Personal Protective Equipment
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Highlight OSHA PPE Standards (Subpart I)Occupational Noise ExposureRespiratory Protection
Written PPE Program Elements
PPE Selection and Limitations
Training Tips
Complete a Hazard Assessment
OBJECTIVES
A. 10%
B. 25%
C. 5%
What percentage of disabling work-related injuries will involve the
head, eyes, hands or feet?
OSHA requires certain PPE based on the hazards employees are exposed to.
OSHA also requires training for employees in the proper selection, use, and maintenance of PPE.
Why Must Employers Provide PPE?
Protecting Employees from Workplace Hazards
OSHA regulations require employers to protect their employees from workplace hazards such as machines, work procedures, and hazardous substances that can cause injury.
Employers must institute all feasible engineering and work practice controls to eliminate and reduce hazards before using PPE to protect against hazards.
Engineering Controls
If . . .
You can physically change the machine or work environment to prevent employee exposure to the potential hazard,
Then . . .
You have eliminated the hazard with an engineering control.
Engineering Controls
Examples… Initial design specifications Ventilation Substitution with less harmful
material Enclosure of process Isolation of process Change of process
Work Practice Controls
If . . .
You can remove your employees from exposure to the potential hazard by changing the way they do their jobs,
Then . . .
You have eliminated the hazard with a work practice control.
Work Practice Controls
Examples . . . Job Rotation of Workers Wet Methods Personal Hygiene Housekeeping and Maintenance
Establishing a PPE Program A written PPE program sets out procedures
for selecting, providing and using PPE as part of an employer’s routine operation.
The first essential step is to assess the workplace to determine if hazards are present, or are likely to be present, which necessitate the use of PPE.
Once the proper PPE has been selected, the employer must provide training to each employee who is required to use PPE
PPE Assessment 1910.132 (d)
Assess the nature and degree of the workplace hazards.
Select PPE and require use.
Communicate selection decisions.
PPE should properly fit employees.
Written Certification
Documentation must include: workplace identification person conducting the certification date(s) of hazard assessment document shall be identified as a certificate of
hazard assessment
Training
Apply to all employees that wear PPE Conditions when PPE is required Selection criteria How to properly wear PPE Limitations of PPE Proper care, maintenance and useful life of
PPE Demonstrate that they understand the
training
Training – Cont’d
Re-train when changes in workplace occurs Re-train when there are changes in the type
of PPE Re-train when the employee has
inadequacies in knowledge and use of PPE Certification of training:
name of employee date of training
Examples of PPE Eye - safety glasses, goggles
Face - face shields
Head - hard hats
Feet - safety shoes
Hands and arms – gloves
Bodies – vests
Hearing - earplugs, earmuffs
True or False?
Wearing PPE, even if improperly is better than not wearing it at all.
Limitations of PPE First use engineering controls and workplace
controls then, use PPE
The protection is only as good as the PPE selected; PPE must be appropriate for job task and hazard
PPE may interfere with other PPE or work operations
PPE must be properly worn
PPE must be maintained and stored properly
PPE must be inspected
Eye Protection1910.133
Causes of Eye Injuries
Dust and other flying particles, such as metal shavings or wool fibers
Molten metal that might splash
Acids and other caustic liquid chemicals that might splash
Blood and other potentially infectious body fluids that might splash, spray, or splatter
Intense light such as that created by welding and lasers
Criteria for Selecting Eye Protection
Must protect against specific hazard(s) encountered by employees
Must be comfortable to wear
Must not restrict vision or movement
Must be durable and easy to clean and disinfect
Must not interfere with the function of other required PPE
Must meet the requirements of ANSI Z87.1-1989 for devices purchased after July 5, 1994, and ANSI Z87.1-1968 for devices purchased before that date
Criteria for Selecting Eye Protection
Eye Protection for Employees with
Eyeglasses Eyeglasses designed for ordinary wear do not
provide the required protection against workplace hazards.
