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Shift fromShift fromPresidential BicameralPresidential Bicameral
to Parliamentaryto ParliamentaryUnicameralUnicameral
By:By:
JOJI ILAGAN BIANJOJI ILAGAN BIAN
COMMISSIONERCOMMISSIONER
Charter Change Advocacy CommissionCharter Change Advocacy Commission
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Presidential/ Parliamentary/Presidential/ Parliamentary/
Bicameral System Unicameral SystemBicameral System Unicameral System
Features of Presidential Features of Presidential SystemSystem
I.I. Separation of powers of Separation of powers of
the 3 branchesthe 3 branches
JudicialJudicial
ExecutiveExecutive LegislativeLegislative
Features of Parliamentary Features of Parliamentary SystemSystem
I. Fusion of Executive andI. Fusion of Executive and
Legislative BranchesLegislative Branches
JudicialJudicial
LegislativeExecutive
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EXECUTIVE
and LEGISLATIVE
Characterized by the fusion or Characterized by the fusion or
union of the executive and union of the executive and
legislative branchlegislative branch
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The powers of government areThe powers of government are
exercised by the Parliament under exercised by the Parliament under
the leadership of the Prime Minister,the leadership of the Prime Minister,who belongs to the majority party or who belongs to the majority party or
majority coalition of political partiesmajority coalition of political parties
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H ead of State
H ead of Government
Members of the Parliament
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Presidential/ Parliamentary/Presidential/ Parliamentary/
Bicameral System Unicameral SystemBicameral System Unicameral System
II.II. CHECKS ANDCHECKS ANDBALANCEBALANCE
EXECUTIVEEXECUTIVELOWER HOUSELOWER HOUSE
UPPER HOUSEUPPER HOUSE
II.CHECKS ANDII.CHECKS ANDBALANCEBALANCE
SHADOWSHADOWCABINETCABINET
QUESTION HOUR QUESTION HOUR
VOTE OF NOVOTE OF NOCONFIDENCECONFIDENCE
DISSOLUTION OFDISSOLUTION OFPARLIAMENTPARLIAMENT
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Presidential/ Parliamentary/Presidential/ Parliamentary/
Bicameral System Unicameral SystemBicameral System Unicameral System
III.III. E ffects of E ffects of Separation of Separation of
Powers and ChecksPowers and Checksand Balances:and Balances:
A.A. Intense rivalry andIntense rivalry andcompetition for Powercompetition for Poweramong the Branches of among the Branches of governmentgovernment
B. Gridlock and ImpasseB. Gridlock and Impasseresultresult
C. Failure of GovernmentC. Failure of Governmentto move forward toto move forward toachieve its programsachieve its programs
III.III.
E ffects/ConsequenceE ffects/Consequence s of Fusion: s of Fusion:
A. Rivalry andA. Rivalry andcompetition for powercompetition for poweris largely eliminatedis largely eliminated
B. The Fusion of B. The Fusion of Executive andExecutive and
Legislative BranchesLegislative Brancheseliminates gridlockeliminates gridlockC. There is aC. There is a
coordinated, efficientcoordinated, efficient& effective exercise of & effective exercise of legislative & executivelegislative & executive
powers.powers.
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Presidential/ Parliamentary/Presidential/ Parliamentary/
Bicameral System Unicameral SystemBicameral System Unicameral SystemDD.. Waste of Money andWaste of Money andResourcesResources
Congress and Senate have theCongress and Senate have thefollowing budgets:following budgets:
SENATE Budget of SENATE Budget of approximately P1.2 Billionapproximately P1.2 Billion
P72 million in committeeP72 million in committeefunds;funds;
P12million in travel funds:P12million in travel funds:
plus undetermined officeplus undetermined officefundsfunds
House of RepresentativesHouse of RepresentativesBudget of approximately P4.5Budget of approximately P4.5BillionBillion
Combined PDAF (Pork Barrel)Combined PDAF (Pork Barrel)
of P21 Billionof P21 Billion
D. More costD. More costeffective:effective:
Waste of moneyWaste of moneyand resources isand resources iseliminated.eliminated.
