kamera jenis
ini pula mempunyai pantulan 2 lensa yang mana lensa pertama
bertindak sebagai "viewfinder" dan lensa yang kedua bertindak
sebagai perakam. kamera jenis ini masih menggunakan filem dan ia
merupakan kamera yang amat popular bagi penggemar kamera lama dan
kamera filem.
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Pocket-size/Point and Shoot/Consumer Pro-consumer or Prosumer
Digital Compact Camera SLR-Style Camera Kamera Kompak Digital
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Digital Compact Camera Kamera kompak digital ini adalah kamera
yang paling ringkas, mudah digunakan serta dimiliki oleh kebanyakan
orang biasa. ia mempunyai lensa yang kekal. terdapat jenis lensa
yang boleh di zoom atau ada juga yang mempunyai lensa fokus tunggal
(fix focal length). Biasanya kamera jenis ini mempunyai sensor yang
kecil dan kualiti gambarnya adalah rendah berbanding dengan kamera
jenis DSLR atau Mirror less yang mempunyai lensa yang lebih besar.
namun ia merupakan pilihan ramai orang kerana cukup untuk digunakan
untuk rakaman harian dan mode auto yang mesra pengguna. Point and
Shoot (Compact) consumer digital cameras. All in one with lens,
flash, etc. Automatic. Ready to go. User friendly. Small, compact
and lightweight Usually don't provide you with a lot of creative
control. Professional Consumer (Prosumer) Combination of
professional and consumer cameras. High quality built in zoom lens,
high quality sensor & settings. Interchangeable lenses. Quality
without the hassle of lugging other kit.
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VIEW CAMERA Optical Bench /Large Format Camera
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OPTICAL BENCH OR LARGE FORMAT CAMERA This kind of cameras is
used mostly for study portraits, advertising photography of big
size objects (for instance, cars) and architecture photography. Its
formats range from 912 cm to 2025 cm, usually are very heavy, big
and cumbersome, but they offer a superb quality. Apart from the
obvious quality, we have seen that a big surface in the sensor we
get better quality, we have to take into consideration a highly
important factor: they can manipulate the perspective according to
the Scheimflug Principle and the depth of field (keeping on focus
the objects both behind and ahead of that focused on).
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SLR CAMERA Specialization and Handling Pengkhususan dan
Pengendalian Pn Hasnah
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SLR Demonstration A single-lens reflex camera (SLR) typically
uses a mirror and prism system (hence "reflex", from the mirror's
reflection) that permits the photographer to view through the lens
and see exactly what will be captured. The camera has a viewfinder
that sees through the lens by way of a 45-angled mirror that flips
up when the shutter fires and allows the light to strike the image
sensor (or film).
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How to Choose a Film for Your Camera
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The Negative (35mm Film ) 135 is photographic film in a film
format used for still photography. It is a cartridge film with a
film gauge of 35 mm, typically used for hand-held photography in 35
mm film cameras. The size of the 135 film frame has been adopted by
many high- end digital single lens reflex cameras, referred to as
full frame digital SLRs.
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Color negative film, also called print film, is what most
people are familiar with; the stuff you can still buy almost
anywhere (and what non- specialists will generally assume you want
if you ask for "film"). The image you see on a developed negative
is orange-tinted, and the colors are inverted. The process used to
develop these is called C-41, and so these are sometimes called
"C-41 films". Color negatives have their colors inverted, and are
orange-tinted.
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Slide film, more properly called reversal film, gives a
positive image; in other words, when you look through it, it looks
like a photograph. Nearly all slide films today use the E-6
process, which is a completely different process to that used for
negative films. [1] [1] Slide films, typically mounted in plastic
or cardboard mounts, give a positive image that looks just like
your photograph.
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Traditional black-and-white films are usually negative films,
but (you guessed it) they're black-and-white. These, again, use a
very different process (albeit a much simpler one) to all the other
types of film. There's a special subset of black-and-white films:
those that can be developed in the same C-41 process used for color
negatives. Ilford XP2 and Kodak BW400CN are two of them. These have
all the properties of color negatives, except for the color part,
so most of what is written below about the latter applies to these
films as well.
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Film Manufacturer
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Types of ISO film for SLR Camera
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A low ISO (100-400) rating means the film will be less
sensitive to light and therefore would be better to use in brighter
conditions to prevent over exposure. A high ISO rating (400-1600)
means the film is far more sensitive to light and therefore better
suited to use in lower light conditions to prevent under exposure.
Summary : The "faster" the film, the more sensitive it was. The
"slower" it was, the less sensitive it was. ISO numbers start from
100-200 (Base ISO) and increment in value in geometric progression
(power of two). So, the ISO sequence is: 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600,
3200, 6400 and etc.