Proper choices include: Prescription spectacles with side shields and protective
lenses meeting requirements of ANSI Z87.1 that also correct the employee’s vision
Proper choices include: Goggles that incorporate corrective lenses
mounted behind protective lenses
Goggles that can fit comfortably over corrective eyeglasses without disturbing their alignment
Eye Protection for Employees with
Eyeglasses
Eye protection comes in different types:
Goggles are designed for solid or liquid hazards that are airborne and in a quantity that there is a greater likelihood of contact with or near the eye.
Safety eyeglasses with protective side shields are designed for eye protection when the hazard is more casual by nature and the hazard(s) is of low quantity and likelihood.
Eye Protection
Eye Protection
Eyes may need protection from hazards other than those that include a physical contact with the eye. For example, UV light can cause permanent damage to vision
For more severe hazards, full face protection is needed: Heavy grinding and heavy spraying/splashing.
The full face shield should not only protect the eyes, but the entire facial area as well. The face shield affords extra protection against hazards
involving temperature extremes or hazardous chemicals. Due to the wide opening on the sides and bottom of the face
shield, protective eyewear must be worn along with the face shield.
Eye/Face Protection
Question
Can more than one employee wear the same set of protective eyewear?
Question
Are you required to disinfect the eyewear between uses by different employees?
Everyone who has suffered an eye injury:
A. Thought it would never happen to them.
B. Would wear eye protection if they had it to do over again.
Safety Spectacles
Made with metal/plastic safety frames
Most workplace operations require side shields
Used for moderate impact from particles produced by such jobs as carpentry, woodworking, grinding, and scaling
What are tips for proper care?
Goggles
Protect eyes, eye sockets, and the facial area immediately surrounding the eyes from impact, dust, and splashes
Some goggles fit over corrective lenses
What are tips for proper care?
Face Shields
Protect face from nuisance dusts and potential splashes or sprays of hazardous liquids
Does not protect employees from impact hazards
What are tips for proper care?
Welding Shields
Protect eyes from burns caused by infrared or intense radiant light, and protect face and eyes from flying sparks, metal spatter, and slag chips produced during welding, brazing, soldering, and cutting.
What are tips for proper care?
Laser Safety Goggles
Provide a range of protection against the intense concentrations of light produced by lasers.
What are tips for proper care?
Hazard Assessment
In a machine shop, a milling operation produces large quantities of metal chips that fly all over the surrounding work areas. How should the owner best protect the workers?
Head Protection1910.135
Causes of Head Injuries
Falling objects from above
Bumping the head against fixed objects, such as exposed pipes or beams
Contact with exposed electrical conductors
Head Protection
Hard hats are necessary to protect workers against falling objects and overhead hazards in general. Some hard hats are designed to protect only against
bumps (low overhead hazards), while others afford protection against falling objects.
Hard hats should be designed to reduce electrical shock when there is a potential for contact with anything electrical conductors.
Head Protection
Hard hats must conform with the requirements of ANSI Z89.1-1986. Check the label on the hat for compliance with this standard.
What are tips for proper care?
Types of Head Protection
Which class of hard hat types will protect you fromelectric shock as well as falling objects?
A. Class A
B. Class B
C. Class C
D. Class A and B
Types of Head Protection
Class A HelmetsFor impact, penetration, and electrical protection from low-voltage conductors (tested to 2,200 volts).
Class B HelmetsFor impact, penetration, and electrical protection from high-voltage conductors (tested to 20,000 volts).
Class C HelmetsFor impact and penetration hazards hazards only. Usually made of aluminum, which conducts electricity, and should not be worn around electrical hazards.
