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Renato Constantino
Teodoro Agoncillo
with
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Chapter I
Knowing Philippine History
1. Understanding History
Pulmer, ed. 1965: 16
It is by the possession and transmission of aculture that man differs from other animals,
and the first culture began with the habitualuse of tools and articulate speech
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Chapter IKnowing Philippine History
Nick Joaquin
History as culture is not merely a chronologicalreconstruction of the past nor an analyticalinterpretation of past events, but a process ofcreation or a formation of culture, specifically a
"national culture."
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Chapter IKnowing Philippine History
Arnold Toynbee
Based on the idea that man responds to thesituation placed before him. His actions are basedon his thoughts. Thus, the society's way of facing
the challenges depending upon its capabilitiesuncovers the pattern of the society's history.
Mankind's approach in coping with challengesdetermines history.
CHALLENGE AND RESPONSE THEORY
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Chapter IKnowing Philippine History
Alvin Scaff
Refers to the systematic statement of principlesthat govern the exchange of goods (tangible goodslike property or money and intangible goods like
peace or prestige) between individuals, betweengroups, between organizations, and even betweennations.
Exchange Theory
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Chapter IKnowing Philippine History
Georg Wilhelm Hegel (1770-1831)
An idea is the moving force of History.However, man has tasks to do so that eventsmay happen.
embodies ideals like patriotism, heroism, andunity. Since historical individuals are idealsand man follows his ideal, this thought, whichis guided by a particular ideal
Weltgiest or World Spirit
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Chapter IKnowing Philippine History
Karl Marx
The prevailing economic system determines theform of societal organization and the political andintellectual history of the epoch, which thus
attribute actions and events in history to economicmotives.
Materialist Concept of History or Economic Theory
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Chapter IKnowing Philippine History
Fernand Braudel
Father of historical structuralism Human actions are not only based on human
decisions but also on 'structures' that may be
natural (like topography and natural resources)or man-made (like existing laws andtechnological devices)
to achieve "total history" is to integrate allaspects of man's past.
Braudelian approach
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Chapter IKnowing Philippine History
Teodoro Agoncillo
father of Filipino nationalist historiography
wrote the conditions of the Philippine past byanalyzing the conditions of the masses. His
efforts in rewriting history like othercontemporary historians were reactions to thetraditional presentations of Philippine history,being colonial and elitist.
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Chapter IKnowing Philippine History
Renato Constantino
History is "the recorded struggle of people for everincreasing freedom and for newer and higherrealization of the human person." It is not about
the story of man as the individual, but man as theassociated man.
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Chapter IKnowing Philippine History
Wilhelm Dilthey
Absolute objectivity is inconceivable. Since peoplegrow up in cultural environments, they haveimbibed the prevailing worldview in addition totheir own nature. The worldview that they have
developed are colored with perspective from whichpeople understand their environments and theevents that happen.
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Chapter I
Knowing Philippine History
2. Sources HistoryClassification
1. Primary Sources
Those that have witnessed the event that took place or have been
part of the incident being studied.
> These include written records (e.g. narratives, manuscripts, public
documents, letters, diaries), fossils, artifacts, and testimony from living
witnesses
2. Secondary SourcesHave not been part of the event being considered such as
magazines, newspapers, pamphlets, typescripts, and articles
written about the primary sources
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2. Sources HistoryMissionary Chronicles published by the various religious orders
assigned to the Philippines, which include the Augustinians,
Franciscans, Dominicans, Jesuits, and Recollects
Written by Dr. Antonio de Morga, The only secularhistorian in the islands before 1887
described the ancient artifacts that were recovered
by farmers in Luzon
Sucesosde las Islas Filipinasor (Historical Events of the
Philippine Islands), (Mexico, 1609), a book on 16th century
Philippines
Chapter I
Knowing Philippine History
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2. Sources History
SarsilaorTarsila -a genealogical record of thesultans or datus who tried to preserve the lineage
of the ruling class like the Sulu Sarsila and the
Maguindanao Tarsila
Written Filipino Muslims
Kitab-a book attributed to the late Hadji Butu Abdul Baqui,
Wazir of the Sulu Sultanate, who tried to record the historical and
personal events of his time-the early 20thcentury
Chapter I
Knowing Philippine History
Ch
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2. Sources History
Philippine Insurgent Records or the Philippine Revolutionary
Records - records captured by the United States Army during its
suppression of the Filipino resistance against American takeover
of the Philippines from 1899-1903
National Library- repository of Filipiniana materials established
in Manila on March 9, 1900 to honor the memory of American
military personnel killed during the Filipino-American War
Philippine Legislature passed Public Law No. 3477 in1928 providing for the separate entities to be called
The National Museum and the National Library
Chapter I
Knowing Philippine History
Ch I
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2. Sources History
Historical Data Papers or Provincial Histories - Pursuant toExecutive Order No. 486, s. 1951, issued by President Elpidio
Quirino and a follow-up order, Executive Order No. 39, s. 1963 by
President Diosdado Macapagal, public school teachers throughout
the Philippines were assigned to collect the histories and customs
of their localities
> These are intended to replace government records destroyed
during the World War II
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Ch t I
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Alfred Marche
Frenchman who undertook the first major expedition in1881
Considered as the early archaeological undertakings in the
Philippines, in the island of Marinduque
Most of his collections are now with the Museede l
homme inParis, and some in Madrid
Feodor Jagor
Chapter I
Knowing Philippine History
German Traveler, reported having encountered a priest in Naga,Camarines Sur who collected artifacts from ancient graveyards
Chapter I
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Carl Guthe
Chapter I
Knowing Philippine History
Carried out the second major archaeological exploration
From the University of Michigan from 1922-1925
Purpose: to collect Chinese ceramics exported to the
Philippines from China, to look into the early Filipino-
Chinese relationship
Excavated more than 30 cubic tons of prehistoric artifacts.
