Overview of Public Acceptance of CCS
David M. ReinerDavid M. Reiner
Judge Business School, University of Cambridge Judge Business School, University of Cambridge Research Associate, Electricity Policy Research Group & Research Associate, Electricity Policy Research Group &
MIT Carbon Sequestration InitiativeMIT Carbon Sequestration Initiative
Presented at CSLF WorkshopPresented at CSLF Workshop
ParisParis
27 March 200727 March 2007
Studies to DateStudies to Date
•• Public Attitudes and AwarenessPublic Attitudes and Awareness
�� Studies in the UK, Sweden, US, Japan, the Netherlands, Studies in the UK, Sweden, US, Japan, the Netherlands, Canada, Spain, France, and AustraliaCanada, Spain, France, and Australia
•• Stakeholder Attitudes and AwarenessStakeholder Attitudes and Awareness
�� AGSAGS
�� CCP2 (DTI/IEA WPFF)CCP2 (DTI/IEA WPFF)
�� ACCSEPTACCSEPT
•• Media CoverageMedia Coverage
�� IEA GHG (Tyndall, CATO, etc)IEA GHG (Tyndall, CATO, etc)
•• Focus GroupsFocus Groups
�� Tyndall, CSIRO, CATO, SFUTyndall, CSIRO, CATO, SFU
AGS Project on Social and AGS Project on Social and
Political Implications of CCSPolitical Implications of CCS
•• MIT (Herzog, de Figueiredo)MIT (Herzog, de Figueiredo)
•• Cambridge (Reiner)Cambridge (Reiner)
•• Chalmers University of Technology (Johnsson)Chalmers University of Technology (Johnsson)
•• Mizuho Research & Information Institute (Itaoka)Mizuho Research & Information Institute (Itaoka)
•• Public Surveys conducted in US (2003), Japan (2004), Public Surveys conducted in US (2003), Japan (2004),
UK (2004), Sweden (2004), US (2006)UK (2004), Sweden (2004), US (2006)
•• Stakeholder Survey conducted in Japanese, Swedish Stakeholder Survey conducted in Japanese, Swedish
and English in Spring 2006and English in Spring 2006
Public Awareness Public Awareness (heard/read of the following in the past year)(heard/read of the following in the past year)
US UK
Sweden Japan
* know to
some extent
*
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Wind energy
More efficient
appliances
Nuclear energy
Hydrogen cars
Bioenergy/biomass
Carbon capture and
storage
Carbon
sequestration
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Wind energy
More efficient
appliances
Nuclear energy
Hydrogen cars
Bioenergy/biomass
Carbon capture and
storage
Carbon
sequestration
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Wind energy
More efficient
appliances
Nuclear energy
Hydrogen cars
Bioenergy/biomass
Carbon capture and
storage
Carbon
sequestration
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Wind energy
More efficient
appliances
Nuclear energy
Hydrogen cars
Bioenergy/biomass
Carbon capture and
storage
Carbon
sequestration
Shifts over Time? US 2003Shifts over Time? US 2003--20062006
Technologies to Address Global Warming
(Percentage Who Have Heard Of Technology)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Mor
e ef
ficie
nt c
ars
Hyb
rid c
ars
Sol
ar e
nerg
y
Win
d en
ergy
Nuc
lear
ene
rgy
Mor
e ef
ficie
nt a
pplia
nces
Hyd
roge
n ca
rsB
ioen
ergy
/bio
mas
s
Car
bon
capt
ure
and
stor
age
Car
bon
sequ
estr
atio
n
Iron
fert
iliza
tion
Non
e of
thes
e
2003 2006
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Resource depletion*
Toxic waste
Water pollution
Acid rain
Smog
Ozone depletion
Global warming
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Resource depletion
Toxic waste
Water pollution
Acid rain
Smog
Ozone depletion
Global warming
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Resource depletion
Toxic waste
Water pollution
Acid rain
Smog
Ozone depletion
Global warming
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Resource depletion*
Toxic waste
Water pollution
Acid rain
Smog
Ozone depletion
Global warming
Can reduce Does not reduceNot sure
US UKCan CCS Reduce These Environmental Concerns?Can CCS Reduce These Environmental Concerns?
