ByBy
MAHDI BOURENANEMAHDI BOURENANE
JANUARY 2003JANUARY 2003
Optimization of Perforated Completions for Horizontal Optimization of Perforated Completions for Horizontal
Wells in HighWells in High--Permeability, Thin Oil ZonePermeability, Thin Oil ZoneHassiHassi RR’’melmel Oil Rim, AlgeriaOil Rim, Algeria
SONATRACHSONATRACH
DIVISION PRODUCTIONDIVISION PRODUCTION
HASSI RHASSI R’’MELMEL
OUTLINEOUTLINE
IntroductionIntroduction
Objectives of Objectives of thethe StudyStudy
Statement of the problemStatement of the problem
GeologicalGeological andand ReservoirReservoir CharacterizationCharacterization
SensitivitySensitivity AnalysisAnalysis on on PerforatedPerforated CompletionsCompletions
Performance of Performance of InvertedInverted HighHigh Angle Angle CompletionCompletionCase Case StudyStudy : HRZ: HRZ--0909
Conclusions Conclusions andand RecommendationsRecommendations
MethodologyMethodology
The success of Horizontal well technology is mainly due to the aThe success of Horizontal well technology is mainly due to the advantages that dvantages that
horizontal wells offer such as : productivity improvement, coninhorizontal wells offer such as : productivity improvement, coning reduction and g reduction and
sand problems attenuation. sand problems attenuation.
Very often, either for geological reasons or for production purVery often, either for geological reasons or for production purposes, the wells poses, the wells
need to be cased and perforated. It is important in this case toneed to be cased and perforated. It is important in this case to know how much know how much
of the horizontal length should be perforated and where to locatof the horizontal length should be perforated and where to locate the e the
perforations.perforations.
In this respect, minimizing the horizontal section to be perforIn this respect, minimizing the horizontal section to be perforated for an ated for an
optimization purpose is justified.optimization purpose is justified.
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION(Continued)
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION((ContinuedContinued))
A considerable number of studies have been done on how to A considerable number of studies have been done on how to
optimize the perforated completions for horizontal wells; but veoptimize the perforated completions for horizontal wells; but very ry
few of them took into consideration the reservoir heterogeneity few of them took into consideration the reservoir heterogeneity as as
well as coning problems.well as coning problems.
Probably one the most important work directly related to this Probably one the most important work directly related to this
topic is the one developed by Goods and Wilkinson. They have topic is the one developed by Goods and Wilkinson. They have
presented an analytical solution for the performance of partiallpresented an analytical solution for the performance of partially y
completed horizontal well.completed horizontal well.
INTRODUCTION(Continued)
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION((ContinuedContinued))
According to their model, the inflow performance of a well is According to their model, the inflow performance of a well is
related to the longrelated to the long--time behavior of constant rate pressure.time behavior of constant rate pressure.
So, they derived a formula that expresses the inflow performancSo, they derived a formula that expresses the inflow performance e
of a partially open horizontal well as follows :of a partially open horizontal well as follows :
Where :Where :
PPIDID : Dimensionless Inflow Pressure.: Dimensionless Inflow Pressure.
S*S*mm : Skin Factor.: Skin Factor.
)(1008.7
*
3
mIDoo
hh SP
hkJ +×=
−
βµ ( STB/D ( STB/D –– PSI )PSI )
INTRODUCTION(Continued)
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION((ContinuedContinued))
Goods and WilkinsonGoods and Wilkinson’’s model limitations :s model limitations :
It considers the reservoir as Homogeneous.It considers the reservoir as Homogeneous.
It does not consider the gas and water coning effects.It does not consider the gas and water coning effects.
So in this study, a numerical solution was developed to optimizeSo in this study, a numerical solution was developed to optimize
the perforated completions in a heterogeneous reservoir laying the perforated completions in a heterogeneous reservoir laying
between a large gas cup and active aquifer (Double coning between a large gas cup and active aquifer (Double coning
problem).problem).
In thin oil zones with high permeability, horizontal wells are uIn thin oil zones with high permeability, horizontal wells are used to minimize water sed to minimize water
and or gas coning; so that, an inappropriate perforated completiand or gas coning; so that, an inappropriate perforated completion scheme may on scheme may
actually exacerbate the problem at the downstream end of the welactually exacerbate the problem at the downstream end of the well.l.
In addition, the productivity of horizontal wells producing froIn addition, the productivity of horizontal wells producing from such reservoir may m such reservoir may
be severely restricted by frictional pressure losses within the be severely restricted by frictional pressure losses within the perforation section of perforation section of
the well. the well.
Hence, in thin oil zones, optimizing the perforated completioHence, in thin oil zones, optimizing the perforated completion in horizontal wells n in horizontal wells
will substantially improve the oil recovery, alleviate gas and wwill substantially improve the oil recovery, alleviate gas and water coning, and so ater coning, and so
that minimize the investment cost.that minimize the investment cost.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMSTATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMSTATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYOBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYOBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Investigate the effect of the most relevant reservoir parametersInvestigate the effect of the most relevant reservoir parameters on on
horizontal well performance for different perforation alternativhorizontal well performance for different perforation alternatives.es.
Find out the optimum perforation scheme for horizontal wells in Find out the optimum perforation scheme for horizontal wells in HassiHassi
RR’’melmel Oil Rim.Oil Rim.
Study the performance of the Inverted High Angle completion in Study the performance of the Inverted High Angle completion in HassiHassi
RR’’melmel Oil Rim (Case study : HRZOil Rim (Case study : HRZ--09).09).
Generate correlation curves that can be used to optimize the Generate correlation curves that can be used to optimize the
perforated completions for Horizontal wells.perforated completions for Horizontal wells.
METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY
Reservoir Characterization of the AReservoir Characterization of the A--Sand reservoir of Sand reservoir of HassiHassi RR’’melmel
Oil Rim using the sedimentary subdivision and the best approacheOil Rim using the sedimentary subdivision and the best approaches s
to estimate the to estimate the petrophysicalpetrophysical properties. Hence, the most accurate properties. Hence, the most accurate
geological model to be introduced in the simulator.geological model to be introduced in the simulator.
A single well simulation model was built to investigate the effA single well simulation model was built to investigate the effect of ect of
perforation length and its distribution, reservoir permeability,perforation length and its distribution, reservoir permeability,
vertical anisotropy and vertical anisotropy and arealareal anisotropy on horizontal well anisotropy on horizontal well
performance. performance.
