PARTICIPATORY DISEASE SEARCHING USING
PARTICIPATORY EPIDEMIOLOGY TECHNIQUES
IN AGROPASTORAL AND PASTORAL AREAS
OF MBARARA DISTRICT, UGANDA
Nantima N., Twinamasiko J, Nasinyama G. W, Ademun R., Serugga J, Rutebarika C.S.
U G A N D A
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
1. BACKGROUND
2. OBJECTIVES
3. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
4. METHODOLOGY
5. RESULTS
6. DISCUSSION
7. CONCLUSION
8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Location of study area
Uganda
Human Population-
32 million people
Size- 241,000 km2
No. of districts-112
BACKGROUND
Agriculture -most
important sector of
the economy
-Contributes nearly
40% of GDP
-accounts for 40% of
the export
-employs 73% of the
population
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Livestock •Contributes-8% of the agric. GDP, 1.6% of the GDP
•Country has rich and diverse
animal genetic resource with-
•Cattle-11.4 million,
•Goats-14.3 million,
•Sheep-3.482 million
•Poultry-42.133 million
•Pigs-3.584 million
Mostly in cattle corridor
KAABONG
MOROTO
NAKAPIRIPIRIT
KOTIDO
ABIM
LIRA
APAC
AMOLATAR
DOKOLO
KABERAMAIDO
SOROTIKUMI
BUKEDEAPALLISA
BUDAKA
NAMUTUMBA
KALIRO
KAMULI
NAKASONGOLA
KA
YU
NG
A
LUWEERO
NAKASEKEKIBOGA
KIBAALE
MUBENDEMITYANA
MPIGI
MASAKA
SEMBABULE
RAKAI
KABULA
KIRUHURA
MBARARA
ISINGIRONTUNGAMO
IGANGA
IBANDA
AMURIA
KATAKWI
JINJA
100 0 100 200 Miles
Lakes
Districts
Cattle Corridor districts
N
KEY
Objective
• Application of Participatory Disease Searching
in animal disease surveillance in agro pastoral
and pastoral areas of Uganda
Specific objectives of study
• To collect and analyse animal health data of major animal diseases of cattle
• To sensitise extension staff and some members of the pastoral and agro pastoral communities on the mainstreaming of Participatory Epidemiology (PE) tools for disease surveillance
• To form a basis for a proactive and improved reporting system for animal diseases.
• To compare the results of PE and conventional epidemiological studies
Methodology
� Study area-Rugaga sc,
Isingiro county,
Mbarara district
� Practice Agropastoral
and pastoral farming
� Keep cattle mainly
indigenous long
horned cattle and
grow bananas
Methods
Participatory Epidemiology Study
• Two parishes were purposively selected in
Rugaga sub county each representing a
management system (agro pastoral and
pastoral)
• 10 villages were randomly selected from a
total of 19 villages in the two parishes
Participatory Epidemiology Methods
• Mapping
• Semi structured Interviews
• Pair wise Ranking
• Proportional piling
• Matrix scoring
• Seasonal calendars'
Methods
Conventional survey
• Sample size determined using standard
methods as in Martin et al., 1987
• A sample size of 384 heads of cattle was
determined assuming a 50% estimated sero-
prevalence using FMD as an important disease
at 95% confidence interval with an allowable
error of 5%
• Rugaga subcounty has about 8,000 H/C
Methods
Conventional survey
• Laboratory samples collected
• Serum, whole blood and faecal samples
• Testing of samples at NADDEC
• Samples tested for CBPP –CFT and c-ELISA
• Brucellosis using -ELISA,
• FMD using –ELISA (3ABC and Blocking)
• Tick Borne Diseases-microscopy
• Faecal samples-Floatation methods
Clinical Disease Monitoring
• Analysis of existing data received at the study sub county using the passive reporting system during the past 2 years
• Clinical disease monitoring-consisted of proactively examining herds reported sick to local veterinary staff and those reported during PM inspection and keeping these records for three months prior and after the study (#6 months)
Results from Pair wise Ranking
1. Ekipumpuru/ Trypanosomosis
2. Ezwa/FMD
3. Ruhaha/CBPP
4. Enjooka/Worms
5. Amashiyo/ECF
• Names in Runyankole
Results from Matrix scoring INDICATORS
/SIGNS
EKIPUMPURU
(Trypanosomosis
