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Cause/effect models can be found in manykinds of writing and can be used for any of thewriters purposes:
To justify or condemn some action
To prove or disprove an idea, belief orassertion
To explain or to give an account of somethingor situation
To convince, or To draw a conclusion
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Sample C
Attention men: if you use a laptop and wish to father children
someday, you may want to remove the computer from your lap. In
studies conducted by Dr. Yefim Sheynkin, a urology professor of
the State University of New York and director of the Institution for
Male Infertility and Microsurgery Department, reveal that
computer laptops produced significant elevation of scrotal
temperature. A rise in scrotal temperature leads to slow spermproduction. Other studies have also suggested that driving for long
periods and sedentary jobs may affect sperm production. This is
because the said activities require men to sit down for long periods
of time with their legs put together, thus, heating the scrotal sac
located outside the male human body. Sperm thrives in an
environment a couple of degrees cooler than the temperature of the
human body. In the meantime that no therapeutic measures are on
hand, consider turning a laptop into a desktop.
Too Hot for a Man PDI
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With the average hours of TV viewing reaching an alarming eight hours a day or more,
it is obvious that the general population has abandoned reading as a leisure activity. Tocounter this undesirable trend, it is important to understand why reading interest has
waned and what the results are. Some name the advent of technology--- Internet,
iPads, ipods, film, TV, video games, cell phones, and radio--- as one cause of the decline
in reading. Aside from the old-time high of public involvement with technology, there is
a de-emphasis on reading and reading skills in the public school system. Reading has
become a less valuable activity; thus, interesting it and the ability to read fall. Anotherfactor is the rapid pace of life today. As a consequence, people depend on quick
information from seventh-grade-level news stories rather than from insightful and
complete descriptions of events in books and periodicals. People, too, no longer read
at the levels they once did. Altogether, the effects of decline in reading appear critical.
People are grossly misinformed of issues and histories. Because of this situation, they
tend to lose the ability to think to actively participate in intellectual and mentalprocesses that require agile minds. Without the ability to think clearly, the capacity to
make decisions and solve problems is likely to be impaired. Ultimately, thinking tasks
for a safe and healthy future may be waylaid. Yet, reading for advancement, as well as
for entertainment, is critical if the world is to successfully meet challenges of
tomorrow.
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Cause
Advent of techonology
De-emphasis on reading and reading skills in the public school system
Rapid pace of life
Effect
Cause
Decline in reading
Effect
Cause
Misinformation on issues and histories
Tendency to lose the ability to think
Failure to actively participate in intellectual and mental processes
Effect
Cause
Impairment of decision-making and problem-solving ablities
Effect Wayland of thinking tasks for a safe and healthy future
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Cause-to-Effect Pattern:
In the cause-to-effect pattern, the topic
sentence of a paragraph states the main
idea in such a way that some cause
produces some effects.
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EXAMPLE:
A copper industry depression in Arizona hascaused great losses. One effect of the copperindustry depression is the loss of more than 46
million dollars in wages last year alone.Another is that Arizona business lost morethan 39 million dollars in copper industrypurchases. The third is that state and local
governments lost more than 9 million dollars intaxes. The fourth effect is that one out of everyfour Arizona workers is unemployed.
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Cause-to-Effect
The paragraph can be outlined this way:
Cause:
A copper industry depression
Effects:
Loss of more than 46 million dollars in wages
Loss of more than 39 million dollars in copperindustry purchases
Loss of more than 9 million dollars in taxes
Unemployment
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Effect-to-Cause Pattern:
Similarly, in the effect-to-causepattern, the topic sentence of theparagraph will also clearly state
that some effect or result comesfrom some cause.
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EXAMPLE:
There are two main causes that have broughtabout a copper industry depression in Arizona.The first is that foreign copper is cheaper thanArizona copper because of lower wages and
lower environmental standards. Thus,American industry is buying copper from Chile,Peru and other nations. The second cause isour governmental policy. That is, America
should maintain a copper a stockpile fordefense purposes. But it is not doing so, eventhough its purchases would help.
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Effect-to-Cause
The outline of the paragraph can be drawn thisway:
Effect: A copper industry depression
Causes: Cheaper foreign copper
American governmental policy
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When a series endsand it leaves youwith a big gapinghole that cant befilled with anythingbut rereading thebooks
THANKS!
~ajcd
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1. The cause is stated in the subject part
of a sentence, and the effect in the
predicate part of a sentence.
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2. The effect will be stated in the subject
part, and the cause in the predicate part of
a sentence.
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TOPIC SENTENCE:- To counter (this undesirable trend)
decline in reading, it is important to
understand why reading interest has wanedand what the results are.