METHODOLOGY(Continued)
METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY(Continued)(Continued)
A second single well model was involved in a real case where thA second single well model was involved in a real case where the e
performance of the well HRZ09, for different perforation schemesperformance of the well HRZ09, for different perforation schemes, ,
was a concern. To cover this part, three points have to be was a concern. To cover this part, three points have to be
developed :developed :
HistoryHistory matchingmatching
Comparative Comparative studystudy basedbased on on wellwell performanceperformance
Comparative Comparative studystudy basedbased on on EconomicEconomic AnalysisAnalysis
RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION
RESERVOIR RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION CHARACTERIZATION
IntroductionIntroduction
Objectives of Objectives of thethe StudyStudy
Statement of the problemStatement of the problem
GeologicalGeological andand ReservoirReservoir CharacterizationCharacterization
SensitivitySensitivity AnalysisAnalysis on on PerforatedPerforated CompletionsCompletions
Performance of Performance of InvertedInverted HighHigh Angle Angle CompletionCompletionCase Case StudyStudy : HRZ: HRZ--0909
Conclusions Conclusions andand RecommendationsRecommendations
MethodologyMethodology
PETROPHYSICAL (RESERVOIR) CHARACTERIZATION
PETROPHYSICAL (RESERVOIR) PETROPHYSICAL (RESERVOIR) CHARACTERIZATIONCHARACTERIZATION
Cases where core and log analysis data were available, the priorCases where core and log analysis data were available, the priority for ity for
porosity and permeability determination was given to core analysporosity and permeability determination was given to core analysis.is.
The permeability for the nonThe permeability for the non--cored sections were estimated from the cored sections were estimated from the
curve fitting of the permeabilitycurve fitting of the permeability--porosity relationship.porosity relationship.
Effective Formation :Effective Formation :
CutCut--off porosity = 4%off porosity = 4%
CutCut--off Shale content = 35%off Shale content = 35%
CutCut--off Water Saturation = 55%off Water Saturation = 55%
CutCut--off Permeability = 1md off Permeability = 1md RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION
PETROPHYSICAL (RESERVOIR) CHARACTERIZATION
PETROPHYSICAL (RESERVOIR) PETROPHYSICAL (RESERVOIR) CHARACTERIZATIONCHARACTERIZATION
( )12 2 −= ShIShSh IV
( )
++−=
5.02 4
2 tW
m
Sh
Sh
Sh
ShmWW RaRR
VRVaRS
φφ
22707.0 DcNC φφφ += φe = φ(1-Vsh)
Shale Content, Shale Content, VshVsh ::
Effective Effective PorosityPorosity ::
WaterWater Saturation :Saturation :
( ( OlderOlder Rock )Rock )
( ( VshVsh>10% )>10% )
RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION
PETROPHYSICAL (RESERVOIR) CHARACTERIZATION
PETROPHYSICAL (RESERVOIR) PETROPHYSICAL (RESERVOIR) CHARACTERIZATIONCHARACTERIZATION
Porosity-Permeability Correlation
LnK = 0.401(Ph) -2.594R2 = 0.7739
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30Porosity, %
Perm
eabi
lity,
md
LnK = 0.401(Ph) -2.594R2 = 0.7739
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30Porosity, %
Perm
eabi
lity,
md
Lnk = 0.401(Ph) - 2.594
R2 = 0.7739
Lnk = 0.401(Ph) - 2.594
R2 = 0.7739
RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION
RESERVOIR SUBDIVISIONRESERVOIR SUBDIVISIONRESERVOIR SUBDIVISION
L1L2
Top ATop A
BottomBottom AA
L3M1M2M3U1U2U3
HR-189
HRZ-09
HR-198 HR-210
HRE-201
HRE-402
HR-208HRE-202
HRE-203
RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION
Layer 14 Layer 14 Layer 13 Layer 13 Layer 12 Layer 12 Layer 11 Layer 11 Layer 10 Layer 10 Layer 9 Layer 9 Layer 8 Layer 8 Layer 7 Layer 7 Layer 6 Layer 6 Layer 5 Layer 5 Layer 4 Layer 4 Layer 3 Layer 3
HR-189
HRZ-09
HR-198 HR-210
HRE-201
HRE-402
HR-208HRE-202
HRE-203
Layer 2 Layer 2 Layer 1 Layer 1
RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION
HR-189
HRZ-09
HR-198 HR-210
HRE-201
HRE-402
HR-208HRE-202
HRE-203
Top ATop A
BottomBottom AA
GEOLOGICAL MODEL REFINEMENT
GEOLOGICAL MODEL GEOLOGICAL MODEL REFINEMENTREFINEMENT
HRHR--189189GeologicalGeological
layerlayerLayerLayer
NN°°Gross thickness Gross thickness
(m)(m)Net thickness Net thickness
(m)(m)PorosityPorosity(fraction)(fraction)
Water SaturationWater Saturation(%)(%)
PermeabilityPermeability((mdmd))
U3U3 11 5.55.5 2.752.75 0.07700.0770 45.1445.14 1.761.76U2U2 22 44 1.251.25 0.10130.1013 24.5224.52 33.5633.56U1U1 33 2.52.5 2.52.5 0.22900.2290 11.6111.61 337.99337.99
44 1.251.25 1.251.25 0.22900.2290 11.6111.61 337.99337.99M3M3 55 2.52.5 2.52.5 0.26410.2641 21.4721.47 493.90493.90
66 2.52.5 22 0.26410.2641 21.4721.47 493.90493.9077 2.52.5 1.251.25 0.25660.2566 17.9217.92 423.75423.7588 2.52.5 2.52.5 0.25660.2566 17.9217.92 423.75423.7599 2.752.75 2.52.5 0.25660.2566 17.9217.92 423.75423.75
M1M1 1010 1.51.5 11 0.23640.2364 27.7627.76 602.54602.541111 1.251.25 11 0.23640.2364 27.7627.76 602.24602.24
L3L3 1212 3.753.75 2.252.25 0.24160.2416 28.9228.92 257.94257.94L2L2 1313 1.751.75 00 0000 0000 0000L1L1 1414 2.752.75 00 0000 0000 0000
M2M2
RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION
RESULTS OF THE PETROPHYSICAL
CHARACTERIZATION
RESULTS OF THE PETROPHYSICAL RESULTS OF THE PETROPHYSICAL
CHARACTERIZATIONCHARACTERIZATION
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
ON PERFORATED COMPLETIONS
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
ON PERFORATED COMPLETIONSON PERFORATED COMPLETIONS
IntroductionIntroduction
Objectives of Objectives of thethe StudyStudy
Statement of the problemStatement of the problem
GeologicalGeological andand ReservoirReservoir CharacterizationCharacterization
SensitivitySensitivity AnalysisAnalysis on on PerforatedPerforated CompletionsCompletions
Performance of Performance of InvertedInverted HighHigh Angle Angle CompletionCompletionCase Case StudyStudy : HRZ: HRZ--0909
Conclusions Conclusions andand RecommendationsRecommendations
MethodologyMethodology
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
ON PERFORATED COMPLETIONS
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
ON PERFORATED COMPLETIONSON PERFORATED COMPLETIONS
A parametric study is conducted to analyze the effect of thA parametric study is conducted to analyze the effect of the most e most
relevant reservoir parameters on horizontal well performance forrelevant reservoir parameters on horizontal well performance for
different Perforation Schemes. This in Highdifferent Perforation Schemes. This in High--permeability thin Oil permeability thin Oil
zone.Thesezone.These parameters are :parameters are :
•• Perforation Perforation lengthlength andand itsits DistributionDistribution
•• ReservoirReservoir PermeabilityPermeability
•• Vertical Vertical anisotropyanisotropy RatioRatio
•• HoriziontalHoriziontal anisotropyanisotropy RatioRatio
RESERVOIR GEOMETRY FOR HORIZONTAL WELL MODEL
RESERVOIR GEOMETRY FOR RESERVOIR GEOMETRY FOR
HORIZONTAL WELL MODELHORIZONTAL WELL MODEL
To perform this study, a singleTo perform this study, a single--horizontal well model is needed. horizontal well model is needed.