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The difference is clear the image on the right hand side at ISO
3200 has a lot more noise in it, than the one on the left at ISO
200. Comparison
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ISO FilmDescription Slow film speed 200 and Below For bright
lighting conditions and outdoor photography Recommendation not be
used for dimly lit areas and fast-moving subjects. Using tripod or
has an extremely steady hand best used to photograph outdoor
landscapes, inanimate objects, and outdoor events on a bright
day.
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ISO FilmDescription Medium film speed 400 all-purpose film that
can be used for most situations Recommendation best used to
photograph overcast outdoor images, indoor portraits with natural
lighting, and when photographing a combination of indoor and
outdoor images on the same roll not be used with fast motion
photography such as sporting events, indoors without much lighting,
or in extremely bright lighting
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ISO FilmDescription Fast film speed 800 ideal for sports and
low light photography without flash, and extends the flash distance
compared to slower speeds.
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How to Use Almost Any 35mm Film Camera Look for some basic
controls on the camera. The shutter speed dial The aperture ring
The ISO dial (marked as ASA) The mode dial The rewind release The
rewind crank Change your battery if your camera has one. Load your
film Rear-loading cameras Bottom-loading Set the film speed
PREPARATION
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SHOOTING Focus your shot. Auto-focus Manual-focus single-lens
reflex cameras Manual-focus rangefinder cameras Viewfinder cameras
Set your exposure. Fully automatic exposure cameras Fully-manual
cameras Frame your shot and shoot Shoot till you hit the end of the
roll. Get your film developed Check your film for exposure problems
Stick another roll of film in and go shoot some more
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HANDLING AN SLR
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The lens of your camera and in modern cameras is adjusted via a
control wheel or dial. If you ever owned a manual film SLR you will
remember that the lenses had an ring that you set manually with a
Click-click as you turned it to alter the apertures
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EXPOSURE Lens, Aperture, Shutter Speed, ISO Dedahan Lensa,
Aperture, Kelajuan Shutter ----- En Amir
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EXPOSURE Exposure is the total amount of light allowed to fall
on the film/image sensor. Too much light creates an over bright
image with white spots Too little light creates an under bright
image with black spots
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Exposure also known as light exposure. Exposure to too high
will cause the image to be too bright (overexposure) while low
exposure cause the picture is dark (underexposure). EXPOSURE
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Underexposure (dark) overexposure (bright) Balance HOW TO
CONTROL EXPOSURE
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Exposure can be controlled mainly through two lens settings:
Aperture and Shutter Speed and also ISO
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EXPOSURE Aperture How much light gets in Shutter Speed How long
light is let in ISO Sensitivity of image device
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Aperture (IRIS IN YOUR EYE) Aperture is the opening lens to set
the amount of light coming into the camera. The bigger shutter
open, the more light can enter the camera.
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APERTURE RANGE Aperture size is labelled with a symbol f /
[number] (Example: f / 2.4). This measure, sometimes confusing
because the larger f number, the smaller shutters hole. Instead,
the smaller f number, the bigger shutters hole. More light
(Brighter image) Less light (dark image)
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Depth of field (DOF) Depth of field (DOF) tells how many images
you want to be in focus. DOF is controlled by controlling the
aperture. Shallow (less dof) Narrow (more dof)
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Light Dof
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Shutter Speed (LIKE YOUR EYE LID) Shutter-speed refers to the
length of time the shutter is open to allow light coming into the
sensor. The shutter speed is calculated by using the second
(seconds), and is usually lower than a second.
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Shutter Speed Range 1 1/2 1/15 1/30 1/60 1/125 1/250 1/500
1/1000 More light Less light
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Freezing and Blurring
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Low Shutter speed
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High Shutter speed
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ISO ISO refers to the sensitivity of the sensor to light. Lower
the ISO, the lower response to the light sensor, while the higher
the ISO, the more powerful response to light. A lower ISO number,
More light is required Either with a longer shutter speed, a larger
aperture opening, or bothto get the same effect that a higher ISO
number would get with less light.
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ISO Range 100200400800160032006400 More light Less light Less
Noise More Noise
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ISO HIGH ISO value means the sensor will be MORE sensitive to
light, meaning it will take LESS LIGHT to get the right exposure.
Low ISO indicates low sensitivity to light but generally higher
resolution with less noise or grain. Indoor vs Outdoor ? ISO ? ISO
(Light sensitivity) 50 outdoors/sunlight (low grain/noise) 1600
indoors/no flash (high grain/noise)
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ISO Set the lowest setting possible to avoid noise. ISO
measures the sensitivity of the image sensor. The lower the number
the less sensitive your camera is to light and the finer the
grain.
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Lense s
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You don't take a photograph, you make it. Ansel Adams