Sweden Japan
Can CCS Reduce These Environmental Concerns?Can CCS Reduce These Environmental Concerns?
2003 Results for US2003 Results for US
US Responses
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Resource depletion*
Toxic waste
Water pollution
Acid rain
Smog
Ozone depletion
Global warming
Can reduce Does not reduce Not sure
Can CCS Reduce These Environmental Concerns? Can CCS Reduce These Environmental Concerns?
2006 Results for US2006 Results for US
US Responses
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Resource depletion*
Toxic waste
Water pollution
Acid rain
Smog
Ozone depletion
Global warming
Can reduce Does not reduce Not sure
US Responses (heard of CCS)
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Resource depletion*
Toxic waste
Water pollution
Acid rain
Smog
Ozone depletion
Global warming
Can reduce Does not reduce Not sure
For respondentsFor respondents who have heard of CCS: who have heard of CCS:
Can CCS Reduce These Environmental Concerns?Can CCS Reduce These Environmental Concerns?
UK Responses
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Resource depletion
Toxic waste
Water pollution
Acid rain
Smog
Ozone depletion
Global warming
Can reduce Does not reduce Not sure
* Resource Depletion not
included in the US Survey
Can CCS Reduce These Environmental Concerns?Can CCS Reduce These Environmental Concerns?
UK ResultsUK Results
For respondentsFor respondents who have heard of CCS: who have heard of CCS:
Can CCS Reduce These Environmental Concerns?Can CCS Reduce These Environmental Concerns?
UK Responses (heard of CCS)
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Resource Depletion
Toxic waste
Water pollution
Acid rain
Smog
Ozone depletion
Global warming
Can reduce Does not reduce Not sure
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Solar energy
Energy efficient cars
Wind energy
Carbon sequestration
Bioenergy/biomass
Nuclear energy
Carbon capture and
storage
US
JapanSweden
UK
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Solar energy
Energy efficient cars
Wind energy
Carbon sequestration
Bioenergy/biomass
Nuclear energy
Carbon capture and
storage
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Solar energy
Energy efficient cars
Wind energy
Carbon sequestration
Bioenergy/biomass
Nuclear energy
Carbon capture and
storage
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Solar energy
Energy efficient cars
Wind energy
Carbon sequestration
Bioenergy/biomass
Nuclear energy
Carbon capture and storage
Preferred Energy Technology to Address Global WarmingPreferred Energy Technology to Address Global Warming
Definitely use Probably use Not sure Probably not use Definitely not use
Any recent shifts over time? US 2003Any recent shifts over time? US 2003
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Solar energy
Energy efficient cars
Wind energy
Carbon sequestration
Bioenergy/biomass
Nuclear energy
Carbon capture and
storage
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Solar energy
Energy efficient cars
Wind energy
Carbon sequestration
Bioenergy/biomass
Nuclear energy
Carbon capture and
storage
Any recent shifts over time? US 2006Any recent shifts over time? US 2006
Any recent shifts over time? UK 2004Any recent shifts over time? UK 2004
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Solar energy
Energy efficient cars
Wind energy
Carbon sequestration
Bioenergy/biomass
Nuclear energy
Carbon capture and
storage
Any recent shifts over time? UK 2006Any recent shifts over time? UK 2006
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Solar energy
Energy efficient cars
Wind energy
Carbon sequestration
Bioenergy/biomass
Nuclear energy
Carbon capture and
storage
What has changed?: What Should Be What has changed?: What Should Be
Done to Address Global WarmingDone to Address Global Warming
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
No opinion
Concern about global
warming is unwarranted.
We don’t know enough
about global warming and
more research is necessary
before we take any actions.
There is enough evidence
that global warming is taking
place and some action
should be taken.
Global warming has been
established as a serious
problem and immediate
action is necessary.