For this simulation model, a 3For this simulation model, a 3--D regular Cartesian grid was built.D regular Cartesian grid was built.
•• NumberNumber of blocks in Xof blocks in X--directiondirection 1515
•• NumberNumber of blocks in Yof blocks in Y--directiondirection 1515
•• NumberNumber of blocks in Zof blocks in Z--directiondirection 1414
•• Total Total numbernumber of blocksof blocks 15x15x14=315015x15x14=3150SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Once the single well simulation model was built, the sensitiOnce the single well simulation model was built, the sensitivity vity
analysis can be performed for different perforation alternativesanalysis can be performed for different perforation alternatives. All . All
the simulation runs were done for 12 years forecast.the simulation runs were done for 12 years forecast.
Assuming that the well is completed with a fully cemented anAssuming that the well is completed with a fully cemented and d
perforated liner, and the horizontal perforated liner, and the horizontal wellborewellbore has 500m long, seven has 500m long, seven
(07) perforation schemes were proposed for this study. These are(07) perforation schemes were proposed for this study. These are ::
SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
The Proposed Perforation schemes
The Proposed Perforation The Proposed Perforation schemesschemes
L = 500mL = 500m
LpLp = 500m= 500m
Case 1 : Case 1 : LpLp = 500m (100%)= 500m (100%)
ToeToeHeelHeel
SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
The Proposed Perforation schemes
The Proposed Perforation The Proposed Perforation schemesschemes
The Proposed Perforation schemes
The Proposed Perforation The Proposed Perforation schemesschemes
Case 2 : Case 2 : LpLp = 400m (80%)= 400m (80%)
LpLp = 400m= 400m
HeelHeel ToeToe
L = 500mL = 500m
SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
The Proposed Perforation schemes
The Proposed Perforation The Proposed Perforation schemesschemes
Case 3 : Case 3 : LpLp = 300m (60%)= 300m (60%)
LpLp = 300m= 300m
HeelHeel ToeToe
L = 500mL = 500m
SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
The Proposed Perforation schemes
The Proposed Perforation The Proposed Perforation schemesschemes
Case 4 : Case 4 : LpLp = 200m (40%)= 200m (40%)
LpLp = 200m= 200m
HeelHeel ToeToe
L = 500mL = 500m
SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
The Proposed Perforation schemes
The Proposed Perforation The Proposed Perforation schemesschemes
Case 5 : Case 5 : LpLp = 100m (20%)= 100m (20%)
LpLp = 100m= 100m
HeelHeel ToeToe
L = 500mL = 500m
SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
The Proposed Perforation schemes
The Proposed Perforation The Proposed Perforation schemesschemes
Case 6 : Case 6 : LpLp = 300m UD (60%)= 300m UD (60%)
LpLp = 100m= 100m LpLp = 100m= 100m LpLp = 100m= 100m
HeelHeel ToeToe
L = 500mL = 500m
SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
The Proposed Perforation schemes
The Proposed Perforation The Proposed Perforation schemesschemes
Case 7 : Case 7 : LpLp = 200m TE (40%)= 200m TE (40%)
LpLp = 200m= 200m
L = 500mL = 500m
ToeToeHeelHeel
SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
1.1. Base Case ( Perforation Base Case ( Perforation LengthLength andand Distribution Distribution EffectEffect) :) :
All the reservoir parameters are kept unchanged; and they tAll the reservoir parameters are kept unchanged; and they took ook
values that match those of values that match those of HassiHassi RR’’melmel Oil rim. These are :Oil rim. These are :
KK = 500md= 500md
KvKv//KhKh = 0.01= 0.01
KyKy//KxKx = 1= 1
QoQo = 100 SM= 100 SM33/D/D
SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Base CasePerforation Length and its Distribution Effect
Base CaseBase CasePerforation Length and its Distribution EffectPerforation Length and its Distribution Effect
SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Plot of Oil Recovery Versus Time For different perforation scenarios
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14Time, Year
Oil
Rec
over
y, %
Lp=100%
Lp=80%
Lp=60%
Lp=40%
Lp=20%
Lp=60% UD
Lp=40% TE
Base CasePerforation Length and its Distribution Effect
Base CaseBase CasePerforation Length and its Distribution EffectPerforation Length and its Distribution Effect
SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Plot of Gas-Oil Ratio Versus Time For different perforation scenarios
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14Time, Year
GO
R, N
M3/
SM3
Lp=100%
Lp=80%
Lp=60%
Lp=40%
Lp=20%
Lp=60% UD
Lp=40% TE
Base CasePerforation Length and its Distribution Effect
Base CaseBase CasePerforation Length and its Distribution EffectPerforation Length and its Distribution Effect
Perforation Distribution Perforation Distribution EffectEffect
SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Plot of Gas-Oil Ratio versus time for the comparisonbetween case 3 and case 6
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14Time, Year
GO
R, N
M3/
SM3
Lp=60% CP
Lp=60% UD
Plot of Oil Recovery versus time for the comparisonbetween case 3 and case 6
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14Time, Year
Oil
Rec
over
y, %
Lp=60% CP
Lp=60% UD
Base CasePerforation Length and its Distribution Effect
Base CaseBase CasePerforation Length and its Distribution EffectPerforation Length and its Distribution Effect
Perforation Distribution Perforation Distribution EffectEffect
SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Plot of Oil Recovery versus Time for the comparisonbetween case 4 and case 7
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14Time, Year
Oil
Rec
over
y,%
Lp=40% HE
Lp=40% TE
Plot of Gas-Oil Ratio versus Time for the comparisonbetween case 4 and case 7
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14Time, Year
GO
R, N
M3/
SM3
Lp=40% HE
Lp=40% TE
Base CasePerforation Length and its Distribution Effect
Base CaseBase CasePerforation Length and its Distribution EffectPerforation Length and its Distribution Effect
SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Oil
Rec
over
y, %
Lp=100% LP=80%CP LP=60%CP LP=40%HE LP=20%CP LP=60%UD LP=40%TE
Perforation Schemes
Oil Recovery for the different perforation schemes proposedafter 12 years production
- Base Case -
Best CaseBest CaseBest Case
Base CasePerforation Length and its Distribution Effect
Base CaseBase CasePerforation Length and its Distribution EffectPerforation Length and its Distribution Effect
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Gas
-Oil
Rat
io, N
M3/
SM3
Lp=100% LP=80%CP LP=60%CP LP=40%HE LP=20%CP LP=60%UD LP=40%TE
Perforation Schemes
Gas-Oil Ratio for the different perforation schemes proposedafter 12 years production
- Base Case -
Best CaseBest CaseBest Case
SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Base CasePerforation Length and its Distribution Effect
Base CaseBase CasePerforation Length and its Distribution EffectPerforation Length and its Distribution Effect
In case of continuous perforation, The higher the perforation leIn case of continuous perforation, The higher the perforation length, the ngth, the
higher the oil recovery, and the higher the Gashigher the oil recovery, and the higher the Gas--Oil ratio.Oil ratio.