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Presidential/ Parliamentary/Presidential/ Parliamentary/
Bicameral System Unicameral SystemBicameral System Unicameral System
E.Lack of E.Lack of Responsiveness toResponsiveness tothe Publicthe Public
1.1. Because of the fixedBecause of the fixedterm of the president,term of the president,
and the members of and the members of the Senate andthe Senate andCongress, they forgetCongress, they forgetto be responsive to theto be responsive to thepublic. After all, theypublic. After all, theyremain secure in theirremain secure in their
positions.positions.
2. It is not easy to point2. It is not easy to pointto the other branchesto the other branchesas the cause of theas the cause of the
failure to performfailure to perform
E.More Responsive andE.More Responsive andAccountable to theAccountable to thePeoplePeople
1. The Prime Minister and1. The Prime Minister andCabinet Members do notCabinet Members do not
have fixed terms. Theyhave fixed terms. Theymay be removed anytimemay be removed anytimeby a vote of by a vote of No No C onfidenceC onfidence bybyParliament.Parliament.Parliament may beParliament may be
dissolved fordissolved forunsatisfactoryunsatisfactoryperformance.performance.
2. Responsibility for poor2. Responsibility for poorperformance is easilyperformance is easily
determined.determined.
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Presidential/ Parliamentary/Presidential/ Parliamentary/
Bicameral System Unicameral SystemBicameral System Unicameral System
IV. Nature of IV. Nature of ElectionsElections
A. Nationwide inA. Nationwide inscope to elect ascope to elect aPresident andPresident andSenatorsSenators
IV. Nature of IV. Nature of ElectionsElections
A. No moreA. No morenationalnationalelections.elections.Elections will allElections will all
be in legislativebe in legislativeor Congressionalor CongressionalDistrictsDistricts
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Presidential/ Parliamentary/Presidential/ Parliamentary/
Bicameral System Unicameral SystemBicameral System Unicameral System
B. E ffects of B. E ffects of National National E lections:E lections:
1. Too expensive:1. Too expensive:
P2P2--P5 Billion resulting inP5 Billion resulting inpolitical debts thatpolitical debts thatstart a cycle of start a cycle of corruptioncorruption
2. Persons with fame,2. Persons with fame,popularity and moneypopularity and money(regardless of (regardless of qualifications) are thequalifications) are the
ones who get electedones who get elected
BB. E ffects of having. E ffects of havingLocal E lectionsLocal E lectionsonly:only:
1.1. Much less expensiveMuch less expensive
2. Persons known in the2. Persons known in theDistrict and CommunityDistrict and Communityto have competence into have competence ingovernance and whogovernance and whohave a heart for publichave a heart for publicservice now stand aservice now stand abetter chance of beingbetter chance of beingelectedelected
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Presidential/ Parliamentary/Presidential/ Parliamentary/
Bicameral System Unicameral SystemBicameral System Unicameral System
3.3. Getting elected is notGetting elected is notbased on party platformbased on party platformand ideology but on theand ideology but on thepersonalities andpersonalities andpopularity of thepopularity of thecandidatecandidate
4. The nationally elected4. The nationally electedleaders are distant andleaders are distant anddetached from thedetached from the
peoplepeople
3. Getting elected will be3. Getting elected will beprogram and ideologyprogram and ideology--based. A party will alsobased. A party will alsobe selected in thebe selected in theelections. ³elections. ³T urncoatismT urncoatism´́is prohibited.is prohibited.