2003 2006
Compared with CCSCompared with CCS……
Natural Gas is:Natural Gas is:
2
1
0
0
1
4
5
4
5
5
3
22
8
6
5
11
2
32
18
3
12
13
7
53
3
2
1
3
6
15
2
1
1
4
2
10
0% 50% 100%
Electricity
NGO
Oil & Gas
Other manufacturing
Other
All
Much Better
Better
Similar
Worse
Much Worse
Unsure
Compared with CCSCompared with CCS……
Nuclear Power is:Nuclear Power is:
13
0
1
8
1
23
11
0
5
12
4
32
6
0
7
7
4
24
3
5
5
7
6
26
3
11
4
1
5
24
4
1
2
2
3
12
0% 50% 100%
Electricity
NGO
Oil & Gas
Other manufacturing
Other
All
Much Better
Better
Similar
Worse
Much Worse
Unsure
ACCSEPT ProjectACCSEPT Project
•• PanPan--EU stakeholder surveyEU stakeholder survey
�� 512 responses: 512 responses: industry (28%), research (34%) industry (28%), research (34%) government (13%), NGOs (5%) and government (13%), NGOs (5%) and national and national and European European parliamentarians (4%)parliamentarians (4%) in EUin EU--2525
�� UK (20%), Germany (11%), Netherlands (9%), UK (20%), Germany (11%), Netherlands (9%), France (6%), Italy (6%), Denmark (5%), Spain (5%) France (6%), Italy (6%), Denmark (5%), Spain (5%) and Norwayand Norway ((5%)5%)
�� Translated into 17 languages (funding from Shell)Translated into 17 languages (funding from Shell)
Organizational position on CCSOrganizational position on CCS
unsure
discussions underway
no position on CCS
very negative toward CCS
slightly negative towards CCS
neutral towards CCS
slightly positive towards CCS
very positive towards CCS
org position on CCS
Perceived need for CCS in:Perceived need for CCS in:
(1) own country, (2) EU and (3) globally(1) own country, (2) EU and (3) globally
321
Case Number
500
400
300
200
100
0
Val
ue
unsure
definitelynotnecessary
probablynotnecessary
onlynecessaryif
probablynecessary
definitelynecessary
Definitely necessary
Probably not necessary
Definitely not necessary
Probably not necessary
Unsure
Only necessary if…
Perceived need for CCS by NGOs and parliamentarians Perceived need for CCS by NGOs and parliamentarians
in: (1) own country, (2) EU and (3) globallyin: (1) own country, (2) EU and (3) globally
321
Case Number
50
40
30
20
10
0
Val
ue
unsure
definitelynotnecessary
probablynotnecessary
onlynecessaryif
probablynecessary
definitelynecessary
Definitely necessary
Probably not necessary
Definitely not necessary
Probably not necessary
Unsure
Only necessary if…
Risks associated with global impacts of leakage:Risks associated with global impacts of leakage:
NGOs (left), energy industry (right)NGOs (left), energy industry (right)
stakeholder level one: NGOs
no risk
minimal risk
moderate risk
very serious risk
global CC leakage impact
stakeholder level one: energy
unsure
no risk
minimal risk
moderate risk
very serious risk
global CC leakage impact
Impact of CCS on investment in other Impact of CCS on investment in other LZCTsLZCTs in in
own country: NGOs (left), energy industry (right)own country: NGOs (left), energy industry (right)
stakeholder level one: NGOs
minor positive impact
no effect
minor negative impact
significant negative impact
CCS deter investment?
stakeholder level one: energy
unsure
signif positive impact
minor positive impact
no effect
minor negative impact
significant negative impact
CCS deter investment?