The perforation length can be reduced, and in many cases, withoThe perforation length can be reduced, and in many cases, without a ut a
substantial decrease in oil recovery. Moreover, lower values of substantial decrease in oil recovery. Moreover, lower values of
perforation length lead to lower gasperforation length lead to lower gas--oil ratios produced.oil ratios produced.
Hence, the perforation length has to be optimized with respectHence, the perforation length has to be optimized with respect not only to not only to
oil recovery, but also to gasoil recovery, but also to gas--oil ratio in order to guarantee the lowest oil ratio in order to guarantee the lowest
investment cost in gas facilities.investment cost in gas facilities.
SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Base CasePerforation Length and its Distribution Effect
Base CaseBase CasePerforation Length and its Distribution EffectPerforation Length and its Distribution Effect
The reservoir produces more efficiently when the perforation inThe reservoir produces more efficiently when the perforation intervals are tervals are
uniformly distributed along theuniformly distributed along the wellborewellbore rather than being continuously rather than being continuously
placed. placed.
Case 6 (60% Uniformly Distributed Perforation) is the most favorCase 6 (60% Uniformly Distributed Perforation) is the most favorable case able case
of all the proposed perforation schemes since it guaranties: of all the proposed perforation schemes since it guaranties:
•• High Oil recovery and low GasHigh Oil recovery and low Gas--oil ratio.oil ratio.
•• Pressure and production rate stabilization.Pressure and production rate stabilization.
•• Coning reduction.Coning reduction.
•• Lowest investment cost (Maximum net Present Value).Lowest investment cost (Maximum net Present Value).SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Base CasePerforation Length and its Distribution Effect
Base CaseBase CasePerforation Length and its Distribution EffectPerforation Length and its Distribution Effect
RESERVOIR PERMEABILITY EFFECT
RESERVOIR PERMEABILITY RESERVOIR PERMEABILITY EFFECTEFFECT
SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
To investigate the effect of reservoir permeability on horizTo investigate the effect of reservoir permeability on horizontal well ontal well
performance for various completion alternatives, we considered fperformance for various completion alternatives, we considered five ive
values of reservoir permeability : values of reservoir permeability :
2.2. Reservoir Permeability EffectReservoir Permeability Effect
KK11 = 1000 = 1000 mdmd
KK22 = 500 = 500 mdmd
KK33 = 100 = 100 mdmd
KK44 = 50 = 50 mdmd
KK55 = 10 = 10 mdmd
RESERVOIR PERMEABILITY EFFECT
RESERVOIR PERMEABILITY RESERVOIR PERMEABILITY EFFECTEFFECT
KK11 = 1000 = 1000 mdmd
Plot of Gas-Oil Ratio Versus Time For different perforation scenarios
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14Time, Year
GO
R, N
M3/
SM3
Lp=100%
Lp=80%
Lp=60%
Lp=40%
Lp=20%
Lp=60% UD
Lp=40% TE
Plot of Oil Recovery Versus Time For different perforation scenarios
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14Time, Year
Oil
Rec
over
y,%
Lp=100%
Lp=80%
Lp=60%
Lp=40%
Lp=20%
Lp=60% UD
Lp=40% TE
Horizontal well performance for the different perforation schemeHorizontal well performance for the different perforation schemessSENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
RESERVOIR PERMEABILITY EFFECT
RESERVOIR PERMEABILITY RESERVOIR PERMEABILITY EFFECTEFFECT
Reservoir Permeability values
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 20 40 60 80 100Perforation length,%
Oil
Rec
over
y, %
K1=1000md K2=500md K3=100mdK4=50md K5=10md
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
0 20 40 60 80 100Perforation Length,%
GO
R,N
M3/
SM3
K1=1000md K2=500md K3=100mdK4=50md K5=10md
Effect of Perforation Length on well performance for differenEffect of Perforation Length on well performance for different t RReservoir Permeabilityeservoir Permeability values after 12 years values after 12 years
SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
RESERVOIR PERMEABILITY EFFECT
RESERVOIR PERMEABILITY RESERVOIR PERMEABILITY EFFECTEFFECT
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
10 100 1000Permeabilty, md
Oil
Rec
over
y, %
Lp=100% Lp=80% Lp=60%Lp=40% Lp=20% Lp=60% UDLp=40% TE
2000
7000
12000
17000
22000
27000
32000
10 100 1000Permeabilty, md
GO
R, N
M3/
SM3
Lp=100% Lp=80% Lp=60%Lp=40% Lp=20% Lp=60% UDLp=40% TE
Effect of Effect of Reservoir PermeabilityReservoir Permeability on well performance for on well performance for different perforation scenarios after 12 yearsdifferent perforation scenarios after 12 years
SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
RESERVOIR PERMEABILITY EFFECT
RESERVOIR PERMEABILITY RESERVOIR PERMEABILITY EFFECTEFFECT
The higher the reservoir permeability, the higher the oil recoThe higher the reservoir permeability, the higher the oil recovery very
for any perforated completion alternative.for any perforated completion alternative.
In case of a thin oil rim sandwiched between a large gasIn case of a thin oil rim sandwiched between a large gas--cap and cap and
an active aquifer, lower values of reservoir permeability yield an active aquifer, lower values of reservoir permeability yield
higher gashigher gas--oil ratio in comparison to the case of higher oil ratio in comparison to the case of higher
permeability values. permeability values.
