Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Oceanography Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology Bandung Institute of Technology
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Oceanography
Definition Oceanography is the study of the ocean, with emphasis on its character as an environment. The goal is to obtain a description sufficiently quantitative to be used for predicting the future with some certainty
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Oceanography
Why study oceanography? no other planet has an ocean
oceans influence weather. carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange stable environment for life
source of food, minerals, and energy.
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Oceanography
Scope marine organisms and ecosystem
dynamics
ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics
plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor
fluxes of various chemical substances physical properties within the ocean
and across its boundaries
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Oceanography
Branch Biological Oceanography Chemical Oceanography Geological Oceanography Physical Oceanography
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Oceanography
Biological Oceanography Biological oceanography investigates the
ecology of marine organisms in the context of the physical, chemical, and
geological characteristics of their ocean environment. It is closely aligned with marine biology, though the latter has
more emphasis on the biology of individual marine organisms.
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Oceanography
Chemical Oceanography Chemical oceanography, or marine chemistry, is the study of the chemistry of the ocean and its chemical interaction with the atmosphere;
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Oceanography
Geological Oceanography Geological oceanography, or marine
geology, is the study of the geology of the ocean floor including plate tectonics and
paleoceanography;
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Oceanography
Physical Oceanography Physical oceanography, or marine physics, studies the ocean's physical attributes including temperature-salinity structure, mixing, waves, internal waves, surface tides, internal tides, and currents.
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Ocean
Definition from Ancient Greek
Ὠκεανὸς (Okeanos) the World Ocean of classical
antiquity
A body of saline water that composes
a large part of a planet's hydrosphere
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Ocean
Definition There is only one ocean. It is divided into three named parts by international agreement: the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian ocean (International Hydrographic Bureau, 1953).
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Sea
Definition of Sea A sea is a large body of saline water that may be connected with an ocean or may be a large saline lake that lacks a natural outlet. Sometimes the terms sea and ocean are used synonymously
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Water Properties
Physical Water Properties Salinity
Conductivity Temperature
Pressure Density
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Water Properties
Chemical Water Properties Heat Latency Surface Tension Hydrogen Bounding Dissolving Power Light Transmission Acidity/Alkalinity Dissolved Oxygen Nutrients
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Salinity
Definition Salinity is total mass, expressed in grams, of all substances
dissolved in 1 kg of sea water when all carbonate has been converted to oxide, all bromine and iodine has been
replaced by chlorine and all organic compounds have been oxidized at a temperature of 480°C
Expressed in 0/00 or ppt (part per thousand) or psu
(practical salinity unit)
Normal range of salinity of open sea water 30 – 35 psu Coastal areas salinity varies more widely
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Salinity Extreme Value Highest salinity value : 300 – 400 psu in the Dead Sea (Israel and Jordan) Lowest point on dry land 418 m below MSL
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Conductivity Definition
Sea water conductivity is the ability or power of sea water to conduct or transmit
heat, electricity, or sound
Its units are Siemens per meter [S/m] in SI and micromhos per centimeter
[mmho/cm] in U.S. customary units
Normal range of conductivity : 2 – 5 S/m
Salinity in practice is calculated from conductivity
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Temperature
Definition Temperature is a measure of the heat content Temperature is a thermodynamic property of a fluid, and is due to the activity of molecules and atoms in the fluid. The more the activity (energy), the higher the temperature. Unit : Degrees Celsius (°C) Normal range of sea water temperature : 0 – 33 °C
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Pressure
Definition Pressure is the force per unit area exerted by
water on either side of the unit area, therefore it increases with increasing depth
Ocean pressure is usually measured in decibars
1 dbar = 10-1 bar = 105 dyne/cm2 = 104 Pascal
The total vertical variation in pressure in the ocean is thus from near zero (surface) to
10,000 dbar (deepest)
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Density
Definition The density of an object is the ratio of its mass to its volume The density of pure water in SI units is 1000 kilogram per cubic meter. Range of seawater density is 1020 - 1050 kg/m3
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Heat Latency
Heat Capacity Heat required to raise one gram of a water by
1°C. • highest of all substances (except liquid
ammonia) • thermal buffering and heat transport by
ocean currents
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Heat Latency Latent Heat of Fusion Heat required to melt one gram of ice at 0°C to liquid water at 0°C. • highest of all substances (except liquid ammonia) • thermal buffering
Latent Heat of Evaporation Heat required to evaporate 1 gr of water at 100°C to water vapor at 100°C • highest of all substances • thermal buffering and heat transfer from the ocean to the atmosphere
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Surface Tension
Definition measure of how difficult it is to stretch
or break the surface of a liquid water has a greater surface tension
than most liquids
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Hydrogen Bounding
Definition The electromagnetic attractive interaction of a polar hydrogen atom in a water molecule Oceans and lakes don't freeze because of hydrogen bonding, water is less dense as a solid than it is as a liquid. Density Anomaly Consequences: Ice layer in the frozen lakes, river or seas is located on the top layer Insulating the water from further freezing Keep fish and other organism in the lake and river alive during winter
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Dissolving Power
Definition Ability to dissolve a wide range of substances
Highest of all liquids
solvent for all biological and geochemical reactions
Water's polarity allows it to dissolve other polar substances very easily. When a polar substance is put in water, the
positive ends of its molecules are attracted to the negative ends of the water molecules, and vice versa
Water dissolves more substances than any other liquid -
even the strongest acid!
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Light Transmission
Definition Ability to absorb or transmit UV, visible and IR light transparent to visible strongly absorbs UV and IR absorbs heat energy from the
sun
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Accidity
Definition measure of the dissociation of water into ions (H+, OH) pH = - log [H+] pH effects on biological and geochemical reactions
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Dissolved Oxygen
Definition is a relative measure of the amount of oxygen
that is dissolved or carried in a given medium
seawater\atmosphere exchange at air water interface only
biological processes that affect O2 concentration:
photosynthesis and respiration
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Nutrient Concentration
Definition Concentration of nutrient molecule in the water Nitrates (NO3-), Ammonia (NH3), Phosphate (PO4) and Sulphur (SO4) inorganic sources of N, P, S and other
atoms required for phytoplankton growth
photosynthesis and respiration contributes in nutrient distribution
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Nutrient Concentration
Nutrient pollution, especially from nitrogen and phosphorus, has consistently ranked as one of the
top causes of degradation in some waters for more than a decade
Excess nitrogen and phosphorus lead to
significant water quality problems including harmful algal blooms, hypoxia and declines in
wildlife and wildlife habitat EUTROPHICATION
Excesses have also been linked to higher amounts
of chemicals that make people sick
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