Jim Owen, Jr.
Phosphorus in Containers and the Environment
North Willamette Research andExtension Center
Plant Shoot Leaf Tissue Storage Tissue Vascular Tissue
Fertilizer
Surface runoff
Substrate components
Plant Root Storage
Labile Phosphorus
Non-labile Phosphorus
H2PO4- (aq)
HPO4-2 (aq)
adsorption, precipitation,
immobilization
desorption,
dissolution, mineralization
weathering
sediment / water
OH- H+
uptake
mineralization
adsorption
prec
ipita
tion
Plant Uptake
Solution PH2PO4
-
HPO42-
nucleic acid / phytin
Leaching
Sorbed P
Microbial P
Substrate Components
Secondary Minerals
Primary Minerals
weathering
diss
olut
ion
weath
ering
adsorption
desorption
immobilization
Fertilizer
weathering /
desorption
FertilizerLiquid 10 to 15
ppmCRF 5 to 10 ppm
SubstrateDouglas Fir Bark 10 to 45
ppmWater
Willamette Valley
P Source
FertilizerLiquid 10 to 15
ppmCRF 5 to 10 ppm
Release is temperature dependent
treble-superphosphate?
P Source
FertilizerLiquid 10 to 15
ppmCRF 5 to 10 ppm
Release is temperature dependent
treble-superphosphate?
P Source
Availability Factors
Availability
Availability
pH effect
Lindsay, 1979
pH effect
Lindsay, 1979
Uptake - Active
AA--
AA-- HH++ AA-- HH++
HH++
Buchanan et al., 2000
Uptake - Active
PP--
PP-- HH++ PP-- HH++
HH++
Buchanan et al., 2000
N and P relationshipAmmonium
• supplies H+
• Uptake enhanced
NitrateConsumes H+
• Anion
• Uptake suppressed
Uptake
Soil uptakeRootTranslocated via xylem
Re-mobilizationOlder leavesPhloem
Transport
The Problem with P
Problem
Readily leaches0.5 to 1.5 ppm
Low input efficienciesPhosphorus 20% to 40%
USEPA-MCL regulation and criteriaPhosphorus (total) ≤ 0.025 ppmmEutrophication?
Tyler et al., 1996, Lea-Cox and Ristvey, 2002; Warren and Bilderback, 2005
N+P
N
HEADLINES
“Fertilized to Death”
“Hypoxia in the Gulf”
“The Dead zone”
Eutrophication
Wetland Remediation
Wetland Remediation
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0A
pr-0
2M
ay-0
2Ju
n-02
Jul-
02A
ug-0
2Se
p-02
Oct
-02
Nov
-02
Dec
-02
Jan-
03Fe
b-03
Mar
-03
Apr
-03
May
-03
Jun-
03Ju
l-03
Aug
-03
Sep-
03O
ct-0
3N
ov-0
3D
ec-0
3Ja
n-04
Feb-
04M
ar-0
4A
pr-0
4M
ay-0
4Ju
n-04
Jul-
04A
ug-0
4
Sep-
04O
ct-0
4N
ov-0
4D
ec-0
4Ja
n-05
Feb-
05M
ar-0
5
Apr
-05
May
-05
Sampling date
PO
4-P
mas
s lo
adin
g/re
mov
al r
ate
(kg
ha-1
d-1
)
Mass loading rate
Mass removal rate
Buchanan et al., 2000
Wetland Remediation
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0A
pr-0
2M
ay-0
2Ju
n-02
Jul-
02A
ug-0
2Se
p-02
Oct
-02
Nov
-02
Dec
-02
Jan-
03Fe
b-03
Mar
-03
Apr
-03
May
-03
Jun-
03Ju
l-03
Aug
-03
Sep-
03O
ct-0
3N
ov-0
3D
ec-0
3Ja
n-04
Feb-
04M
ar-0
4A
pr-0
4M
ay-0
4Ju
n-04
Jul-
04A
ug-0
4
Sep-
04O
ct-0
4N
ov-0
4D
ec-0
4Ja
n-05
Feb-
05M
ar-0
5
Apr
-05
May
-05
Sampling date
PO
4-P
mas
s lo
adin
g/re
mov
al r
ate
(kg
ha-1
d-1
)
Mass loading rate
Mass removal rate
Buchanan et al., 2000
Solution
Recycle waterReduce application rateReduce irrigaiton volume
FertilizerLiquid 10 to 15
ppmCRF 5 to 10 ppm
80% reduction in solution P2 ppm (Lea-Cox-Ristvey)1 ppm (Warren)
Application rate
Solution
Recycle waterReduce application rateReduce irrigation volume
Applicatoin rateRCBD with 4 replications
Cyclic irrigation • 0100, 0300, 0500 HR EST
Main effects Amendment (11% by vol.)