Stakeholder views on provision of financial Stakeholder views on provision of financial
incentives for CCS: NGOs (left), overall (right)incentives for CCS: NGOs (left), overall (right)
stakeholder level one: NGOs
are not needed
are needed, higher level than renews
are needed, lower level than renews
are needed comparable level to renews
incentives for CCS
unsure
are not needed
are needed, higher level than renews
are needed, lower level than renews
are needed comparable level to renews
incentives for CCS
CO2 Capture Project
IEA WPFF CCS Communications StrategyIEA WPFF CCS Communications Strategy
ObjectivesObjectives
�� Establish a stakeholder contact databaseEstablish a stakeholder contact database
�� Develop a prioritised assessment of public Develop a prioritised assessment of public
perceptions and potential concernsperceptions and potential concerns
�� Conclusions and recommendations on strategies Conclusions and recommendations on strategies
to address the above concerns based on the most to address the above concerns based on the most
appropriate and effective approaches to dialogue appropriate and effective approaches to dialogue
and educationand education
CO2 Capture Project
European
UnionU.S. Department
Of EnergyNorges forskningsrad
Project StructureProject Structure
Project ManagementProject Management -- IainIain Wright Wright
Australia and New ZealandAustralia and New Zealand –– PetaPeta AshworthAshworth
ChinaChina ––Sun Xin, Li Di, Zhu Yizhong and Xi LiangSun Xin, Li Di, Zhu Yizhong and Xi Liang
EuropeEurope –– Jason AndersonJason Anderson
IndiaIndia –– Simon Shackley/TERISimon Shackley/TERI
JapanJapan –– Kenshi ItaokaKenshi Itaoka
North AmericaNorth America –– Sarah WadeSarah Wade
South AfricaSouth Africa –– Joe Joe AsamoahAsamoah
Regional CoordinationRegional Coordination –– David ReinerDavid Reiner
Funded by: UK Department of Trade and IndustryFunded by: UK Department of Trade and Industry
European
UnionU.S. Department
Of EnergyNorges forskningsrad
StakeholdersStakeholders
•• R, D & D communityR, D & D community
•• IndustryIndustry
•• Policy makers and regulatorsPolicy makers and regulators
•• ENGOENGO’’ss
•• General Public General Public
European
UnionU.S. Department
Of EnergyNorges forskningsrad
Prioritised CCS IssuesPrioritised CCS Issues
1. Cost of deployment
2. Scale of deployment
3. Perceived risks (to local health and safety)
4. Lack of accessible information
5. Supporting policies
6. Adequacy of regulatory frameworks to address the
perceived risks
European
UnionU.S. Department
Of EnergyNorges forskningsrad
Prioritisation by IssuePrioritisation by Issue
•• Presents a snapshot of the concerns for each regionPresents a snapshot of the concerns for each region
Strong difference of opinion w/in stakeholder groupStrong difference of opinion w/in stakeholder group**
Negative driver of opinionNegative driver of opinion
Has potential to be a negative driver of opinionHas potential to be a negative driver of opinion
Positive driver of opinionPositive driver of opinion
Not currently driving opinionNot currently driving opinion
EuropeanUnion
U.S. DepartmentOf Energy
Norges forskningsrad
Traffic LightsTraffic Lights
European
UnionU.S. Department
Of EnergyNorges forskningsrad
NA ANZ EUR China SA Japan India
1. Cost of Deployment *
2. Scale of Deployment *
3. Information / Communication
Importance of broader energy context
Access to information
Information fit for purpose/useful to stakeholders
Are efforts to communicate adequate
EuropeanUnion
U.S. DepartmentOf Energy
Norges forskningsrad
CrossCross--National Comparison: NGOsNational Comparison: NGOs
Common FindingsCommon Findings
•• Different issues in regions depending on stage of Different issues in regions depending on stage of development of CCS development of CCS
•• Not enough information in developing countriesNot enough information in developing countries
•• Quality of information needs to be improved and made Quality of information needs to be improved and made ““fit for purposefit for purpose””
•• Need to ramp up efforts for communicating CCSNeed to ramp up efforts for communicating CCS
•• More effective to discuss CCS in broader context of More effective to discuss CCS in broader context of climate changeclimate change
•• Concerns about leakage across all regions Concerns about leakage across all regions
•• Social risk to Social risk to notnot communicating about the technologycommunicating about the technology
European
UnionU.S. Department
Of EnergyNorges forskningsrad
Overall ConclusionsOverall Conclusions
•• Early indications show little change in Early indications show little change in publicpublic
awareness or attitudes towards CCS in last 2awareness or attitudes towards CCS in last 2--3 3
years years
•• Several efforts to document stakeholder concerns Several efforts to document stakeholder concerns
find notable differences in views of NGOs from find notable differences in views of NGOs from
other stakeholdersother stakeholders
•• To date, To date, ad hocad hoc and haphazard approach to and haphazard approach to
assessment with little focus on the role of assessment with little focus on the role of
information and underlying concernsinformation and underlying concerns
Qualitative Responses of Qualitative Responses of
Stakeholders on Selected TopicsStakeholders on Selected Topics
RecommendationsRecommendations
•• Implement appropriate commercial incentives for Implement appropriate commercial incentives for industrial deploymentindustrial deployment
•• Demonstrate comprehensive regulatory frameworksDemonstrate comprehensive regulatory frameworks
•• Implement industrialImplement industrial--scale demonstration projectsscale demonstration projects
•• Resolve longResolve long--term liability issues for geologically term liability issues for geologically stored stored CO2CO2
•• Clarify the role of CCS within a portfolio of solutions Clarify the role of CCS within a portfolio of solutions to climate changeto climate change
•• Increase education efforts (media, policymakers)Increase education efforts (media, policymakers)
•• Exploit opportunities for international collaborationExploit opportunities for international collaboration
European
UnionU.S. Department
Of EnergyNorges forskningsrad
Public OutreachPublic Outreach
• Public doesn’t know anything about it – have an enormous public education challenge. If done right then can allay concerns, but must be done sensitively
• If environmentalists line up behind it, would get media and public support -- In coal states like Pennsylvania people love them [clean coal plants]. Demonstrating the future for coal mining [is] viewed favorably by [both the] public and elected officials.