Foot Protection1910.136
Causes of Foot Injuries Heavy objects such as barrels or tools that
might roll onto or fall on employees’ feet
Sharp objects such as nails or spikes that might pierce the soles or uppers of ordinary shoes
Molten metal that might splash on feet
Hot or wet surfaces
Slippery surfaces
Foot ProtectionCriteria for Selection
Selection depends upon specific workplace hazards identified and the specific parts of the feet exposed to potential injury
Safety footwear must meet minimum compression and impact performance standards and testing requirements established by ANSI
Protective footwear must comply with ANSI Z41-1991 if purchased after July 5, 1994) or ANSI Z41-1967 (if purchased before this date)
Foot Protection
Proper footwear can afford a level of protection for the feet and toes: Steel-toed boots or shoes protect toes against the crushing
hazard of falling objects, such involved with pipe moving or heavy material handling
Rubber boots protect the feet against chemical hazards. For chemical hazards, check with your MSDS.
Footwear should also be selected based on protection from the walking/working surface: Sturdy, puncture-resistant soles for sharp object hazards
True or False?
Leather shoes or boots offer good protection against spills of caustic chemicals.
Safety Shoes
Have impact-resistant toes and heat-resistant soles
Some have metal insoles to protect against puncture wounds
May be designed to be electrically conductive
What are tips for proper care?
Metatarsal Guards
An integral part of shoes or strapped to the outside of them to protect the instep area from impact and compression.
What are tips for proper care?
Hand Protection1910.138
Causes of Hand Injuries
Burns Bruises Abrasions Cuts Punctures Fractures Amputations Chemical Exposures Temperature Extremes
Question
Is there one kind of glove that will protect against all workplace hazards?
Hand ProtectionCriteria for Selection
Nature of the hazard(s) and the operation to be performed will determine the selection of gloves
Variety of potential occupational hand injuries may make selecting the appropriate pair of gloves more difficult than choosing other protective equipment
Hand Protection
Gloves should be selected according to the hazard. Handling hot materials usually requires leather gloves. Heavy cotton glove usually afford ample protection
against scratch and abrasive hazards. Rubber gloves are usually necessary for electrical and
chemical hazards. There are gloves designed to protect against cut hazards,
as in the meat industry. Check with your MSDS and/or your glove supplier
for more information.
Norfoil laminate resists permeation and breakthrough by an array of toxic/hazardous chemicals
Butyl provides the highest permeation resistance to gas or water vapors; frequently used for ketones (M.E.K., Acetone) and esters (Amyl Acetate, Ethyl Acetate)
Viton is highly resistant to permeation by chlorinated and aromatic solvents
Nitrile provides protection against a wide variety of solvents, harsh chemicals, fats and petroleum products and also provides excellent resistance to cuts, snags, punctures and abrasions
Kevlar protects against cuts, slashes, and abrasion
Stainless steel mesh provides protection from cuts and lacerations
Gloves
What are tips for proper care?
Hazard Assessment- Gloves
Laboratory technicians handle strong
solutions of hydrochloric acid and sodium
hydroxide. What type of gloves should the
employer provide? What type of gloves should be provided for
protection from chlorinated solvents such as
trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene?
Hazard Assessment- Gloves
Production operators handle acetone and
methyl alcohol to clean parts. What type of
gloves should the employer provide?
What options does an employer have if an
employee develops an allergic reaction?
Body Protection
Causes of Body Injuries?
Intense heat Splashes of hot metals and other hot liquids Impacts from tools, machinery, and materials Cuts Hazardous chemicals Contact with potentially infectious materials, like
blood Radiation
Body ProtectionCriteria for Selection
Need to provide protective clothing only for the parts of the body exposed to possible injury
Depending upon hazards in the workplace, protection may be provided by:VestsApronsSurgical gownsJacketsFull coveralls
Cooling Vest Sleeves and Apron
Examples
Coveralls Full Body Suit
Examples
Body ProtectionUse and Care
Verify that the material selected will provide protection from the specific hazard
Adjust for comfort and effective fit Identify signs of wear:
Rips, tears, scuffsLoss of elasticity
Clean and disinfect properly Store properly
* See 29 CFR 1910.120 for further guidance on selection of chemical protective clothing for workers involved in hazardous waste operations and emergency response.
