MODALS, AUXILLARIES, ADVERBS, ADJECTIVES and TENSE

GRAMMAR LECTURE – 3

WHAT?Modal is an auxiliary verb that is used with another verb to indicate its mood, as can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would: it has no special form in the third person singular and no present or past participle. May, might; can, could; shall, should; will would; ought; need; dare; are called modal auxiliaries because they are used to form certain moods for which English has no inflected verb form.

MODALS AND AUXILLARIES

MODALS

PERMISSIONTHEORITICAL POSSIBILITY

ABILITY

CAN

I CAN ALWAYS MAKE YOU SMILE

CAN I EAT MY FOOD IN HERE?

ANYBODY CAN MAKE MISTAKES.

MODALS

I could speak for another hour or so.

I could never listen to lectures in my school days.

PASTABILITY

COULD

CONTINGENT POSSIBILITY

May I come in?

It may rain today.

Might I smoke in here?

What you say might be true?

PERMISSION

MAY

FACTUALPOSSIBILITY

PERMISSION(Rare usage)

MIGHT

POSSIBILITY(SPECIFIC)

He shall get his dues.We shall let you know our decision.He shall be punished.

He should listen to his elders.I 'am surprised that such a tragedy should happen to you.

OBLIGATION

SHOULD

PITY

WILLINGNESS

SHALL

INTENTION INSITANCE

Habitual

Necessity

Intention

Willingness

Will/Would

• Will you please break open the piggy bank?• I will do better in my next exam.• We will reach on time.• Oil will float on water.

OBLIGATION

MUST

NECESSITY

OBLIGATION

OUGHT TO

NECESSITY EXPECTATION

ADJECTIVES

• Tell us the quality of the Noun or pronoun.

• It may also point out quantity of the Noun or Pronoun.

Example: There are 3 tiered wedding cakes on display in the baker’s shop.

DEGREES

COMPARITIVE : BETWEEN TWO

• FEWER vs. LESS

SUPERLATIVE : ALL

ADVERB

Are those phrases that modify/describe:

• ADJECTIVES

• VERBS

• OTHER ADVERBS

Example:

He drove a very fast car.

He drove slowly.

He brought the car very quickly to a halt.

TENSES

Tenses Simple Continuous PerfectPerfect

Continuous

Present

Active I call I am calling I have called …………..

Passive I am called I am being called

I have been called I have been calling

Past

Active I called I was calling I had called …………..

Passive I was called I was being called

I had been called I had been calling

Future

Active I shall call ………. I shall have called …………..

Passive I shall be called

I shall be calling I shall have been called

I shall have been calling