Persia and Persia and GreeceGreece
The beginning of The beginning of Western CivilizationWestern Civilization
The Persian EmpireThe Persian Empire
Cyrus the GreatCyrus the Great
580 – 529 B. C. E.
580 – 529 B. C. E.
A tolerant ruler he allowed different cultures within his empire to keep their own institutions.
The Greeks called him a “Law-Giver.”
The Jews called him “the anointed of the Lord.” (In 537, he allowed over 40,000 to return to Palestine).
A tolerant ruler he allowed different cultures within his empire to keep their own institutions.
The Greeks called him a “Law-Giver.”
The Jews called him “the anointed of the Lord.” (In 537, he allowed over 40,000 to return to Palestine).
Darius the Great (526 – 485 B. C. E.)
Darius the Great (526 – 485 B. C. E.) Built Persepolis.
He extended the
Persian Empire to the Indus River in northern India. (2 mil. s.q. mi.)
Built Persepolis.
He extended the
Persian Empire to the Indus River in northern India. (2 mil. s.q. mi.)
Darius the Great (526 – 485 B. C. E.)
Darius the Great (526 – 485 B. C. E.) Established a tax-
collecting system.
Divided the empire into districts called SATRAPIES.
Built the great Royal Road system.
Established a complex postal system.
Created a network of spies called “the King’s eyes and ears.”
Established a tax-collecting system.
Divided the empire into districts called SATRAPIES.
Built the great Royal Road system.
Established a complex postal system.
Created a network of spies called “the King’s eyes and ears.”
Ancient PersepolisAncient Persepolis
Persian “Royal Road”Persian “Royal Road”
Persian Archers & Soldiers
Persian Archers & Soldiers
Zarathustra [Zoroaster], 6c BCE:
Good Thoughts, Good Deed, Good Words
Zarathustra [Zoroaster], 6c BCE:
Good Thoughts, Good Deed, Good Words
“Tree of Life”“Tree of Life”
Extent of Zoroastrianism
Extent of Zoroastrianism
Zend-Avesta(The “Book of Law”)Zend-Avesta(The “Book of Law”)
The “Sacred Fire” the force to fight evil.
The “Sacred Fire” the force to fight evil.
GreeceGreece
The Geography of Greece
The Geography of Greece
Bronze Age GreeceBronze Age Greece
Crete: Minoan Civilization
(Palace at Knossos)
Crete: Minoan Civilization
(Palace at Knossos)
Knossos: Minoan Civilization
Knossos: Minoan Civilization
The Mask of AgamemnonThe Mask of Agamemnon
The Greek City-StateThe Greek City-State
The PolisThe Polis
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
• Acropolis – Literally “fortified hill”Acropolis – Literally “fortified hill”• Agora – meeting/marketplace of the Agora – meeting/marketplace of the
polispolis• Fields, orchards, pastures, etc Fields, orchards, pastures, etc
surrounded the polis.surrounded the polis.• Each polis had its own ruler Each polis had its own ruler • Greek language and religious beliefsGreek language and religious beliefs
ATHENS: Yesterday & Today
ATHENS: Yesterday & Today
SPARTA and ATHENSSPARTA and ATHENS
SPARTASPARTA
Helots Messenians enslaved by the Spartans.
Sparta and Athens Sparta and Athens (Origins)(Origins)
SpartaSparta
Descended from Descended from Dorians. Conquered Dorians. Conquered Laconia and made Laconia and made Sparta capital.Sparta capital.
““A city is well A city is well fortified which has a fortified which has a wall of men instead wall of men instead of brick.”of brick.”
AthensAthens
Descended from Descended from Mycenaeans. Built Mycenaeans. Built inland and became inland and became sea traders because sea traders because of the area is rocky, of the area is rocky, salty, and generally salty, and generally unproductive for unproductive for agricultureagriculture
Sparta and Athens (Social Sparta and Athens (Social Classes)Classes)
SpartaSpartaCitizensCitizens-Controlled the -Controlled the city of Spartacity of Sparta
HelotsHelots-City owned -City owned slavesslaves
PerioeciPerioeci-Free -Free individuals who worked individuals who worked for the Spartans as for the Spartans as merchants and artisansmerchants and artisans
AthensAthensCitizensCitizens-Initially males -Initially males whose father and whose father and maternal grandfather maternal grandfather had been citizens. had been citizens. (Non-landowning (Non-landowning citizens could not vote).citizens could not vote).