EZWA
FMD
RUHAHA
(CBPP)
ENJOOKA
(WORMS)
AMASHIYO
(ECF)
Abortion
W=0.506
•••
2.5(0-7)
•••••
•••••
8.5 (0-19)
0 (0-3)
0 (0-0)
0 (0-2)
High
mortality
W=0.231
•••
3 (0-20)
••
••
3.5 (0-11)
•••
•••
5.5 (0-15)
0 (0-4)
1 (0-11)
Emaciation
W=0.151
••••
••••
7.5 (0-15)
•••
2.5 (0-7)
•••
••••
6.5 (0-16)
••
1.5 (0-13)
0 (0-5)
High cost of
treatment
W=0.0412
••
••
4 (0-11)
••
1.5 (0-5)
•••
•••
5.5 (0-12)
•
0.5 (0-7)
•
1 (0-16)
Ticks
W=0.35
0 (0-25)
0 (0-2)
0 (0-0)
0 (0-0)
••••••
••••••
12 (0-25)
Diseases
Results from Matrix scoring
INDICATORS
/SIGNS
EKIPUMPURU
(Trypanosomos
is
EZWA
FMD
RUHAHA
(CBPP)
ENJOOKA
(WORMS)
AMASHIYO
(ECF)
Tsetse flies
W=0.933
••••••
••••••
12 (0-25)
0 (0-2)
0 (0-12)
0 (0-0)
0 (0-0)
Diarrhoea
W=0.467
••••••••
•••••••
14.5 (0-25)
0 (0-7)
0 (0-5)
••
1.5 (0-25)
•
1 (0-5)
Lameness
W=0.732
0 (0-25)
••••••••
•••••••••
••••••••
25 (0-25)
0 (0-8)
0 (0-0)
0 (0-0)
Cough
W=0.04
0 (0-14)
0 (0-19)
••••
5 (0-25)
•
1 (0-13)
••••
4 (0-14)
Results from Matrix scoring
• Generally, matrix scoring demonstrated good
agreement between the 10 informant groups
• Disease signs ranged from low, moderate and
high levels of agreement (W=0.04-0.933) among
the 10 informant groups
• The strongest association was in Tsetse flies with
Tryps. W=0.933, lameness W=0.732 with FMD
• Moderate was observed for abortion, ticks and
diarrhoea and least for the rest.
Results from Matrix scoring
• Ekipumpuru/ Trypanosomosis-associated with presence of biting flies and tsetse flies, diarrhoea, abortion, death, emaciation, poor hair coat and reduced milk production.
• Ezwa/FMD -was attributed to wounds on feet (W=0.73)-highly significant but low with abortion, death, emaciation, high cost of treatment, ticks, tsetse flies, diarrhoea and cough.
Results from Matrix scoring
• Ruhaha/CBPP demonstrated medium
agreement with indicators such as death,
emaciation, high cost of treatment and cough
• Enjooka/Worms-demonstrated low
agreement with amongst the 10 groups for all
disease signs
• Amashiyo/ECF was associated with ticks
W=0.35
Results from Seasonal Calendars SEASON
Diseases Akanda
(less severe dry)
Eitumba (Rain) Ekyanda
(Very dry)
Musenene
(Rain) Jan Feb Marc Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Tryp
0 (0-7)
•••
••••
6 (0-9)
0 (0-4)
•••
•••
9 (0-21)
Ezwa
(FMD),
••
2 (0-6)
•
1 (0-3)
••••••
•••••
10 (0-26)
0 (0-4)
Ruhaha
(CBPP),
2 (0-6)
0 (0-4)
••••••
•••••
10 (0-26)
0 (0-3)
Enjooka
(worms),
0 (0-8)
•
1 (0-9)
0 (0-10)
•
1 (0-11)
Amashiyo
(ECF)
0 (0-8)
••
2 (0-10)
0 (0-7)
•
1 (0-12)
Results from Seasonal Calendars
• Ekipumpuru/ Trypanosomosis was associated
with rainy seasons
• Ezwa/FMD incidence was reported to be high
during dry seasons
• Ruhaha/CBPP was reported to occur during
dry season
• Enjooka/Worms and Amashiyo/ECF were less
associated to occur during rainy season
Results from Conventional Survey
Disease
No. of
samples
tested
No. Positive Percent
Positive
CBPP 160 2 2
Brucellosis 160 123 77
FMD 94 19 20
Trypanosomosis 387 0 0
Tick Borne
Diseases
387 0 0
Heliminths 57 7 12
Results from Conventional Survey
• Brucellosis had the highest sero-prevelance of
77% followed by FMD at 20%
• Suprisingly, trypanosomosis that was
regarded most important during PE was not
identified by conventional testing of blood
samples nor Tick Borne Diseases such as ECF
and Anaplasomosis
Results from Clinical monitoring and
reports from sub county
Disease
No. of cases
(May –July
2009) –most
occurring
No. of cases
Jan 2009-April 2010
(most frequently
reported)
Lumpy Skin Disease 22 20
Trypanosomosis NA 760
East Coast Fever 9 41
Other TBDs 22 11
Eye Infections 0 30
Brucellosis 0 5
Mastitis 0 4
Other diseases 2 74
Results from Clinical monitoring and
reports from sub county
• Lumpy Skin Disease, East Coast Fever and
other Tick Borne Diseases were the most
occurring diseases during and after the study
period.