They are now kept at the University of Michigan
Henry Otley Beyer
(1883-1966)
Father of Philippine Archaeology and Prehistory
Much of the archaeological discoveries from 1926 to theoutbreak of the Second World War was done by him
Born in Edgewood, Iowa who had married Lingayu Gambuk,
the 15-year- old daughter of a powerful Ifugao chief in
1910
Chapter I
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Henry Otley Beyer
Chapter I
Knowing Philippine History
Major archaeological site in Novaliches in 1926
Resulting from the construction of a dam for Manila's water supply
disclosed the importance of Palawan in the search of the early man
in the Philippines
Publication:
Outline Review of Philippine Archaeology by Islands and
Provinces,a pioneering research activity in Philippine
prehistory
Larry Wilson, a mining prospector, assisted Beyer in the
exploration of numerous Pleistocene sites in Northern Luzon
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Henry Otley Beyer
Chapter I
Knowing Philippine History
Fossilized remains of large mammals
Roamed the islands during the Middle
Pleistocene Epoch have been discovered in the
1920s. The fossils of elephas, stegodons,
rhinoceroses, and deer have been discovered in
Cagayan, Pangasinan, Rizal, Panay Island, and inNortheastern Mindanao. The elephas, stegodon,
and rhinoceros are now extinct in the country.
In Cabarruyan Island in Lingayen Gulf, a fossilized
tooth of a dwarf elephant was reported to havebeen retrieved (namedElephas beyeri)
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Wilhelm G. Solheim II
Chapter I
Knowing Philippine History
conducted the first postwar excavations in Masbate
Island from 1951 to 1953
Alfredo Evangelista and E. Arsenio Manuel assisted
him in undertaking the work.
Between 1950 and 1954, Solheim was the research
associate at the Museum of Archaeology and
Ethnology of the University of the Philippines and the
librarian and curator of the American Historical
Collection of the U.S. embassy in Manila
Activities included extensive field experience in
Southeast Asia, as well as the various islands of the
Pacific Region
Chapter I
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Robert B. Fox and Alfredo Evangelista
Chapter I
Knowing Philippine History
both working for the National Museum of the Philippines,
undertook a series of test-digs in the caves of Cagraray,
Albay, and Bato, Sorsogon. Tradeware ceramics from China
and Thailand were recovered in Calatagan
Fox Led the Tabon Caves Archaeological Project in
Southwestern Palawan
unearth late Pleistocene human fossils and stone tools
and implements
Charcoal materials analyzed by carbon-14 technique
revealed the presence of man in the area between
22,000 to 24,000 years ago
Chapter I
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Chapter I
Knowing Philippine History
Fox
Human fossil bones of at least three individuals were
found. These included a large frontal bone, with the
brows and part of the nasal bones as well as fragments of
a mandible and teeth. Classified as modern man orHomo
Sapiens,these are the earliest known human inhabitants
of the Philippines.
Neil Mcintosh of the University of Sydney in Australia
undertook the analysis and X-rays of the Tabon skullcap
and mandible in 1975. Details showed the presence of a
thin fissure on the right side of the skull, which according
to Mcintosh, may have been the cause of death of the
individual. It was probably due to a fall or a bump on thehead.