SUBJECT
- Decline in readingCONTROLLING IDEA
- Results
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SUPPORTING DETAILS
CAUSES
- Advent of technology, deemphasis on readingand reading skills in the public school system
EFFECT/CAUSES
- Decline in Reading
EFFECT/CAUSES- Misinformation on issues and histories, tendency to lose
the ability to think, failure to actively participate in
intellectual and mental processes
EFFECT/CAUSES
-Impairment of decision making and problem solving
abilities
EFFECT
- Waylay of thinking tasks for a safe and healthy future
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CLINCHING SENTENCE
- Yet, reading for advancement, as well
as for entertainment , is critical if theworld is to successfully meet the
challenges of tomorrow.
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SAMPLE:
Do you feel snappish when the cables and programs
of local stations go haywire? Have you become TV-dependent? If you have become one , you are notisolate. In fact, parents nowadays may not be awarethat the pervasiveness of TV in their childrens livesis a cause for concern, Extensive TV viewing hasundesirable consequences. First it affects behavior.After observing role models engaged in violentbehavior, the child tends to imitate and add violentbehavior to his repertoire. Second, TV affects the
young minds attitude toward family life as it greatlyreduce family interactions and seldom portraysfamily life realistically because the programs areeither funny and simplistic or expressively tragic.
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Third, TV affects the emotional development, too.Because of repeated stimulation, the children aredesensitized to the pain and suffering of others. Fourth,
undoubtedly, the moral climate on TV is often againstChristian teachings and sound moral values. Pre- or extra-marital sex is nothing wrong or unusual. Even laughing atpeople with defects has become acceptable. Finally, long
hours of TV viewing can bring about grave cognitiveconsequences. It promotes passive rather than activelearning. Moreover, the attention in inertia can causechildren to get glued and fixated to the boob tube. Nowonder they are impatient with extended class sessions.
Many children have problems of concentration andhyperacidity, too, as a consequence of skipped meal orirregular eating habits. Therefore, while there arejustifiable reasons for watching TV, prolonged TV viewing
certainly does not justify the reasons.
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TOPIC SENTENCE:
- Extensive TV viewing has undesirable
consequences.SUBJECT
- Extensive TV viewing
CONTROLLING IDEA:
- Undesirable conequences
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The common way to achieve
coherence in cause/effect
paragraphs or essays is to arrangethe details in chronological order
by using the words indicating
numerical order.
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How to arrange details of
cause/effect paragraph inlogical order?
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In the case that causes or effectshave equal importance, you mustconsider which cause or effect ismore obvious than the others.
In the case that causes and effects have
unequal importance, you must consider
which cause and effect is more importantthan the other.
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Example:Other than for opportunities for education and
jobs, Bangkok today is a poor city to live inbecause of three reasons. The first reason is the
traffic problem which is getting worse and worse.
It is not only at certain hours or certain places,
but all the time everywhere. The environmentalproblem is the second reason for Bangkoks not
being suitable to live in. at present, Bangkok is
facing many kinds of pollution- such as air, water,
and noise pollution- all of which can makepeople unhealthy. The final reason concerns the
crime problem which threatens Bangkokianseveryday. People and their property are unsafe
at every moment.
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Another example:
A copper industry depression in Arizona has
caused great losses. One effect of the
copper industry depression is the loss of
more than 46 million dollars in wages last
year alone. Another is that Arizonabusiness lost more than 9 million dollars in
copper industry purchases. The third is that
state and local governments lost more than9 million dollars in taxes. The fourth effect is
that one out of every four Arizona copper
workers is unemployed.
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Another way to achievecoherence in cause and
effect paragraphs or essays isto use transition markers to
show clear relationships
among sentences.
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TRANSITION PHRASES
Because of, As a result of
Used to indicate cause and usually
followed by a noun or noun phrase.
EXAMPLE:
Because of his diligence, he succeeded in
his studies and work.
As a result of her overweight, she cannotrun very fast.
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COORDINATE CONJUCTIONS USED AS
TRANSITION MARKERS So, For
So indicates a result, but it is rathercolloquial and is often avoided in formalwriting.
For indicates a cause andisquiteformal.
EXAMPLE:
Bangkok is full of many kinds of pollution,so
itis not suitable to live in.
We are forced to cancel your subscriptionto our magazine for we have not receivedyour payment for the last six months.
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TRANSITION MARKERS BETWEEN
SENTENCES Thus,Therefore,Consequently,Asaresult,Forthis
reason
These expressions indicate effect or
result.EXAMPLE:
All human beings are under the power ofDesire and Ignorance. Therefore, they areentangled in the circle of birth and death.
Most Buddhist believe in the results ofactions (karma); as a result, they alwaysdo good and avoid doing bad.
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SUBORDINATORS USED AS
TRANSITIONS INTRODUCING EFFECTS
Sothat, Suchthat
These two subordinates are used toconnect two simple sentences into onesentence in such away that one part of asentence is the cause and another part isthe effect of that cause.
EXAMPLE: He runs very fast. I cannot catch him.
He runs so fast that I cannot catchhim.
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The clauses that contain
subordinators Sothat orSuchthat
are the dependent clauses showingcause and the clauses that precedethat are the independent clausesshowing effect.
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