• 0.25 to 0.85 mm LVM• Washed, builders sand
Leaching fraction• 0.2 or 0.1
P rate• 1.0g or 0.5g
Input Efficiency
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Clay 0.1 LFClay 0.2 LF
Cum
ulat
ive
eff
luen
t (L
)
Day after initiation
Treatment
16 L
Input Efficiency
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Clay 0.1 LFClay 0.2 LF
Cu
mul
ativ
e ef
flue
nt D
RP
(m
g) Treatment
Day after initiation
14 mg
Input Efficiency
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Sand Clay
0.51.0
Tot
al p
lant
dry
mas
s (g
)
Amendment
P rate
Input Efficiency
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Sand Clay
0.51.0
Tot
al p
lant
dry
mas
s (g
)
Amendment
P rate
A
B
31 g
Input Efficiency
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Sand Clay
0.51.0
Tot
al p
lant
dry
mas
s (g
)
Amendment
P rate
Not Significant
Input Efficiency
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0.5 1.0
SandClay
Tot
al p
lant
dry
mas
s (g
)
Phosphorus rate (g)
Amendment
Input Efficiency
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0.5 1.0
SandClay
Tot
al p
lant
dry
mas
s (g
)
Phosphorus rate (g)
Amendment
A
B
77 g
Input Efficiency
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0.5 1.0
SandClay
Tot
al p
lant
dry
mas
s (g
)
Phosphorus rate (g)
Amendment
B
A31 g
Input Efficiency
B
A
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
N NK NPK
ShootRoot
Sh
oot d
ry m
ass
(g)
Applied nutrient
Input Efficiency
B
A
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
N NK NPK
ShootRoot
Sh
oot d
ry m
ass
(g)
Applied nutrient
K Limiting?
P Deficiency
P Deficiency
Early symptomsDeeper green foliage.Heavy stunting (compact form).Purple (or red) pigmentation in
several species.Fewer & longer roots, more root
mass at first, less when deficiency intense.
P Deficiency
P Deficiency
P Deficiency
P Deficiency
P Deficiency
Late symptomsDwarfingChlorosis of lower leaves.Necrosis of lower leaves
P Deficiency
Late symptomsChlorosis of lower leaves.Necrosis of lower leaves
P Deficiency
P Deficiency
SUMMARY
Plant Shoot Leaf Tissue Storage Tissue Vascular Tissue
Fertilizer
Surface runoff
Substrate components
Plant Root Storage
Labile Phosphorus
Non-labile Phosphorus
H2PO4- (aq)
HPO4-2 (aq)
adsorption, precipitation,
immobilization
desorption,
dissolution, mineralization
weathering
sediment / water
OH- H+
uptake
Plant Shoot Leaf Tissue Storage Tissue Vascular Tissue
Fertilizer
Surface runoff
Substrate components
Plant Root Storage
adsorption, precipitation,
immobilization
desorption,
dissolution, mineralization
weathering
sediment / water
OH- H+
uptake
20%
50%
25%
5%
QUESTIONS
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