Operant Conditioning Cont…
Second Hour – What are some extensions of operant conditioning?
Extensions of Operant Conditioning•Primary and secondary reinforcers•Negative and positive reinforcement/punishment•Therapies based on the different types of punishment and reinforcement
How do operant and classical conditioning differ?•Classical and operant conditioning – a comparison
Primary reinforcers:Stimuli such as food and water that organisms find naturally reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs. (Not to be confused with unconditioned stimuli)
Stimuli like money or tokens that take on reinforcingproperties through their association with primary reinforcers. Can also include conceptslike praise or feedback that take on reinforcing properties through learning. (Not to be confused with conditioned stimuli)
Secondary reinforcers or conditioned reinforcers:
Stimulus was presented
Stimulus was removed
Basic paradigms of punishment and reinforcement in operant conditioning:
+Rf -Rf
+ Punishment-Punishment (extinction)
What event followed the response?
What will happento the response?
Response will increaseResponse will decrease
Therapies based on positive reinforcement
• Treatment for social interaction
Therapies based on negative reinforcement
• Treatment for anorexia
• Aversion therapy and phobia maintenance
Therapies based on negative punishment•Time out
Therapies based on positive punishment• Aversive therapy
Classical Operant
Conditioned stimuli, unconditioned stimuli, conditioned response, unconditioned response
Reinforcers and punishment•Primary and secondary reinforcers, +/- reinforcement, +/- punishment, Sd, R, Srf
Presentation of CS-US Schedules of reinforcement
Elicited response Emitted response
Reflexive response Voluntary response
Old behaviour in response to a new stimulus (salivation to a bell)
New behaviour (lever pressing)
Extinction (remove US) Extinction (remove reinforcer)
Response comes after presentation of CS
Response comes before reward
Contingency and contiguity•US contingent on CS•CS and US must be contiguous
Contingency and contiguity•Reward contingent on behaviour•Behaviour and reward must be contiguous
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