• Doing homework for a public debate which hasn’t started yet
Credible Sources?Credible Sources?
• Academic community needs to be more involved in
public outreach on both climate change and CCS –
difficult for firms to address public acceptability –
depends on government and scientists willingness to
convey the gravity of the problem
• Cynical and skeptical [about social acceptability]– only
people you hear talking about it are utilities and the
[Bush] Administration […] Don’t trust electric utilities
and if they are the spokesman, I am not optimistic.
Government supportGovernment support
•• [The problem with CCS is that] lots of utilities are [The problem with CCS is that] lots of utilities are
looking for subsidies and if CCS remains as cost looking for subsidies and if CCS remains as cost
intensive it encourages government subsidiesintensive it encourages government subsidies
•• need confidence in reliability and that [should be the role need confidence in reliability and that [should be the role
of] private investment (BP, Statoil, etc) of] private investment (BP, Statoil, etc) –– the big fear is the big fear is
that government will divert significant resources to CCSthat government will divert significant resources to CCS
•• Major concern is public funding. At moment, [CCS is] Major concern is public funding. At moment, [CCS is]
connected with impacts on other mitigation options. connected with impacts on other mitigation options.
Funds should come primarily from private actorsFunds should come primarily from private actors
Competition with RenewablesCompetition with Renewables
•• Answered that increased use of CCS will encourage Answered that increased use of CCS will encourage renewables and discourage nuclear energy, but those are renewables and discourage nuclear energy, but those are ““hopeful answershopeful answers””
•• One criticism of CCS is that it withdraws funds from One criticism of CCS is that it withdraws funds from R&D on renewables so negative, but what might be R&D on renewables so negative, but what might be positive is a possible double dividend of combining positive is a possible double dividend of combining CCS with biomass, which would have a negative COCCS with biomass, which would have a negative CO
22
balance. balance.
•• Quite apart from COQuite apart from CO22 emissions prefer renewables emissions prefer renewables
because of structural issues of control because of structural issues of control –– renewables renewables promise more decentralized access over longer termpromise more decentralized access over longer term
Effect of CCS onEffect of CCS on…… RenewablesRenewables
11
8
10
13
8
50
18
1
10
9
4
42
5
6
1
6
6
24
4
2
3
9
7
25
0% 50% 100%
Electricity
NGO
Oil & Gas
Other
manufacturing
Other
All
Increased adoption of CCS willencourage
Introduction of CCS will notinfluence the role of
Increased adoption of CCS willdiscourage
Unsure
Effect of CCS onEffect of CCS on…… NuclearNuclear
9
0
4
10
5
28
18
7
11
14
9
59
7
5
5
6
4
27
4
5
3
6
7
25
0% 50% 100%
Electricity
NGO
Oil & Gas
Other
manufacturing
Other
All
Increased adoption of CCS willencourage
Introduction of CCS will notinfluence the role of
Increased adoption of CCS willdiscourage
Unsure
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