Hazard Assessment Summary
Assess the workplace for hazards
Implement engineering controls and work practices to control or eliminate these hazards to the extent feasible
Select appropriate PPE to protect employees from hazards that cannot be eliminated or controlled through engineering controls and work practices
Hazard Assessment Summary
Inform employees why the PPE is necessary and when it must be worn
Train employees how to use and care for the selected PPE and how to recognize deterioration and failure
Require employees to wear the selected PPE in the workplace
Document assessment and training
Hearing Protection1910.95
Objectives
What is sound?
How the ear works
How to measure noise
What does OSHA say about noise?
Reading hearing tests
Hearing Protection
What is Sound?
Hertz (Hz) Frequency a high
or low pitch
Decibels (dB) The loudness of
the sound
Frequency
Humans can typically hear between 20 - 20,000 Hz.
You can hear different frequencies better than others.
Decibels
The quietest sound most humans can detect is 0 dB
Some humans can even hear sounds as quiet as -5 dB
The Loudness of Common Sounds
Anatomy of the Ear
Cochlea
Ear Drum
Ear Bones
Semi-Circular Canals
How Do We Hear?
The outer ear collects the soundwaves
The waves hit the eardrum and cause it to vibrate
The vibrations are sent through the ear bones to the cochlea
Inside the Cochlea (snail shell)
Delicate hair cells vibrate to different frequencies
Hair cells detect the vibration and send a signal to the brain
Loud sounds destroy the hair cells and they stop functioning FOREVER!
The Ear Does Something Else Too!
The Semi-circular canals Three tubes laying perpendicular to one
another Filled with fluid and tiny hair cells Depending on which way your head is tilted,
the fluid moves the hair cells, and they send a signal to your brain
Responsible for balance
How to Measure Noise
Decibels are measured on a logarithmic scale
If you double the sound pressure of the noise, the sound pressure level will increase 6dB
80 dB 86 dB
In the field, we determined the loudness of two compressors right next to each other
How loud is this area?Do we add?Do we add and take the average?
Example
89 dB 87 dB
Neither, because it is a log scale We use the following chart
82 dB + 83 dB = 86 dB 87 dB + 89 dB = 91 dB
Example
How are Noise Levels Determined?
Sound level meter Determine the
loudness (dB) of noise at any given moment
Personal Dosimeters Worn by employees Measures the average
loudness in an 8 hour work shift
“8hr TWA” (Time Weighted Average)
Can also measure noise dose
What does OSHA say?
At 85 dB (8hr. TWA) (50% Dose) Sample for noise levels Train employees Make hearing
protection available Do hearing tests Notify employees of
results
At 90 dB or more(100% Dose) Train employees Hearing protection is
mandatory Hearing protection must
attenuate levels at or below 90 dB
Do hearing tests Notify employees of results
What does the Std Require?
Area TWAFabrication Shop 81 dBAVessel Shop 90 dBAEngine Shop 88 dBAField Operations 84 dBA
True or False?
Plain cotton will effectively protect against occupational noise.
Hearing ProtectionCriteria for Selection
Attenuation characteristics of a particular hearing protector must be considered
Work area of use important, e.g., earmuffs not practical for work in confined areas with little head clearance
When using earmuffs in areas with electrical hazards, use nonconductive suspension systems
Hearing ProtectionCriteria for Selection
When eye protection is also required, use earplugs or earmuffs with cable-type temples
Earmuffs preferable to earplugs when noise exposure is intermittent, since they are easier to put on and remove
Earmuffs Earplugs Canal Caps
Examples
What are tips for proper care?
True or False?
Hearing protection worn incorrectly is like wearing none at all.
Hearing Tests
We must determine a baseline audiogram We test your hearing every year to determine if you
have experienced a hearing loss (Standard Threshold Shift)
Standard Threshold Shift - A loss of 10 dB or more at 2000, 3000, or 4000 Hz.
