A distinctive pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives, and
emotions that characterizes an individual over time.
Slide 3
Habitual ways of behavior, thinking and feeling. Examples: shy,
brave, reliable, friendly, hostile, confident and so on. 10- 3
Slide 4
Biological perspective- Qualities are genetically influenced
and remain throughout life. Learning Perspective- People are
influenced more by their learning histories and immediate
circumstances.
Slide 5
Cognitive Perspective- Emphasizes perceptions influence on
personality. Socio-Cultural Perspective- Traces cultural origins of
traits and typical ways of behavior. Psychodynamic Perspective-
Search for personality in the dark, unconscious recesses of ones
mind.
Slide 6
Most have 5-10 central traits that reflect a characteristic of
behaving, dealing with others, and reacting to new situations.
Example: Some see the world as a hostile, dangerous placesome see
it as fun.
Slide 7
More changeable aspects of personality, such as musical
preferences, habits, casual opinions and the like.
Researchers took Raymond Cattell and Gordon Allports research
and theories on personality and came up with Five Dimensions of
Personality 10- 10
Slide 11
Extent to which people are outgoing or shy. Includes such
traits as being talkative or silent; sociable or reclusive;
adventurous or cautious, eager to be in the limelight or stay in
the shadows. 10- 11
Slide 12
Means negative emotionality. Includes traits such as anxiety,
inability to control impulses, tendency to feel negative emotions
such as anger, guilt, and resentment. 10- 12
Slide 13
Neurotic people are worriers, complainers and defeatists. 10-
13
Slide 14
This personality dimension includes attributes such as trust,
kindness, affection, and other pro-social behaviors. 10- 14
Slide 15
One would be good-natured, gentle and cooperative. If they do
not have a high level of agreeableness they can be irritable,
headstrong, and/or abrasive. 10- 15
Slide 16
Degree to which people are responsible. What does it look like:
Responsible, persevering and steadfast. If they are not
conscientious they would be more quick to give up, fickle, and/or
undependable. 10- 16
Slide 17
The extent to which people are original, imaginative, artistic
and/or capable of creative thinking. 10- 17
Slide 18
Competitive, workaholic, perfectionist 10- 18
Slide 19
Id: The collection of unconscious urges and desires that
continually seek expression. Ego: The part of the personality that
mediates between the demands of reality, the id, and superego.
Superego: The social and parental standards the individual has
internalized. \ 10- 19
Slide 20
Id: The collection of unconscious urges and desires that
continually seek expression. Ego: The part of the personality that
mediates between the demands of reality, the id, and superego.
Superego: The social and parental standards the individual has
internalized. 10- 20
Slide 21
Source of all energy Functions entirely in unconscious Pleasure
principle: The way the id seeks immediate gratification of an
instinct. 10- 21
Slide 22
Operates at all three levels Reality principle: The way in
which the ego seeks to satisfy instinctual demands safely and
effectively in the real world. 10- 22
Slide 23
Can keep things in check The superego strives toward
perfection, which is unrealistic. Can result in guild feelings 10-
23
Slide 24
Prentice Hall 2003 10- 24
Slide 25
Prentice Hall 2003 10- 25
Slide 26
Psychodynamic theories of personality consider behavior to be
the result of psychological dynamics within the individual. Often
these dynamics are unconscious processes. Prentice Hall 2003 10-
26
Slide 27
Sigmund Freud Carl Jung Alfred Adler Karen Horney Erik Erikson
Prentice Hall 2003 10- 27
Slide 28
Conscious: Ideas, thoughts, and feelings of which we are aware.
Preconscious: Material that can be easily recalled. Unconscious:
All the ideas, thoughts, and feelings of which we are not and
normally cannot become aware. Prentice Hall 2003 10- 28
Slide 29
Id: The collection of unconscious urges and desires that
continually seek expression. Ego: The part of the personality that
mediates between the demands of reality, the id, and superego.