4. The members of 4. The members of parliament, having beenparliament, having beenelected locally are moreelected locally are more
accessible to theiraccessible to theirconstituencies; are moreconstituencies; are moreresponsiveresponsive
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V V . Removal from Office. Removal from Office
of Head of Government of Head of Government
By impeachmentBy impeachment
Effects:Effects:
1. Leads to military1. Leads to militaryadventurismadventurism
2. Leads to instability2. Leads to instabilityand people powerand people power
revoltsrevolts
By Vote of By Vote of
No ConfidenceNo Confidence
Presidential/ Parliamentary/Presidential/ Parliamentary/
Bicameral System Unicameral SystemBicameral System Unicameral System
V . Removal from OfficeV . Removal from Office
of Head of Government of Head of Government
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TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL : LEAST CORRUPT COUNTRIESTRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL : LEAST CORRUPT COUNTRIES
20002000 20012001 20022002 20032003 20042004
1. FINLAND1. FINLAND FINLANDFINLAND FINLANDFINLAND FINLANDFINLAND FINLANDFINLAND
2. DENMARK2. DENMARK DENMARKDENMARK DENMARKDENMARK ICELANDICELAND NEW ZEALANDNEW ZEALAND
3. NEW ZEALAND3. NEW ZEALAND NEW ZEALANDNEW ZEALAND NEW ZEALANDNEW ZEALAND NEW ZEALANDNEW ZEALAND DENMARKDENMARK
4. SWEDEN4. SWEDEN ICELANDICELAND ICELANDICELAND DENMARKDENMARK ICELANDICELAND
5. CANADA5. CANADA SINGAPORESINGAPORE SINGAPORESINGAPORE SINGAPORESINGAPORE SINGAPORESINGAPORE
6. ICELAND6. ICELAND SWEDENSWEDEN SWEDENSWEDEN SWEDENSWEDEN SWEDENSWEDEN
7. NORWAY7. NORWAY CANADACANADA CANADACANADA NETHERLANDSNETHERLANDS SWITZERLANDSWITZERLAND
8. SINGAPORE8. SINGAPORE NETHERLANDSNETHERLANDS LUXEMBOURGLUXEMBOURG AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA NORWAYNORWAY
9. NETHERLANDS9. NETHERLANDS LUXEMBOURGLUXEMBOURG NETHERLANDSNETHERLANDS NORWAYNORWAY AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA
10. UNITED10. UNITEDKINGDOMKINGDOM NORWAYNORWAY
UNITEDUNITEDKINGDOMKINGDOM SWITZERLANDSWITZERLAND NETHERLANDSNETHERLANDS
11. LUXEMBOURG11. LUXEMBOURG AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA CANADACANADA UNITED KINGDOMUNITED KINGDOM
12. SWITZERLAND12. SWITZERLAND SWITZERLANDSWITZERLAND NORWAYNORWAY LUXEMBOURGLUXEMBOURG CANADACANADA
13. AUSTRALIA13. AUSTRALIAUNITEDUNITED
KINGDOMKINGDOM SWITZERLANDSWITZERLANDUNITEDUNITED
KINGDOMKINGDOM AUSTRIAAUSTRIA
14. USA14. USA HONGKONGHONGKONG HONGKONGHONGKONG AUSTRIAAUSTRIA LUXEMBOURGLUXEMBOURG
15. AUSTRIA15. AUSTRIA AUSTRIAAUSTRIA AUSTRIAAUSTRIA HONGKONGHONGKONG GERMANYGERMANY
16. HONGKONG16. HONGKONG ISRAELISRAEL USAUSA GERMANYGERMANY HONGKONGHONGKONG
17. GERMANY17. GERMANY USAUSA CHILECHILE BELGIUMBELGIUM BELGIUMBELGIUM
18. CHILE18. CHILE CHILECHILE GERMANYGERMANY IRELANDIRELAND IRELANDIRELAND
19. IRELAND19. IRELAND IRELANDIRELAND ISRAELISRAEL USAUSA USAUSA
20. SPAIN20. SPAIN GERMANYGERMANY BELGIUMBELGIUM CHILECHILE CHILECHILE
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PEOPLE POWERPEOPLE POWERChange the ConstitutionChange the Constitution
Now!Now!
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