OZONE- AND CLIMATE-FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGIES COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Prof. Dr. Risto Ciconkov, dipl. ing.Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,University “Ss. Cyril & Methodius”
Skopje, R. Macedonia
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011
Delagate to IIR Member of
CONTENT
Domestic refrigerators
Commercial refrigeration
Industrial refrigeration
Air conditioners and heat pumps
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011
Water-heating heat pumps
Liquid chillers
OZONE- AND CLIMATE-FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGIES COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
View on the refrigeration industries in the SE region
Sources of information for industries and low GWP technologies
Who decide? Reasons why natural refrigerants not applied
Suggestions
Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011
View on the refrigeration industries in the SE region Bankruptcy of almost all companies manufacturers of refrigerating equipment in economy transition process in this part of Europe
“Frinko” – R. Macedonia“Jugostroj” – Serbia “Termomehanika”, “Termofriz” – Croatia “Soko” – Bosnia & Hercegovina “LTH” – Slovenia “Obod” – MonteNegro“Mraz” – Bulgaria “Fyrogenis” – Greece
The refrigeration sector is weakened. Lost of human recsources from the refrigeration sector. Additional confusion caused by the Montreal and Kyoto Protocols.Almost all refrigerating equipment is now imported.
Consequences:
Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011
DOMESTIC REFRIGERATORS
Approximately 100 million domestic refrigerators and freezers are produced annually [RTOC, 2011].
In 2008, 36% of production units used HC-600a.
Manufacturers of HC refrigerators in: Europe, China, India, Brasil, …
Countries of ECA region: import domestic refrigerators.
Public awarenessThe customer are not informed for the refrigerant inside.
Low GWP technology: AVAILABLE
Used in the ECA region.
Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011
MOST COMMON SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS
According the Refrigeration, Air Conditioning And Heat Pumps Technical Options Committee (RTOC) applications are grouped as:
DOMESTIC REFRIGERATIONCOMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION
INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATIONTRANSPORT REFRIGERATION
AIR CONDITIONERS AND HEAT PUMPSWATER-HEATING HEAT PUMPS
LIQUID CHILLERSVEHICLE AIR CONDITIONING
COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION
INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION
AIR CONDITIONERS AND HEAT PUMPSWATER-HEATING HEAT PUMPS
LIQUID CHILLERS
R22
R22
R22
COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATIONSupermarkets; Cold rooms
Two levels of temperature,- medium: fresh food and beverages (R22, R404A)
- low: frozen products (R404A)
Refrigerant leakage: - in developed countries ~30% - in developing countries ?
Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011
SupermarketsThree main categories of equipment:
1. Stand-alone equipment 2. Condensing unit systems
3. Centralised systems
Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
1. Stand-alone equipmentHeat release indoor.Low energy efficiency.Small refrigerant leakage.
EvaporatorCondensing unit
Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011
2. Condensing unit systemsHeat release outdoor.Low energy efficiency.Small/medium refrigerant leakage.
EvaporatorCondensing unit
Outdoor
Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011
Stand-alone equipment and Condensing unit systems
HCs: R600a; R290; orblend R600a/R290
Alternatives:
R744 (CO2)
Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
Low GWP technology: AVAILABLE
Not used in the ECA region.
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008
3. Centralised direct systems (supermarket)
R404AR507
R404A
R404A
Direct systems: HFC-404A and HFC-507 are not long term alternatives!
Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
3. Centralised indirect systems
Secondary coolant
Machinery room
Secondary coolant
refrigerant
Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011
Cascade systems NH3/CO2
Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
Low GWP technology: AVAILABLE
Not used in the ECA region.
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011
Centralised CO2 system (transcritical)
MT
LT
Higher efficiency in locations with colder climate
Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
Low GWP technology: AVAILABLE
Not used in the ECA region.
AIR CONDITIONERS AND HEAT PUMPS
Self-contained air conditioners (window and through-the-wall)
Split air conditioners (residential and commercial)
Split air conditioners - ducted
outdoor
outdoor
indoor
Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011
AIR CONDITIONERS AND HEAT PUMPS
Nearly all air-cooled air conditioners and heat pumps manufactured prior to 2000 use R22.