Superego: The social and parental standards the individual has
internalized. Prentice Hall 2003 10- 29
Slide 30
Source of all energy Functions entirely in unconscious Pleasure
principle: The way the id seeks immediate gratification of an
instinct. Prentice Hall 2003 10- 30
Slide 31
Operates at all three levels Reality principle: The way in
which the ego seeks to satisfy instinctual demands safely and
effectively in the real world. Prentice Hall 2003 10- 31
Slide 32
Operates at all three levels The superego strives toward
perfection, which is unrealistic. Prentice Hall 2003 10- 32
Slide 33
Prentice Hall 2003 10- 33
Slide 34
Ego-ideal: The rules for good behavior and standards of
excellence towards which the ego must strive. Conscience: The rules
about what behaviors are bad. The conscience uses guilt as
punishment for bad behavior. Prentice Hall 2003 10- 34
Slide 35
Prentice Hall 2003 10- 35
Slide 36
Personal unconscious: Contains the individuals repressed
thoughts, forgotten experiences, and undeveloped ideas Collective
unconscious: The part of the unconscious that is inherited and
common to all members of a species Prentice Hall 2003 10- 36
Slide 37
The thought forms common to all human beings. Archetypes are
stored in the collective unconscious. Prentice Hall 2003 10-
37
Slide 38
Mother: A protective presence Hero: One who overcomes Persona:
Our public self Prentice Hall 2003 10- 38
Slide 39
Extrovert: One who focuses more on social life and the external
world instead of his/her own thoughts and feelings. Introvert: One
who focuses on his/her own thoughts and feelings. Prentice Hall
2003 10- 39
Slide 40
Rational: One who regulates his/her actions by thinking and
feeling. Irrational: One who bases his/her actions on perceptions,
either through the senses or unconscious processes (intuition).
Prentice Hall 2003 10- 40
Slide 41
Freud Stressed the primacy of sexual instincts Development is
shaped in childhood Jung Stressed peoples rational & spiritual
qualities Development only comes to fruition during middle
adulthood Prentice Hall 2003 10- 41
Slide 42
Compensation: Ones effort to overcome imagined or real personal
weaknesses Inferiority complex: Fixation on feelings of personal
inferiority that results in emotional and social paralysis Prentice
Hall 2003 10- 42
Slide 43
Freud We are controlled by our environment View of individual:
selfish; Eternally in conflict with society Adler We can control
our own fate View of individual: striving for perfection; Develops
socially constructive goals Prentice Hall 2003 10- 43
Slide 44
Trust vs. Mistrust (first year of life) Autonomy vs. Shame and
doubt (ages 1- 3) Initiative vs. Guilt (ages 3-6) Industry vs.
Inferiority (ages 6-13) Identity vs. Role confusion (puberty)
Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood) Generativity vs.
Stagnation (ages 25-60) Integrity vs. Despair (ages 60 and up)
Prentice Hall 2003 10- 44
Slide 45
Trust Faith in the predictability of the environment Optimism
about the future Mistrust Suspicious, fearful, and overly concerned
with security Prentice Hall 2003 10- 45
Slide 46
Autonomy Gain control over bodily functions and coordination
Shame & doubt Self-doubt about ability to control body Hostile
rejection of all controls (internal & external) Prentice Hall
2003 10- 46
Slide 47
Initiative Parental support for trying new things leads to joy
in exercising initiative and taking on new challenges Guilt
Feelings of guilt, unworthiness, and resentment may occur if
scolded for exercising initiative Prentice Hall 2003 10- 47
Slide 48
Industry Learning the skills of personal care, productive work,
& independent living Inferiority Failure to learn these skills
leads to feelings of mediocrity, inadequacy, and low
self-sufficiency Prentice Hall 2003 10- 48
Slide 49
Identity Integration of ones roles in life into a coherent
pattern Role confusion Failure to integrate these roles leads to a
lack of personal identity and despair Prentice Hall 2003 10-
49
Slide 50
Intimacy In order to love another, one must have resolved all
earlier crises Isolation Failure at intimacy brings a painful sense
of loneliness and incompleteness Prentice Hall 2003 10- 50
Slide 51
Generativity Experience meaning and joy in all the major
activities of life Stagnation Failure to remain productive and
creative Life becomes a drab routine Feelings of dullness and
resentfulness Prentice Hall 2003 10- 51
Slide 52
Integrity Acceptance of ones life; A sense that it is complete
and satisfactory Little fear of approaching death Despair Despair
at the loss of former roles and missed opportunities Fear
approaching death Prentice Hall 2003 10- 52
Slide 53
Any personality theory that asserts the fundamental goodness of
people and their striving toward higher levels of functioning.
Prentice Hall 2003 10- 53
Slide 54
Actualizing tendency: The drive of every organism to fulfill
its biological potential and become what it is inherently capable
of becoming. Self-actualizing tendency: The drive of human beings
to fulfill their self- concepts. Fully functioning person: An
individual whose self-concept closely resembles his/her inborn
potentials. Prentice Hall 2003 10- 54
Slide 55
Unconditional positive regard: The full acceptance and love of
another person regardless of that persons behavior. Conditional
positive regard: Acceptance and love that are dependent on behaving
in certain ways and fulfilling certain conditions. Prentice Hall
2003 10- 55
Slide 56
Personality traits: Dimensions or characteristics on which
people differ in distinctive ways. Trait theories focus on
describing ones current personality with less emphasis on how the
personality developed. Prentice Hall 2003 10- 56