Other Biting FliesOther Biting Flies
Horse-flies, Tsetse-flies, House-flies Horse-flies, Tsetse-flies, House-flies and Stable-fliesand Stable-flies
Family: TabanidaeFamily: Tabanidae(Horse-flies and Deer-flies)(Horse-flies and Deer-flies)
• Tabanus atratus • Tabanus nigrovittatus • Chrysops atlanticus
• Large biting flies (65 mm wing)
• Over 4300 species
• Worldwide distribution.
• Medium to large (6-30 mm)
• Antennae are small but stout
• Mouthparts adapted for biting, hang downwards from head.
Life HistoryLife History
• Tend to lay eggs near larvarial substrate.
• Some larvae are predacious
• Life cycle– Eggs Larvae Pupae Adult– Most inhabit woods and forest
Feeding HabitsFeeding Habits
• Bite is painful
• Most feed during the daytime, locate host by site and CO2.
• Several small meals often taken from the same or different host.
• Interrupted feeding behavior increases their likelihood of being mechanical vectors of disease.
• Prefer dark objects, will bite through colored clothing.
Biological TransmissionBiological Transmission
• Loiasis (loa loa)• Chrysops species are the biological vectors.
– Microfilaria picked up in blood during day.– Develop in thoracic fat bodies of the deer fly.– Worms leave the proboscis when deer fly
feeds.
• Human strain of Loiasis
• Monkey strain of Loiasis
Biological TransmissionBiological Transmission• Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
• Tularaemia – from rabbits, horses and other rodents to humans.
• Tabanids can transmit viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and filarial worms to livestock
• Also big pest nuisance.
• Some people develop allergic reaction.
• Control: Insect repellents.
Family: GlossinidaeFamily: Glossinidae(Tsetse-flies)(Tsetse-flies)
• Restricted to sub-Saharan Africa.
• Vector:
• Parasite:
• Reservoir:
Life HistoryLife History
• Egg Larvae Pupae Adult– Egg completes maturation in ovary – Larvae goes through 3 instars in the female – Larviposition in shaded areas.– Larvae bury itself in soil and pupates.– Pupal stage is long.
• Adults spend day resting on vegitation or dark humid sites. (Twigs, branches, tree trunks)
Feeding HabitsFeeding Habits
• Both male and females blood feed on humans, wild and domesticated animals, as well as reptiles and amphibians.
• Feed in dry-hot weather, cooler weather they feed every 10 days.
• Vision is important in host location.
• Females must take several bloodmeals to feed larvae.
• Many species rarely feed on people.
Medical ImportanceMedical Importance• “African Sleeping Sickness”• 400,000 cases a year with 55,000 deaths.
ControlMost control aimed at adults.
- Clearing away vegetation (resting sites)
- Kill of game animals (reservoir), no longer acceptable!
- Insecticides
- Targets and traps
- Genetic
Personal protection.
““The Higher Diptera”The Higher Diptera”
• Suborder Cyclorrhapha:– Larvae are maggots or grubs (no distinct head
capsule)– Pupa is encased in final larval stage called puparium
• Families:– Muscidae– Calliphoridae– Sarcophagidae – Cuterebridae – Oestridae
““The Higher Diptera”The Higher Diptera”
• Importance:– (1) Annoyance– (2) Disease Transmission– (3) Myiasis
(1) Annoyance(1) Annoyance
• Synanthropic
• Various species:– Musca domestica– Fannia canicularis– Musca stabulans– Stomoxys calcitrans
• Several generations each year!
(2) Transmit Pathogens(2) Transmit Pathogens
• Diseases transmitted mechanically.
• Pathogens of bacillary dysentery: – Shigella and Salmonella
– Vomit on food when feeding
• Look at a fly close up:– Lots of hairs– Sticky pads
Family: MuscidaeFamily: Muscidae(House-flies and Stable-flies)(House-flies and Stable-flies)
• Musca domestica
• Mechanical transmission of pathogens, accidental myiasis.
• Stomoxys calcitrans • biting pest (human and
veterinary pest)
House-Flies
•Non-biting mouthparts
House FlyHouse Fly
• Can transmit a large number of diseases to humans.
• Over 100 different pathogens have been recorded from house flies, 65 of them are transmitted!
• Some diseases they can transmit:– Viruses: Polio, coxsackie, and infectious hepatitis
– Rickettsiae: Q fever
– Bacteria: anthrax, cholera, shigella and salmonella species, E. coli, staph. Aureus, trachoma, spirochaetes of yaws.
– Protozoans: Entamoeba, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia.
– Helminths: various eggs; Ascaris, tapes, Trichuris
– Dermatobia hominis: a myiasis-producing fly.
Life CycleLife Cycle
• Egg Larvae Pupa Adult.
• This life cycle is typical of other muscid and calliphorid flies.
• Seasonal abundance of house flies
House Fly ControlHouse Fly Control
(1) Physical and Mechanical Control- Screening windows, openings, air vents, etc.
- Air barriers (doorways)
- Sticky tapes (fly-papers)
(2) Environmental Sanitation
- Reduce breeding places (garbage and refuse removal)
(3) Insecticide Control
- Larvicides
- Spraying against adults
- Residual spraying
- Insecticidal cords
- Toxic baits
Stable-Flies• Both male and females take
blood meals from wild and domestic animals.
• Not known to transmit any diseases to humans – annoyance to animals and man.
• Get rid of manure, spray breeding places with insecticides, fly strips.
Biting mouthparts
Important Fly Pests of Humans and Animals in North America
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