Hence, high reservoir permeability values (K>50md) are more Hence, high reservoir permeability values (K>50md) are more
favorable in such case ( thin oil rim).favorable in such case ( thin oil rim).SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
VERTICAL ANISOTROPY EFFECT
VERTICAL ANISOTROPY VERTICAL ANISOTROPY EFFECTEFFECT
SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
3.3. Vertical Anisotropy EffectVertical Anisotropy Effect
Four (04) vertical anisotropy ratios were examined : Four (04) vertical anisotropy ratios were examined :
((KvKv//KhKh))11 = 1= 1
((KvKv//KhKh))22 = 0.1= 0.1
((KvKv//KhKh))33 = 0.01= 0.01
((KvKv//KhKh))44 = 0.001= 0.001
Horizontal well performance for the different perforation schemeHorizontal well performance for the different perforation schemessSENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
((KvKv//KhKh))11 = 1= 1
Plot of Oil Recovery Versus Time For different perforation scenarios
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14Time, Year
Oil
Rec
over
y,%
Lp=100%Lp=80%Lp=60%Lp=40%Lp=20%Lp=60% UDLp=40% TE
Plot of Gas-Oil Ratio Versus Time For different perforation scenarios
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14Time, Year
GO
R, N
M3/
SM3
Lp=100%
Lp=80%
Lp=60%
Lp=40%
Lp=20%
Lp=60% UD
Lp=40% TE
VERTICAL ANISOTROPY EFFECT
VERTICAL ANISOTROPY VERTICAL ANISOTROPY EFFECTEFFECT
Effect of Perforation Length on well performance for differenEffect of Perforation Length on well performance for different t Vertical Anisotropy valuesVertical Anisotropy values after 12 years after 12 years
SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
VERTICAL ANISOTROPY EFFECT
VERTICAL ANISOTROPY VERTICAL ANISOTROPY EFFECTEFFECT
02468
101214161820
0 20 40 60 80 100 120Perforation length, %
Oil
Rec
over
y, %
(Kv/Kh)1=1 (Kv/Kh)2=0.1
(Kv/Kh)3=0.01 (Kv/Kh)4=0.001
02000400060008000
100001200014000160001800020000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120Perforation length,%
GO
R, N
M3/
SM3
(Kv/Kh)1=1 (Kv/Kh)2=0.1
(Kv/Kh)3=0.01 (Kv/Kh)4=0.001
SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Effect of Effect of Vertical AnisotropyVertical Anisotropy on well performance for different on well performance for different perforation scenarios after 12 yearsperforation scenarios after 12 years
VERTICAL ANISOTROPY EFFECT
VERTICAL ANISOTROPY VERTICAL ANISOTROPY EFFECTEFFECT
02468
101214161820
0.001 0.01 0.1 1Kv/Kh
Oil
Rec
over
y,%
Lp=100% Lp=80% Lp=60%Lp=40% Lp=20% Lp=60% UDLp=40% TE
c
02000400060008000
100001200014000160001800020000
0.001 0.01 0.1 1Kv/Kh
GO
R, N
M3/
SM3
Lp=100% Lp=80% Lp=60%Lp=40% Lp=20% Lp=60% UDLp=40% TE
SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
In case of a thin oil rim trapped between a large gasIn case of a thin oil rim trapped between a large gas--cap and an cap and an
active aquifer, the higher the vertical anisotropy ratio, the loactive aquifer, the higher the vertical anisotropy ratio, the lower wer
the oil recovery for any perforation scenario. the oil recovery for any perforation scenario.
Hence, in this case, low anisotropy ratios are preferable notHence, in this case, low anisotropy ratios are preferable not only only
to get higher oil recovery but also to come out with the least to get higher oil recovery but also to come out with the least
amount of gas produced.amount of gas produced.
VERTICAL ANISOTROPY EFFECT
VERTICAL ANISOTROPY VERTICAL ANISOTROPY EFFECTEFFECT
HORIZONTAL ANISOTROPY EFFECT
HORIZONTAL ANISOTROPY HORIZONTAL ANISOTROPY EFFECTEFFECT
SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
4.4. Horizontal Anisotropy EffectHorizontal Anisotropy Effect
Four (04) values of horizontal anisotropy were considered tFour (04) values of horizontal anisotropy were considered to o
investigate its effect on horizontal well performance for differinvestigate its effect on horizontal well performance for different ent
perforation alternatives. These are :perforation alternatives. These are :
((KyKy//KxKx))11 = 10= 10
((KyKy//KxKx))22 = 5= 5
((KyKy//KxKx))33 = 1= 1
((KyKy//KxKx))44 = 0.1= 0.1
HORIZONTAL ANISOTROPY EFFECT
HORIZONTAL ANISOTROPY HORIZONTAL ANISOTROPY EFFECTEFFECT
((KyKy//KxKx))11 = 10= 10
Plot of Oil Recovery Versus Time For different perforation scenarios
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14Time, Year
Oil
Rec
over
y, %
Lp=100%
Lp=80%
Lp=60%
Lp=40%
Lp=20%
Lp=60% UD
Lp=40% TE
Plot of Gas-Oil Ratio Versus Time For different perforation scenarios
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14Time, Year
GO
R,N
M3/
SM3
Lp=100%
Lp=80%
Lp=60%
Lp=40%
Lp=20%
Lp=60% UD
Lp=40% TE
Horizontal well performance for the different perforation schemeHorizontal well performance for the different perforation schemessSENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
HORIZONTAL ANISOTROPY EFFECT
HORIZONTAL ANISOTROPY HORIZONTAL ANISOTROPY EFFECTEFFECT
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
0 20 40 60 80 100Perforation Length,%
GO
R, N
M3/
SM3
(Ky/Kx)1=10 (Ky/Kx)2=5(Ky/Kx)3=1 (Ky/Kx)4=0.1
02468
10121416
0 20 40 60 80 100Perforation Length,%
Oil
Rec
over
y,%
(Ky/Kx)1=10 (Ky/Kx)2=5(Ky/Kx)3=1 (Ky/Kx)4=0.1
Effect of Perforation Length on well performance for differenEffect of Perforation Length on well performance for different t Horizontal Anisotropy valuesHorizontal Anisotropy values after 12 years after 12 years
SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
HORIZONTAL ANISOTROPY EFFECT
HORIZONTAL ANISOTROPY HORIZONTAL ANISOTROPY EFFECTEFFECT
4
6
8
10
12
14
0.1 1 10Ky/Kx
Oil
Rec
over
y, %
Lp=100% Lp=80% Lp=60%Lp=40% Lp=20% Lp=60% UDLp=40% TE
400050006000700080009000
100001100012000130001400015000
0.1 1 10Ky/Kx
GO
R, N
M3/
SM3
Lp=100% Lp=80% Lp=60%Lp=40% Lp=20% Lp=60% UDLp=40% TE
Effect of Effect of Horizontal AnisotropyHorizontal Anisotropy on well performance for on well performance for different perforation scenarios after 12 yearsdifferent perforation scenarios after 12 years
SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
HORIZONTAL ANISOTROPY EFFECT
HORIZONTAL ANISOTROPY HORIZONTAL ANISOTROPY EFFECTEFFECT
For all the perforated completion schemes, the higher For all the perforated completion schemes, the higher
the horizontal anisotropy the horizontal anisotropy ((KyKy//KxKx),), the higher the oil the higher the oil
recovery. recovery.
This is because the well is drilled in XThis is because the well is drilled in X--direction. However, if direction. However, if
the well was drilled in Ythe well was drilled in Y--direction, the opposite trend would direction, the opposite trend would
be got.be got.
SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Conclusion of
The Sensitivity Analysis
Conclusion Conclusion of of
TheThe SensitivitySensitivity AnalysisAnalysis
All the plots generated in this parametric study are All the plots generated in this parametric study are
very useful to optimize perforated completions for very useful to optimize perforated completions for
horizontal wells in horizontal wells in Hassi RHassi R’’melmel Oil Rim, and to predict their Oil Rim, and to predict their
performance within a wide range of reservoir permeability, performance within a wide range of reservoir permeability,
vertical anisotropy and Horizontal anisotropy.vertical anisotropy and Horizontal anisotropy.
SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Performance of Inverted High Angle Completion
Performance of
« Case Study : HRZ-09 »
Performance of InvertedInverted HighHigh Angle Angle CompletionCompletion
«« Case Case StudyStudy : HRZ: HRZ--0909 »»
IntroductionIntroduction
Objectives of Objectives of thethe StudyStudy
Statement of the problemStatement of the problem
GeologicalGeological andand ReservoirReservoir CharacterizationCharacterization
SensitivitySensitivity AnalysisAnalysis on on PerforatedPerforated CompletionsCompletions
Performance of Performance of InvertedInverted HighHigh Angle Angle CompletionCompletionCase Case StudyStudy : HRZ: HRZ--0909
Conclusions Conclusions andand RecommendationsRecommendations
MethodologyMethodology
WATERWATER
OilOil RimRim
GASGAS
KKavgavg= 500md= 500md
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
88--13 m13 m
Total Total OilOil RecoveryRecovery = 7.4%= 7.4%
« Case Study : HRZ-09 »«« Case Case StudyStudy : HRZ: HRZ--0909 »»
«« Case Case StudyStudy : HRZ: HRZ--0909 »»
All those factors made the necessity to develop this oil riAll those factors made the necessity to develop this oil rim by m by
implementing horizontal wells, in addition to vertical wells (Miimplementing horizontal wells, in addition to vertical wells (Mixed xed
Development Strategy), to improve the oil recovery in one hand, Development Strategy), to improve the oil recovery in one hand, and and
to alleviate the water and gas coning problems in the other handto alleviate the water and gas coning problems in the other hand..
Among the areas where most horizontal wells have been drillAmong the areas where most horizontal wells have been drilled is ed is
the CTH2 area. This area will be our zone of interest in this stthe CTH2 area. This area will be our zone of interest in this study udy
since the well HRZsince the well HRZ--09 belongs to it. 09 belongs to it.
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
HRZ-09 HISTORYHRZHRZ--09 HISTORY09 HISTORY
GASGAS
WATERWATER
OilOil RimRim
500m
HR-189
HRE-402
HRE-202
HRE-203
2202m2202m
2214m2214m
HRZ-09 ( ( JanuaryJanuary 2002 )2002 )
2208m2208m
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
HRZ-09 HISTORYHRZHRZ--09 HISTORY09 HISTORY
GASGAS
WATERWATEROilOil RR
HRZ-09
2206.94m , 87.90°
imim
HRZHRZ--09 Planned Path09 Planned Path
HRZHRZ--09 Actual Path09 Actual Path
PlannedPlanned GOCGOC
PlannedPlanned WOCWOC (2214m)(2214m)
(2202m)(2202m)
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
HRZ-09 HISTORYHRZHRZ--09 HISTORY09 HISTORY
GASGAS
WATERWATEROilOil RR
HRZ-09
imim
HRZHRZ--09 Planned Path09 Planned Path
HRZHRZ--09 Actual Path09 Actual Path
PlannedPlanned GOCGOC
PlannedPlanned WOCWOC (2214m)(2214m)
(2202m)(2202m)
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
HRZ-09 ACTUAL PATHHRZHRZ--09 ACTUAL PATH09 ACTUAL PATH
HRZ09 Path2175
2180
2185
2190
2195
2200
2205
2210100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Distance to the East from the Well head, m
TVD
,m
WOC
GOC
TopA
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDYOBJECTIVE OF THE STUDYOBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
Because of the difficulty in locating the GOC and WOC contacts Because of the difficulty in locating the GOC and WOC contacts in the in the
CTH2 area, there will probably be other horizontal wells that wiCTH2 area, there will probably be other horizontal wells that will take the ll take the
same profile as that of HRZsame profile as that of HRZ--09.09.
So, it is important to study the performance of this well and tSo, it is important to study the performance of this well and to investigate o investigate
various perforation scenarios in case of inverted high angle provarious perforation scenarios in case of inverted high angle profile. file.
Hence, to come up with the best perforation scheme that guarantHence, to come up with the best perforation scheme that guarantees the ees the
maximum oil recovery, the minimum gasmaximum oil recovery, the minimum gas--oil ratio, and consequently, the oil ratio, and consequently, the
lowest investment cost.lowest investment cost.CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
HRZ-09 HRZ
SIMULATION MODELING
HRZ--09 09
SIMULATION MODELINGSIMULATION MODELING
To study the performance of the well HRZTo study the performance of the well HRZ--09 for different 09 for different
perforation schemes, a simulation modeling of this well is needeperforation schemes, a simulation modeling of this well is needed.d.
A history match is needed for wells that are inside the Model gA history match is needed for wells that are inside the Model grid. rid.
The model Grid, in this case, has to be refined in the vicinityThe model Grid, in this case, has to be refined in the vicinity of the of the
well.well.
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
RESERVOIR GEOMETRY FOR HORIZONTAL WELL MODEL
RESERVOIR GEOMETRY FOR RESERVOIR GEOMETRY FOR
HORIZONTAL WELL MODELHORIZONTAL WELL MODEL
For this well model, an irregular Cartesian grid was built, aFor this well model, an irregular Cartesian grid was built, and nd
the Cartesian (Xthe Cartesian (X--YY--Z) coordinate are as follow : Z) coordinate are as follow :
•• NumberNumber of blocks in Xof blocks in X--directiondirection 3131
•• NumberNumber of blocks in Yof blocks in Y--directiondirection 1717
•• NumberNumber of blocks in Zof blocks in Z--directiondirection 1414
•• Total Total numbernumber of blocksof blocks 31x17x14 = 737831x17x14 = 7378CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
Layer 5 Layer 5
Layer 4 Layer 4
Layer 14 Layer 14
Layer 1 Gas
Water
Oil R
296m
im
THE PROPOSED PERFORATION SCHEMES
THE PROPOSED THE PROPOSED PERFORATION SCHEMESPERFORATION SCHEMES
1.1. Horizontal Section Perforation (Horizontal Section Perforation (ActualActual Case)Case)
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
THE PROPOSED PERFORATION SCHEMES
THE PROPOSED THE PROPOSED PERFORATION SCHEMESPERFORATION SCHEMES
2.2. SlantedSlanted Section PerforationSection Perforation
Layer 5 Layer 5
Layer 4 Layer 4
Layer 14 Layer 14
Layer 1 Gas
Water
Oil Rim
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
THE PROPOSED PERFORATION SCHEMES
THE PROPOSED THE PROPOSED PERFORATION SCHEMESPERFORATION SCHEMES
3.3. Horizontal& Horizontal& SlantedSlanted Section Perforation Section Perforation (Double Perforation (Double Perforation SchemeScheme))
Layer 5 Layer 5
Layer 4 Layer 4
Layer 14 Layer 14
Layer 1
296m
Gas
Water
Oil Rim
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
Comparative Study of
The three Perforation schemes
Comparative Study ofComparative Study of
The three Perforation schemes The three Perforation schemes
In this section, the focus will be on selecting the best In this section, the focus will be on selecting the best
perforation scheme of the three proposed. perforation scheme of the three proposed.
The selection will be based on well performance, especially The selection will be based on well performance, especially
oil recovery and gasoil recovery and gas--oil ratio, as well as economic analysis oil ratio, as well as economic analysis
of the three perforation alternatives.of the three perforation alternatives.
