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Perencanaan dan Pengelolaan
Pembangunan Industri Pariwisata
Pesisir dan Bahari
Berwawasan Lingkungan
Ani Mardiastuti
Fakultas Kehutanan IPB
TOURISM
It comprises the activities of persons traveling to and
staying in places outside their usual environment for not
more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and
other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity
renumerated from within the place visited (World Tourism Organization)
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MARINE & COASTAL
RESOURCES FOR TOURISM
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Sea
Marine and Coastal environment
Sports
Safety Sand
Science Scenery
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What do we need in tourism?
• natural resources
• created facilities: lodging, restaurants, other facilities
• infrastructure
• transportation
• tour service: tour operator, tour package
• tour attraction
• hospitality
• development of tourist destination: planning, research
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Ten Criteria for Potensial Sites:
Opportunity for wildlife sighting
Rare/new wildlife species found
Flora diversity
Richness of fauna
Ecosystem uniqueness
Rare/new plant species found
Uniqueness of physical attributes
Landscapes/seascapes uniqueness
Marine resources and environment
Cultural and historical uniqueness
Galapagos
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Why environmental friendly?
• Humans activities have certain impacts on
the ecosystem
• Ecological principles: “everything is
interconnected with everything else”
• Ecosystem inertia
• Ecosystem resilience
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Anchoring
Ecosystem Resilience
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Regional Plans
An Integrated Hierarchical Planning Model
Local/Site Plans
National Plans
Co-ordination mechanism/
strategies
Co-ordination mechanism/
strategies
Co-ordination
framework
Planning Process: General Steps
1. Study preparation
2. Determination of objectives
3. Surveys
4. Analysis
5. Policy and plan formulation
6. Recommendation
7. Implementation
8. Monitoring and reformulation
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TOURIST MARKET SYSTEM
The marketplace
SUPPLY Coordination of activities and function
Capital
Resources
DEMAND
Motivation
Perception
Expectation
THE TOURIST EXPERIENCE
Government Regulation Intermediaries
The tourist product
Facilities – Accessibility – Infrastructure
Attractions Hospitality
Physical Culture Social Fantasy
Fast Experiences – Preferences – Information
The Tourist Image
The Behavioral Setting
The Socio-cultural System
Step 1 MARKET RESEARCH
Market Analysis, Internal Analysis, External Analysis
Step 2 IDENTIFY BENEFIT MARKET SEGMENTS
Step 3 SELECT TARGET MARKETS DEVELOP MARKETING OBJECTIVES
Step 4 DESIGN MARKETING STRATEGIES
Step 5 DEVELOP A MARKETING PLAN: MARKETING MIX
Step 6 MONITOR AND EVALUATE
THE MARKET PLANNING PROCESS
Questions
“What do they want?”
“What do we have”
“How can they be „grouped‟?”
“Which groups do we want to serve?”
“What do we want to provide?”
“How do we want to provide it?”
“How are we doing?”
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Step 7 Identify MGMT actions for
each alternative
Step 9 Implement actions & monitor conditions
Step 1 Identify area
concern & issues
Step 8 Evaluation & selection
of an alternative
Step 6 Identify alternative
opportunity class allocation
Step 5 Specify standards for
resource & social indicators
Step 2 Define & describe
Opportunity classes
Step 3 Select indicators of resource
& social conditions
Step 4 Inventory resource &
social conditions
THE LIMIT OF ACCEPTABLE CHANGE (LAC) PLANNING SYSTEM
(from Prosser,1986)
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Some Strategies and Tactics For Managing Resource Impacts or Visitor Crowding and Conflicts
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
Reduce use of the entire area
Reduce use of problem areas
Modify the location of use within problem areas
Modify the timing of use
Modify type of use and visitor behavior
Modify visitors expectations
Increase the resistance of the resources
Maintain or rehabilitate the resources
I. Reduce Use of The Entire Area • Limit number of visitors in the entire area
• Limit length of stay in the entire area
• Encourage use of other areas
• Require certain skills and/or equipment
• Charge a flat visitor fee
• Make access more difficult throughout the entire area
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• II. Reduce use of Problem Areas • Inform potential visitors of the disadvantages of
problem areas and/or advantages of alternative areas
• Discourage or prohibit use of problem areas
• Limit number of visitors in problem areas
• Encourage or require a length - of - stay limit in problem areas
• Make access to problem areas more difficult and/or improve access to alternative areas
• Eliminate facilities/attractions in problem areas and/or improve facilities/attractions in alternative areas
• Encourage off - trail travel
• Charge differential visitor fees
• III. Modify the location of use within problem areas
• Discourage or prohibit camping and/or stock use on certain campsites and/or locations
• Encourage or permit camping and/or stock use only on certain campsites and/or locations
• Locate facilities on durable sites
• Concentrate use on sites through facility design and/or information
• Discourage or prohibit off - trail travel
• Segregate different types of visitors
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Encourage use outside of peak use periods
IV. Modify the timing of use
•
• Discourage or prohibit use when impact
potential is high
• Charge fees during periods of high use
and/or high - impact potential
V. Modify type of use and visitor behavior
• Discourage or prohibit particularly damaging practices and/or equipment
• Encourage or require certain behavior, skills and/or equipment
• Teach a wilderness ethic
• Encourage or require a party size and/or stock limit
• Discourage or prohibit livestock
• Discourage or prohibit pets
• Discourage or prohibit overnight use
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VI. Modify visitors expectations
• Inform visitors about appropriate uses
• Inform visitors about conditions they may
encounter
VII. Increase the resistance of the
resources
• Shield the site from impact
• Strengthen the site
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VIII. Maintain or rehabilitate the
resources
• Remove problems
• Maintain or rehabilitate impacted locations
ZONASI DI TAMAN NASIONAL LAUT BUNAKEN
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ZONASI DI TAMAN NASIONAL LAUT KEPULAUAN SERIBU
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