Organic ChemistryChapter 22
Organic ChemistryAll organic compounds contain carbon
atoms, but not all carbon-containing compounds are classified as organic.
examples: Na2CO3, CO, and CO2 are considered inorganic.
Organic compounds can be defined as covalently bonded compounds containing carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides
Common Elements in Organic Compounds
Organic PrefixesNumber of Carbons Prefix
1 Meth-
2 Eth-
3 Prop-
4 But-
5 Pent-
6 Hex-
7 Hept-
8 Oct-
9 Non-
10 Dec-
Diversity Due to CarbonThe diversity of organic compounds
results from the uniqueness of carbon’s structure and bonding.
Carbon atoms are unique in their ability to form long chains and rings of covalently bonded atoms.
Alkanes All single covalent bonds saturated hydrocarbons because they
contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can bond with the number of carbon atoms in the molecule
The smallest alkanes are gases, the largest are solids. The longer the hydrocarbon chain, the higher the boiling point.
General Formula = CnH2n+2
CH4C2H6 C3H8
methane ethane propane
Cycloalkanes Alkanes whose carbon atoms are joined in rings
Alkenes Have at least one carbon-to-carbon
double bond Are known as unsaturated
hydrocarbons because they contain the at least one double bond preventing the carbons to be completely saturated with hydrogen atoms.
General Formula = CnH2n
C2H4 C3H6
ethene propene
Alkynes Have at least one carbon-to-carbon
triple bond unsaturated hydrocarbons because
they contain the at least one triple bond preventing the carbons to be completely saturated with hydrogen atoms.
General Formula = CnH2n-2
C2H2 C3H4
ethyne propyne
Structural isomers: molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures
STRUCTURAL ISOMERS EXAMPLE:Both molecules below have the formula of C4H10
How many structural isomers does pentane, C5H12, have?
C C C C C
H H H H H
H
HHHHH
H
C C C C
H CH3 H H
H
HHHH
H
C C C
H CH3 H
H
HH
H
CH3
Functional Groups
Functional groups are specific chemical formulas that are bonded to a hydrocarbon.
Each group exhibits specific chemical characteristics.
The hydrocarbon is indicated by the letter “R”.
Alcohols Molecule with an –OH group
attached to a carbon atom General formula is R-OH
Common products that contain alcohols
Rubbing Alcohol
Hair Gel
Cough Medicine
Contains 1 oxygen atom One oxygen atom is bonded to two
carbon chains, one on each end Name ends in “ether” General formula: Example:
ETHER
Dimethyl Ether
Common products that contain ethers
Starter Fluid
Anise Seed used for bread and cookies
Some Cosmetics
Contains 2 oxygen atoms One oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon
atom and a second oxygen is single bonded to the same carbon atom
Name ends in “ic acid” General formula: Example:
O
CARBOXYLIC ACID
Ethanoic acid
R C OH
Carboxylic Acids General Formula = R-COOH
Common products that contain carboxylic acids
Some Fruits
Vinegar
Coconut
Contains 2 oxygen atoms One oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon
atom and a second oxygen is single bonded to the same carbon atom
Name ends in “oate” General formula: Example:
O
ESTER
Methyl ethanoate
R C OR’
Common products that contain esters
Bananas
Flowers
Oranges
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