• Trypanosomosis, East Coast Fever and eye
infections were the most frequently reported
during the previous year.
DISCUSSION
• PE is a useful tool for investigation of livestock
diseases especially in pastoral and agro
pastoral communities
• Communities have a good knowledge of the
common diseases affecting their herds
DISCUSSION
• Results from PE from the different villages were similar especially from pair wise ranking
• The occurrence of contagious diseases such as CBPP and FMD during the dry season makes sense because that is when there is a lot of animal movement in search of water and pasture during dry season that brings animals together increasing disease transmission.
DISCUSSION • The difference between PE results and
laboratory results may be due to disease control practice by pastoralists
• Anecdotal information shows that cattle owners in this area use a lot of chemotherapeutics and acaricides. Therefore, no parasites in the samples could have meant regular usage of those drugs.
• Also samples tested using the most basic methods commonly used for detection of current disease rather than previous exposure.
DISCUSSION
• Lack of clarity on the criteria used in determining the most important disease amongst groups during PE could have biased the participants responses.
• Some livestock farmers described the most important diseases as those that plagued the herd continually while others associated importance with economic loss
• Thus it is important to agree on the criteria at the beginning
DISCUSSION
• Another source of error during PE could have
arisen from most recent disease. Livestock
owners tended to mention the most recent
disease as very important because it was very
fresh in their minds
CONCLUSION
• PE is good because it helps livestock owners
to discuss diseases that have occurred even if
the signs are no longer evident at the time of
investigation
• This study provided useful information
regarding the financial and socioeconomic
impact of livestock diseases to the livelihoods
of the livestock keeping communities.
Acknowledgement • Sponsors of the study –DFID and AU-IBAR
• ILRI-for participating in the study and for organising and sponsoring this workshop
• University of Chiang Mai and the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine that organised the workshop
• The government and people of Thailand
• FAO
• Institutions in Uganda that participated in the study -MAAIF, NaLIRRI, MUK-COVAB & MoLG
References • Catley, Osman, J., Mawien, C., Jones, B. A, & Leyland, T.J. (2002). Participatory
Analysis of seasonal incidences of cattle disease vectors and rainfall in southern Sudan. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 1675, 1-10.
• Catley, A.C, & Mohammed, A.A. (1996). The use of livestock disease scoring by a primary animal health project in Somaliland. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 26, 175-186.
• Heffernan, C. (1994). Health care for Tibetan Agro-pastoralists in : Application of rural rapid appraisal techniques. RRA notes Number 20, Special issue on livestock.
• Martin, S. W, Meek, A. H, & Willeburg (Eds.). (1987). Epidemiology principles and methods: Iowa State University Press/Ames.
• Theis, J., & Grady, M. (1991). Participatory rapid appraisal for community development. A training mannual based on experiences in the Middle East and North Africa.
• Twinamasiko, E. K. (2002). Development of an appropriate programme for the control of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in Uganda (PHD), Reading University, London, United Kingdom.
•
Top Related