Audiogram
Hearing Loss
Impact - One loud bang Cumulative - Years of a noisy environment Tinnitus - Ringing in the ears Presbycusis - Hearing loss due to aging
Hearing Protection
NRR - Noise reduction rating Express - 25 NRR Classic - 29 NRR Max Lite - 33 NRR
DO NOT Subtract the NRR from the 108 dBA noise level WRONG (108 dBA - 33 dB = 75 dBA)
You must subtract 7 dB from the NRR: (33-7) CORRECT (108 dBA – 26dB = 82 dBA) Is this adequate protection?
Safety Factor-Recommended
OSHA says the hearing protection is designed to reduce the noise by the NRR, but that is unlikely to happen due to : Leaks in the seal Vibration Improper insertion
OSHA takes (NRR - 7) / 2
Example of NRR Protection
The noise at a large compressor is 108 dBA
You are wearing the Max Lite plugs with an NRR of 33 dB
Do you have enough protection to place you at or below 90 dBA level?
(NRR 33 - 7) = 26 dB
26 / 2 = 13 dB
108 dBA - 13 dB = 95 dBA
YOU ARE ABOVE OSHA LIMITS OF 90 dBA
95 dBA108 dBA
Example of NRR Protection
Will double protection help?
Add 5 dB to the field adjusted NRR
(33 – 7) / 2 + 5 dB = 18 dB
108 dBA - 18 dB = 90 dBA
Is this protection adequate?90 dBA
Example of NRR Protection
Summary for Hearing Protection
Hearing is important
In time, noise levels at 85 dBA can permanently damage your hearing
Wear your hearing protection both at work and at home
Choose hearing protection with a high NRR, and wear it properly
Respiratory Protection1910.134
Program Elements
Program Administrator Workplace Evaluation Respirator Selection Medical Evaluation Fit Testing Respirator Use Maintenance and Storage Training
Workplace Evaluation
Identify Respiratory Hazards particulates, gases, vapors, oxygen
deficiency
Determine Exposure monitoring, calculations, historical data
Control Hazard engineering controls, administrative
controls
Respirator Selection
Chemical and Physical Properties
Toxicity and Concentration
Oxygen Level
Nature and Extent of Hazard
Limitations and Characteristics of Respirators
Question
Will a bandana provide protection against particulates?
How about two bandanas?
Respirator Types
Air Purifying Respirators dust masks gas masks chemical cartridges
Air-Supplying Respirators air-line respirators SCBAs
Medical Evaluation1910.134(e)
Paid by Employer Physician or Licensed Health Care Provider Medical Questionnaire vs. Examination Written Determination Additional Medical Evaluations
Fit Testing - 1910.134(f) Required for tight fitting face pieces
Fit testing is conducted annually
Qualitative all positive pressure respirators negative pressure respirators (< 10 X PEL)
Quantitative half mask: achieve fit factor > 100 full face: achieve fit factor > 500
Respirator Use 1910.134(g)
Donning and doffing
Maintain face-to-face piece and valve seal
Negative and positive fit check
Change out schedules
Emergency situations
Maintenance and Storage
1910.134(h) Cleaning and disinfecting procedures
Proper storage
Regular inspections
Repair methods
Training 1910.134(k)
Frequency prior to initial use annual refreshers change in workplace conditions retraining determined necessary Appendix D for voluntary use
Training – Cont’d
Content necessity and consequences of misuse limitations and capabilities emergency use inspect, don, doff, use, check seals maintenance and storage general requirements of standard
Written Program Elements
1910.134(c) Selection Medical Evaluations Fit Testing Proper Use Maintenance Training Evaluation of Program
Summary
Conduct air monitoring Choose the right respirator Make sure employees wear their respirators Perform fit testing Train employees Take care of respirators Review program
Hazard Assessment - Workshop
Complete the worksheet for one high hazard
area at your company.
What type of limitations and proper care for
the PPE would you discuss with your
employees during training?
Resources
www.texasmutual.com
www.osha.gov
www.twcc.state.tx.us
www.tdh.state.tx.us
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