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
Comparative Study
Based on well Performance
Comparative Study Comparative Study
Based on well Performance Based on well Performance
Comparative Plot of Oil Recovery versus Time for the Three Perforation Schemes
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14Time, Years
Oil
Rec
over
y,%
Slanted Section
Horizontal Section (Actual Case)
Slanted & Horizontal Sections(Double Perforation Case)
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
Comparative Study
Based on well Performance
Comparative Study Comparative Study
Based on well Performance Based on well Performance
Comparative Plot of Gas-Oil ratio versus Time for the Three perforation Schemes
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14Time, Years
GO
R, N
M3/
SM3
Slanted portion
Horizontal Section (Actual Case)
Slanted & Horizontal Sections(Double Perforation Case)
Hence, the actual case (base case) is the most favorable Hence, the actual case (base case) is the most favorable
case according to well performance analysis. This result has to case according to well performance analysis. This result has to
be confirmed by an economic analysis on the three perforation be confirmed by an economic analysis on the three perforation
schemes.schemes.
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
Comparative Study
Based on well Performance
Comparative StudyComparative Study
Based on well Performance Based on well Performance
Comparative Study Based On Economic Analysis
Comparative Study Comparative Study Based On Economic Analysis Based On Economic Analysis
The economic analysis in this study is based on the calculationThe economic analysis in this study is based on the calculation of of
the Net Present Value (the Net Present Value (NPVNPV) for each perforation scenario.) for each perforation scenario.
This parameter, This parameter, NPVNPV, provides a convenient measure to select the , provides a convenient measure to select the
best perforation alternativebest perforation alternative
The optimum case is the one that corresponds to the maximum The optimum case is the one that corresponds to the maximum
NPV.NPV.
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
Comparative Study Based On Economic Analysis
Comparative Study Comparative Study Based On Economic Analysis Based On Economic Analysis
∑=
×=n
iii RCFNPV
1)(
NPVNPV ::
Where :Where :
(CF)(CF)i i : : Cash Cash FlowFlow in in thethe YearYear ii
RRii : : Discount Rate in Discount Rate in thethe YearYear ii
( ) 111
−+= iRi
τ
ττ : Rate of : Rate of InterestInterestCASE STUDYCASE STUDY
Comparative Study Based On Economic Analysis
Comparative Study Comparative Study Based On Economic Analysis Based On Economic Analysis
AndAnd assumingassuming thatthat : :
•• Oil Price = 25 $/bblOil Price = 25 $/bbl
•• Rate of Interest, Rate of Interest, ττ = 12%= 12%
KnowingKnowing thatthat in in HassiHassi RR’’melmel OilOil RimRim ::
•• Perforation Cost, Perforation Cost, CpCp = 1,300 $/meter= 1,300 $/meter
•• Cost of Fluid Transport, T = 1.2 $/bblCost of Fluid Transport, T = 1.2 $/bbl
•• Drilling Cost, Drilling Cost, CCDD = 5 MM$= 5 MM$
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
Comparative Study Based On Economic Analysis
Comparative Study Comparative Study Based On Economic Analysis Based On Economic Analysis
1. 1. Horizontal Section perforation (Horizontal Section perforation (ActualActual Case)Case)
NPVNPV = 21.05MM$= 21.05MM$Year
Number (i)Year Npi
M.BarrelsIncome Ii
(MM$)Drilling
CostTransport
Cost Cash Flow
(MM$)Discount Rate Ri
(NPV)i (MM$)
1 2003 275.06 6.88 5.40 0.33 1.15 1.00 1.152 2004 275.06 6.88 0 0.33 6.55 0.89 5.853 2005 275.06 6.88 0 0.33 6.55 0.80 5.224 2006 242.57 6.06 0 0.29 5.77 0.71 4.115 2007 132.65 3.32 0 0.16 3.16 0.64 2.016 2008 78.93 1.97 0 0.09 1.88 0.57 1.077 2009 50.64 1.27 0 0.06 1.21 0.51 0.618 2010 35.53 0.89 0 0.04 0.85 0.45 0.389 2011 26.38 0.66 0 0.03 0.63 0.40 0.2510 2012 20.11 0.50 0 0.02 0.48 0.36 0.1711 2013 15.10 0.38 0 0.02 0.36 0.32 0.1212 2014 11.47 0.29 0 0.01 0.27 0.29 0.0813 2015 8.03 0.20 0 0.01 0.19 0.26 0.05
Cumulative 13 1446.58 36.16 5.40 1.73 29.03 21.05
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
Comparative Study Based On Economic Analysis
Comparative Study Comparative Study Based On Economic Analysis Based On Economic Analysis
2.2. SlantedSlanted Section perforation Section perforation
NPVNPV = 14.61MM$= 14.61MM$Year
Number, iYear NPi
M.BarrelsIncome Ii
(MM$)Drilling
CostTransport
CostCash Flow
(MM$)Discount Rate, Ri
(NPV)i(MM$)
1 2003 171.92 4.30 5.1 0.21 1.01 1.00 1.012 2004 171.92 4.30 0 0.21 4.09 0.89 3.653 2005 171.92 4.30 0 0.21 4.09 0.80 3.264 2006 172.39 4.31 0 0.21 4.10 0.71 2.925 2007 134.52 3.36 0 0.16 3.20 0.64 2.036 2008 92.11 2.30 0 0.11 2.19 0.57 1.247 2009 66.88 1.67 0 0.08 1.59 0.51 0.818 2010 50.64 1.27 0 0.06 1.21 0.45 0.559 2011 40.32 1.01 0 0.05 0.96 0.40 0.3910 2012 33.33 0.83 0 0.04 0.79 0.36 0.2911 2013 27.32 0.68 0 0.03 0.65 0.32 0.2112 2014 22.74 0.57 0 0.03 0.54 0.29 0.1613 2015 19.49 0.49 0 0.02 0.46 0.26 0.12
Cumulative 13 1175.47 29.39 5.10 1.41 22.88 14.61
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
Comparative Study Based On Economic Analysis
Comparative Study Comparative Study Based On Economic Analysis Based On Economic Analysis
3. 3. Horizontal & Horizontal & SlantedSlanted Sections perforation Sections perforation
NPVNPV = 21.37MM$= 21.37MM$Year
Number, iYear NPi
M.BarrelsIncome, Ii
(MM$)Drilling
CostTransport
CostCash Flow
(MM$)Discount Rate, Ri
(NPV)i(MM$)
1 2003 275.06 6.88 5.50 0.33 1.05 1.00 1.052 2004 275.06 6.88 0 0.33 6.55 0.89 5.853 2005 275.06 6.88 0 0.33 6.55 0.80 5.224 2006 268.58 6.71 0 0.32 6.39 0.71 4.555 2007 148.92 3.72 0 0.18 3.54 0.64 2.256 2008 77.21 1.93 0 0.09 1.84 0.57 1.047 2009 49.49 1.24 0 0.06 1.18 0.51 0.608 2010 33.43 0.84 0 0.04 0.80 0.45 0.369 2011 22.17 0.55 0 0.03 0.53 0.40 0.21
10 2012 13.60 0.34 0 0.02 0.32 0.36 0.1211 2013 8.60 0.21 0 0.01 0.20 0.32 0.0712 2014 5.73 0.14 0 0.01 0.14 0.29 0.0413 2015 4.39 0.11 0 0.01 0.10 0.26 0.03
Cumulative 13 1457.31 36.43 5.50 1.75 29.18 21.37
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
Comparative Study Based On Economic Analysis
Comparative Study Comparative Study Based On Economic Analysis Based On Economic Analysis
0
5
10
15
20
25
NPV
, MM
$
Horizontal Section Slanted Scetion Slanted & HorizontalSections
Comparative Histogram of the Three Perforation SchemesOil Price = 25 $/bbl
21.05
14.61
21.37
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
CONCLUSIONS(CASE STUDY)
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS(CASE STUDY)(CASE STUDY)
The simulation results indicate that there is no extraThe simulation results indicate that there is no extra--recovery to recovery to
be expected from the double perforation scheme. be expected from the double perforation scheme.