Chief Archaeologist of the National Museum of the
Philippines in 1970
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Marcelino Maceda
Chapter I
Knowing Philippine History
(1963-1964) From San CarlosUniversity, technically assisted by
the National Museum, conducted
archaeological excavations at
Kulaman Plateau in Bukidnon and
recovered a number of limestone
burial jars
Samuel Briones
a graduate student at Silliman University reported the
presence of limestone burial jars in several caves he
visited in 1966
Chapter I
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Karl Hutterer and Rosa Tenazas
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San Carlos University recovered prehistoricartifacts in the middle of Cebu City.
Tenazas carried out archaeological excavations
in the Laguna area and recovered valuable
materials, mostly 10thand 14thcentury artifacts
in 1968-1969
Note: Robert B. Fox, Chief Archaeologist of the
National Museum of the Philippines in 1970,presented his new fossil discoveries such as those
of crocodiles, giant tortoises, pigs; and deer were
found in Cagayan
Chapter I
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UNHISTORICAL DATA
Chapter I
Knowing Philippine History
There are some narratives that have
been previously accepted in Philippinehistory as facts but later were found out
to be historical errors.
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UNHISTORICAL DATA
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These unhistorical accounts include the
Maragtas (Story), the Code ofKalantiaw, and the Legend of Princess
Urduja
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Story of Maragtas
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Code of Kalantiaw
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Legend of Princess Urduja
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Maragtas is about the 10 Malaydatufrom Borneo who settled into the
Philippine islands. According to the Maragtas, at around 1250 A.D., 10 Bornean
datuand their families left their kingdom in search of new homes across the sea
to escape the merciless rule of Sultan Makatunaw. Led by Datu Puti, the
Borneans landed in the island of Panay and bought the lowlands from the Atiking named Marikudo in exchange for one goldsaduk(native hat) and a long gold
necklace for Queen Maningwantiwan. After the land sale and pact of friendship,
the Atis went to the hills. The Malay datus settled in the lowlands.
Story of Maragtas
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Datu Puti, Balensusa, and Dumangsil sailed northward to Luzon and
landed in the region around Lake Bonbon (Taal). There they built their
settlements. Dumangsil and Balensusa's families occupied other neighboringregions now known as Laguna and the Bicol Peninsula. Datu Puti left for Borneo
after he knew that his men were leading peaceful lives.
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The other sevendatustayed in Panay. They divided the island into three
districts. Hantik (now Antique) was under Datu Sumakwel. Datu Paiburong ruled
Irong-Irong (now lloilo). Datu Bangkaya governed Aklan (now Aklan and Capiz).
Led by Datu Sumakwel, a political confederation of barangays (Madya-
as) was formed for purposes of protection and close family relations. The story
as told by Father Santaren, further described the expansion of the Malay settlers
to other parts of the archipelago. The legal code written by Datu Sumakwel alsoknown as the Maragtas Code was previously known as the "oldest known written
body of laws" in the Philippines.
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Knowing Philippine History
The other sevendatustayed in Panay. They divided the island into three
districts. Hantik (now Antique) was under Datu Sumakwel. Datu Paiburong ruled
Irong-Irong (now lloilo). Datu Bangkaya governed Aklan (now Aklan and Capiz).
Led by Datu Sumakwel, a political confederation of barangays (Madya-
as) was formed for purposes of protection and close family relations. The story
as told by Father Santaren, further described the expansion of the Malay settlers
to other parts of the archipelago. The legal code written by Datu Sumakwel alsoknown as the Maragtas Code was previously known as the "oldest known written
body of laws" in the Philippines.
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Knowing Philippine History
William Henry Scott (1921-1993)
Made the study of prehistoric source materials for the study ofPhilippine history, the subject of his doctoral dissertation at the
University of Santo Tomas. He defended his paper before a panel of
well-known historians on June 16, 1968. The panelists include Teodoro
Agoncillo, Gregorio Zaide, Mercedes Grau Santamaria, Nicolas Zafra,
and Father Horacio de la Costa, SJ.
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According to Scott:
Maragtas is not a prehispanic document but a book written by Pedro
Monteclaro, a local historian of Panay
Monteclaro's publisher in 1907, noted that this Maragtas should not be
considered as facts, all of which are accurate and true.
The publisher pointed out that many of the author's data do not tally with
what we hear from old men. The author wrote that two of his manuscripts
were rotten and hardly legible.
None of these written materials were preserved for future generations. He
made no explanation about the date as well as the origin of his sources.
Neither were there claims to clarity. There is no tradition of recording history
nor legal decision in Panay during the precolonial times.
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