By 507 BCE, all free By 507 BCE, all free Athenian males are Athenian males are citizenscitizens
MeticsMetics-Free non-slave -Free non-slave foreignersforeigners
Sparta and Athens Sparta and Athens (Government)(Government)
SpartaSparta
Set up in 800’s BCESet up in 800’s BCE
2 Kings2 Kings - joint rule - joint rule
Council of EldersCouncil of Elders 28 men over age 28 men over age 60>that proposed 60>that proposed lawslaws
Assembly Assembly Males Males over 30over 30
AthensAthens
After the age of After the age of kings-aristocrats kings-aristocrats who voted 9 who voted 9 archons (rulers) to archons (rulers) to serve for 1 yearserve for 1 year
JudgesJudges – Nobles – Nobles who interpret & who interpret & apply laws (Favored apply laws (Favored nobles)nobles)
Sparta and Athens (Laws and Sparta and Athens (Laws and Regulation)Regulation)
SpartaSparta
Prohibited gold and Prohibited gold and silver-believed silver-believed people would want people would want luxury goodsluxury goods
Currency was heavy Currency was heavy iron barsiron bars
Strict discipline Strict discipline stressed throughoutstressed throughout
AthensAthens
Only citizens with Only citizens with certain amount of certain amount of land could voteland could vote
Draco – Draco – Harsh Harsh written law codewritten law code
CleisthenesCleisthenes – – Direct democracy . Direct democracy . Ostracons-6000 = Ostracons-6000 = ostracism.ostracism.
Sparta and Athens Sparta and Athens (Philosophy, Education, & (Philosophy, Education, &
Morals & ValuesMorals & Values
SpartaSparta
Assets only-weak or Assets only-weak or impaired infants left impaired infants left on hillsideon hillside
Males enter military Males enter military at age 7at age 7
Females marry at 19 Females marry at 19 and must be healthyand must be healthy
AthensAthens
Birthplace of Birthplace of democracy – 4 democracy – 4 ReformersReformers
Males educated Males educated from 7-18. Studied from 7-18. Studied rhetoric.rhetoric.
Females-no formal Females-no formal education. Married education. Married by 13 or 14 (2X their by 13 or 14 (2X their age)age)
Sparta and Athens (Culture, Sparta and Athens (Culture, Arts, etc)Arts, etc)
SpartaSparta
No attention paid to No attention paid to arts, education, arts, education, literature, etc due to literature, etc due to military nature of military nature of Sparta. People Sparta. People expected to follow expected to follow the state and forgo the state and forgo personal rights and personal rights and freedomsfreedoms
AthensAthens
Sound mind and Sound mind and bodybody
Built public Built public buildings on a grand buildings on a grand scale. Live modesty scale. Live modesty but support but support communitycommunity
Valued simple grace Valued simple grace & beauty. & beauty. Perfection. Perfection. Education valuedEducation valued
Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BCE
Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BCE
Greek HoplitesGreek Hoplites
Greek PhalanxGreek Phalanx
Persian Wars: Famous Battles
Persian Wars: Famous Battles
$ Marathon (490 BCE) 26 miles from Athens
$ Thermopylae (480 BCE) 300 Spartans at the
Mountain pass
$ Salamis (480 BCE) Athenian navy
victorious
Marathon 490 BCEMarathon 490 BCE
Thermoplyae 480 BCEThermoplyae 480 BCE
Thermistocles’ Thermistocles’ Wooden WallWooden Wall
Golden “Age of Pericles”:
460 BCE – 429 BCE
Golden “Age of Pericles”:
460 BCE – 429 BCE
Great Athenian Philosophers
Great Athenian Philosophers$ Socrates
Know thyself!
question everything
only the pursuit of goodnessbrings happiness.
$ Plato The Academy
The world of the FORMS
The Republic philosopher-king
Great Athenian Philosophers
Great Athenian Philosophers
$ Aristotle The Lyceum
“Golden Mean” [everything inmoderation].
Logic.
Scientific method.
Athens: The Arts & Sciences
Athens: The Arts & Sciences
$ DRAMA (tragedians): Aeschylus
Sophocles
Euripides
$ THE SCIENCES: Pythagoras
Democritus all matter made up of small atoms.
Hippocrates “Father of Medicine”
Phidias’ AcropolisPhidias’ Acropolis
The Acropolis TodayThe Acropolis Today
The ParthenonThe Parthenon
The AgoraThe Agora
The Classical Greek “Ideal”
The Classical Greek “Ideal”
OlympiaOlympia
The Ancient Olympics:
Athletes & Trainers
The Ancient Olympics:
Athletes & Trainers
Olympia: Temple to Hera
Olympia: Temple to Hera
Peloponnesian WarsPeloponnesian Wars
Macedonia Under Philip II
Macedonia Under Philip II
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great’s Empire
Alexander the Great’s Empire
Alexander the Great in Persia
Alexander the Great in Persia
The Hellenization of Asia
The Hellenization of Asia
Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic
Philosophers$ Cynics Diogenes ignore social conventions
& avoid luxuries.
citizens of the world.
live a humble, simple life.
$ Epicurians Epicurus avoid pain & seek
pleasure.
all excess leads to pain!
politics should be avoided.
Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic
Philosophers$ Stoics Zeno nature is the expansion of
divine will.
concept of natural law.
get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but toperform virtuous acts for the good of all.
true happiness is found ingreat achievements.
Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences
Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences$ Scientists /
Mathematicians: Aristarchus heliocentric
theory.
Euclid geometry
Archimedes pulley
$ Hellenistic Art: More realistic; less ideal than
Hellenic art.
Showed individual emotions, wrinkles, and age!
The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire
The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire
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