Since 2000: R407C and R410A
R290 (Propane) in some low charge applications (with safety mitigation).15 % less energy consumption; 40 % less refrigerant charge (<300 gr).Expected expansion on the market.
?
A photo made in 2009.
Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
Low GWP technology: AVAILABLE
Not used in the ECA region.
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011
Comfort HeatingAir to water heat pump
Air-cooled water chiller – heating mode
Hydronic system: Fan-coil units (50oC)Floor heating (35oC)
Refrigerant: R407C, R410A, HCs
Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
WATER-HEATING HEAT PUMPS
Low GWP technology: AVAILABLE
Not used in the ECA region.
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011
Domestic Hot WaterAir to water heat pumpRefrigerants: R407C, R410A, HCs
CO2 refrigerant – “Eco cute”
One million units sold by 2008,expexted several million by 2011 (Japan).
COP = 5 Water temperature: 70 oC (85oC)
Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
WATER-HEATING HEAT PUMPS
Low GWP technology: AVAILABLE
Not used in the ECA region.
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011
WATER CHILLERS
Compressors types
Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011
Heat exchangers
Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011
Heat exchangers
air-cooled condenser water-cooled condenser
shell-and-tube evaporator
(dry expansion; flooded)
plate type
applications 80%applications 20%
shell and plate
Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
microchannel
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011
WATER CHILLERS - ALTERNATIVES
R407C was first R22 alternative for chillers.
Current trends: R410A, R134a; (R717 and HCs).
R134a with screw compresors, cooling capacities up to 2200 kW.
R410A with scroll compressors, cooling capacities up to 800 kW.
R717 (Ammonia) with piston and screw compressors, medium and largecapacities.
Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
Low GWP technology: AVAILABLE
Not used in the ECA region.
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011
INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION
Cold Storage;Food and drink processing;Process refrigeration: pharmaceutical, chemical, petrochemical …;Industrial heat pumps.
R717 (Ammonia) is widely used in industries in developed countries; Stagnation in the developing world last two decades.
?HFCs
Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011
INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATIONCold Storage
Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011
Barrier (NH3 systems): safety reason.
Decrease the charge (quantity) of ammonia in refrigerating systems.
New technologies of heat exchangers;New concepts of ammonia systems;
- Proper information; - Training of personnel; ; Proper maintainance of the refrigerat. systems;- Standards and regulations, …
Reasons:
INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION
Cascade systems (freezing tunnels);
Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
Low GWP technology: AVAILABLE
Stagnation in the ECA region.
Improved automatic control.
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011
Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
SOURCES OF INFORMATION FOR INDUSTRIES AND LOW GWP TECHNOLOGIES
Membership: low rate for developing countries
Sources of information for industries and low GWP technologiesOzone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011
What type of equipment (technology) will be applied?1) Investor:
- first cost, - reliability, - servicing, spare parts, - energy consumption?! - corruption, - …
2) Planners, consultants: - informed (new technologies)?- familiar with HFC equipment.
3) Local market:- distributors of equipment, - local manufacturers, contractors, …
4) Montreal Protocol bodies (supporting many projects)
WHO DECIDE?
5) …
Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011
Lack of information and proper information;
First cost (instead Life Cycle Cost);
Weak economy with a low purchase potential;
Service companies in RAC sector are small. No budget for improvement;
The priority of the companies in developing countries is how to survive.
etc.
REASONS WHY NATURAL REFRIGERANTS NOT APPLIED
No education and training courses (for low GWP technologies);
“Barriers to the use of low-GWP refrigerants in developing countries and opportunities to overcome these”, UNEP, 2010
“Natural refrigerants in developing countries, problems and suggestions”, R. Ciconkov, IIR, 2010
More information in the publications:
Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries
UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011
SUGGESTIONS Dissemination of information on technologies and practices with natural refrigerants from developed to developing countries;
Introducing new products on the market in developing countries: new components and new systems. Incentives should be given.
Approaching to new concepts of refrigeration and air conditioning systems with a low refrigerant charge.
The importance of energy efficiency in the RAC systems with natural refrigerants should be emphasized.
Technical assistance, education and training for safe operation with natural refrigerants. New manuals for maintenance and servicing.Training courses to be organized.
To introduce standards and regulations for design and safe operation. Positive experiences of the EU standard EN378.
To install demonstration units. etc.
Thank you.
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