Thus, the best perforation scheme is the one that corresponds toThus, the best perforation scheme is the one that corresponds to
the actual case.the actual case.
Besides, such perforation scheme leads to higher GasBesides, such perforation scheme leads to higher Gas--Oil Ratio to Oil Ratio to
be produced in comparison to the Horizontal section perforation be produced in comparison to the Horizontal section perforation
(actual case). (actual case).
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
CONCLUSIONS(CASE STUDY)
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS(CASE STUDY)(CASE STUDY)
The Economic analysis performed on the three perforation The Economic analysis performed on the three perforation
scenarios has confirmed the above conclusion, which means that scenarios has confirmed the above conclusion, which means that
the maximum net present value (NPV) will correspond to the the maximum net present value (NPV) will correspond to the
actual case if we take into account the investment cost in gas actual case if we take into account the investment cost in gas
facilities.facilities.
Although the well HRZAlthough the well HRZ--09 took an inverted high angle profile 09 took an inverted high angle profile
accidentally, this profile has brought several advantages, accidentally, this profile has brought several advantages,
such as :such as :
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
CONCLUSIONS(CASE STUDY)
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS(CASE STUDY)(CASE STUDY)
Explore the entire oil column and find out the high quality sanExplore the entire oil column and find out the high quality sand of d of
this column prior to placing the horizontal drain. Thus, it servthis column prior to placing the horizontal drain. Thus, it serves as es as
a Pilot Hole.a Pilot Hole.
Alleviate the water and gas coning problems.Alleviate the water and gas coning problems.
Allow the exact location of GasAllow the exact location of Gas--Oil and WaterOil and Water--Oil contacts, so Oil contacts, so
that, the horizontal drain can be placed at a desired depth.that, the horizontal drain can be placed at a desired depth.
CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS
ANDAND
RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS
IntroductionIntroduction
Objectives of Objectives of thethe StudyStudy
Statement of the problemStatement of the problem
GeologicalGeological andand ReservoirReservoir CharacterizationCharacterization
SensitivitySensitivity AnalysisAnalysis on on PerforatedPerforated CompletionsCompletions
Performance of Performance of InvertedInverted HighHigh Angle Angle CompletionCompletionCase Case StudyStudy : HRZ: HRZ--0909
Conclusions Conclusions andand RecommendationsRecommendations
MethodologyMethodology
CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS
Based on the entire study, the following conclusions can be Based on the entire study, the following conclusions can be
drawn :drawn :
1.1. The perforation length can be reduced, and in many cases, withouThe perforation length can be reduced, and in many cases, without t
a substantial decrease in oil recovery. Moreover, lower a substantial decrease in oil recovery. Moreover, lower values of values of
perforation length lead to lower gasperforation length lead to lower gas--oil ratios produced. oil ratios produced.
2.2. Hence, the perforation length has to be optimized with respect Hence, the perforation length has to be optimized with respect not not
only to oil recovery, but also to gasonly to oil recovery, but also to gas--oil ratio. This to guarantee the oil ratio. This to guarantee the
lowest investment cost in gas facilities.lowest investment cost in gas facilities.
2.2. Hence, the perforation length has to be optimized with respect Hence, the perforation length has to be optimized with respect not not
only to oil recovery, but also to gasonly to oil recovery, but also to gas--oil ratio. This to guarantee the oil ratio. This to guarantee the
lowest investment cost in gas facilities.lowest investment cost in gas facilities.
1.1. The perforation length can be reduced, and in many cases, withoThe perforation length can be reduced, and in many cases, without ut
a substantial decrease in oil recovery. Moreover, lower a substantial decrease in oil recovery. Moreover, lower values of values of
perforation length lead to lower gasperforation length lead to lower gas--oil ratios produced. oil ratios produced.
CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS(Continued)
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS((ContinuedContinued) )
CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS
33.. The reservoir produces more efficiently when the perforation The reservoir produces more efficiently when the perforation
intervals are uniformly distributed along theintervals are uniformly distributed along the wellborewellbore rather rather
than being continuously placed.than being continuously placed.
4. 4. The correlation curves developed in the parametric study can The correlation curves developed in the parametric study can
be used to optimize the perforation scheme for horizontal be used to optimize the perforation scheme for horizontal
wells in wells in Hassi RHassi R’’melmel Oil Rim, especially CTH2 area.Oil Rim, especially CTH2 area.
33.. The reservoir produces more efficiently when the perforation The reservoir produces more efficiently when the perforation
intervals are uniformly distributed along theintervals are uniformly distributed along the wellborewellbore rather rather
than being continuously placed.than being continuously placed.
4. 4. The correlation curves developed in the parametric study can The correlation curves developed in the parametric study can
be used to optimize the perforation scheme for horizontal be used to optimize the perforation scheme for horizontal
wells in wells in Hassi RHassi R’’melmel Oil Rim, especially CTH2 area.Oil Rim, especially CTH2 area.
CONCLUSIONS(Continued)
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS((ContinuedContinued) )
5. 5. In In Hassi RHassi R’’melmel Oil Rim, the optimum perforation scheme for Oil Rim, the optimum perforation scheme for
horizontal well is the case that corresponds to 60% horizontal well is the case that corresponds to 60%
uniformly distributed perforation.uniformly distributed perforation.
6. 6. Although the well HRZAlthough the well HRZ--09 took an inverted high angle 09 took an inverted high angle
profile accidentally, this profile has brought several profile accidentally, this profile has brought several
advantages. advantages.
5. 5. In In Hassi RHassi R’’melmel Oil Rim, the optimum perforation scheme for Oil Rim, the optimum perforation scheme for
horizontal well is the case that corresponds to 60% horizontal well is the case that corresponds to 60%
uniformly distributed perforation.uniformly distributed perforation.
6. 6. Although the well HRZAlthough the well HRZ--09 took an inverted high angle 09 took an inverted high angle
profile accidentally, this profile has brought several profile accidentally, this profile has brought several
advantages. advantages. CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS
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