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NURSES & CONTRACTSNURSES & CONTRACTS
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DEFINITION OF CONTRACTDEFINITION OF CONTRACT
Meeting of minds between twoor more persons whereby onebinds him/herself, with respectto the others, to givesomething or to render some
service
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DEFINITION OF A CONTRACTDEFINITION OF A CONTRACT
Ba sis of the rel a tionshipbetween a nurse a nd a nemployer
Ba sis of the rel a tionship th a t a nurse h a s with a p a tient
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REQUISITES OF CONTRACTSREQUISITES OF CONTRACTS
4 . Object cert a in which is the subject m a tterof the contr a ct* thing* right to possess a re a l property* service not contr a ry to the l a w
5 . C a use
* promise of a thing or service by theother;* service or benefit which is being
remuner a ted;
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Kinds of Co ntracts
1. Formalrequired by l a w to be in written
form
2. Informal
or a l a nd spoken discussionbetween consenting p a rties, notrequired by l a w to be in writing
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Advantages of W ritten Co ntract
D et a iled, preciseSets a st a nd a rd (p a y, benefits)D efinite procedure (r a nking a ndpromotion)Provides security for the employee
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Kinds of Co ntracts
3. Expressedagreement is stipulated either verbally or in
writing
4 . Im plied / Quasi-contractNo t an actual contract, but is a legal
substitute for a contract formed to imp ose equity bet ween two parties. (to avoid injustice and to ensure fairness )
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Kinds of Co ntracts
5 . Voidinexistent f r om the very beginning
One of the parties is incapable of giving consentCo nsent is vitiated by mistake, intimidati on, f raudObject is outside the commerce of menCo ntemplates an imp ossible serviceIntenti on of the parties relative to the principal object of the contract cann ot be ascertainedExpressly pr ohibited or declared void by law
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Kinds of Co ntracts
4 . IllegalExpressly pr ohibited by law.
Unen forceable
Entered into the name of an other pers on by one who has been given no auth ority or legal
representati on, or who has acted bey ond his/her pow er
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Breach of Co ntract
1. Prevention of perform a nce2. Fa ilure to perform bec a use of
inconvenience3 . Fa ilure to cooper a te4 . Ab a ndonment of duty
5 . Substitution of perform a nce6 . Fa ilure to use due c a re
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L egal Excuses if Refusing to Perfor m aContract
1. Material misrepresentati on2. Illegal pr ocedures3. Per formance is made imp ossible by
reas on of illness4. Per formance is made for other reas ons
5. Co ntract is insu ff icient
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J UR ISPRUDENCEJ UR ISPRUDENCE
The the ory and
philos ophy of law
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I n the Philippines, the princip a l sources of
the la
wsa
re the following:
1. CONST I TUTI ON2. LEGI SLAT IV E en a ctments of the
Congress3 . AD MI NI STRAT IV E rules a nd regul a tions4 . JUDI CI AL D EC I S I ONS, a nd5 . CUSTOMS
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CONST I TUT I ON
F unda m ental law of the land.
Supre m e law or the highest law to w hich other
laws must conform.
No law in the country is valid if it is in conflictwith the constitution .
Changed by a s overeign power of the pe ople.
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ADM I N I STR A T I VE OR DE RS
Administr a tive rules a nd regul a tions a reintended to cl a rify a nd expl a in the l a w a ndca rry into effect its gener a l provisions.
S ecretary of E ducati onP RC Co mmissi oner
Board of N ursing (BON )
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J U D I C I AL DE C I S I ONS
The leg a l system of the Philippines isformed in p a rt by the decision of thecourts, p a rticul a rly the SupremeCourt.
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L egal Aspects and theL egal Aspects and theNurseNurse
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NursingJ
urisprudenceIncludes all laws, court decisi ons, legal principles and doctrines, rules and
pr omulgati ons which regulate the practice of nursing.
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NEG L IGENCENEG L IGENCE
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COMMON ACTS O F NEG L IGENCECOMMON ACTS O F NEG L IGENCE
Careless executi on of the APs order or prescripti onFalls of a patient f r om bed causing injury there f r omDeath of a patient resulting f r om injecti on of digitalis
Administering medicine without the APs prescripti onFailure to rep ort the case hist ory &observati ons ab out the patient to the AP
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SPEC IF IC EXAMP L ES O F SPEC IF IC EXAMP L ES O F NEG L IGENCENEG L IGENCE
Failure to rep ort observati ons toattending physicians.
Failure to exercise the degree of diligence which the circumstances of the
particular case demands.
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SPEC IF IC EXAMP L ES O F SPEC IF IC EXAMP L ES O F NEG L IGENCENEG L IGENCE
Mistaken identity
Wr ong medicine, wr ong concentrati on, wr ong r oute, wr ong dose
De f ects in the equipment such as stretchers and wheelchairs may lead to f alls thus injuring the patients
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SPEC IF IC EXAMP L ES O F SPEC IF IC EXAMP L ES O F NEG L IGENCENEG L IGENCE
Err ors due to f amily assistance
Administrati on of medicine without a doctors prescripti on
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EL EMENTS INVO L VED INEL EMENTS INVO L VED INMED ICAL NEG L IGENCEMED ICAL NEG L IGENCE
Duty does the practiti oner have the resp onsibilities and used the same level of
competency to treat an other of the same conditi on?
B reach is their a f ailure or an impr oper
per formance of a task on the part of the practiti oner that resulted to such negligence?
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EL EMENTS INVO L VED INEL EMENTS INVO L VED INMED ICAL NEG L IGENCEMED ICAL NEG L IGENCE
Injury - In the conclusi on of the acti on, was s omeb ody harmed?
Proxi m ate Causation it is divided into 2 categ ories:
Was the acti on-in-f act caused the harm?Were their any other cause/s of injury that is not the result of the acti on-in-f act
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Leonila GarciaLeonila Garcia RuedaRuedavs.vs.
Dr. Domingo Antonio Jr.Dr. Domingo Antonio Jr.andand
Dr. Erlinda ReyesDr. Erlinda Reyes
Case No. GR 118141Case No. GR 118141
Sept. 5, 1997Sept. 5, 1997
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Mr. Florencio Rueda underwent surgicalMr. Florencio Rueda underwent surgicaloperation at the UST Hospital for the removaloperation at the UST Hospital for the removalof a stone blocking his ureter.of a stone blocking his ureter.
He was attended by D r. D omingo Antonio,He was attended by D r. D omingo Antonio,Jr. who was the surgeon, while D r. ErlindaJr. who was the surgeon, while D r. ErlindaBalatbat Balatbat - - Reyes was the Anaesthesiologist.Reyes was the Anaesthesiologist.
Six hours after the surgery, however,Six hours after the surgery, however,Florencio died of complication of UNKNOWNFlorencio died of complication of UNKNOWNCAUSE according to the officials of the USTCAUSE according to the officials of the USTHospital.Hospital.
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Not satisfied with the findings of theNot satisfied with the findings of thehospital, petitioner requested the NBI tohospital, petitioner requested the NBI toconduct autopsy on her husband s body.conduct autopsy on her husband s body.
Consequently, the NBI ruled that Florencio sConsequently, the NBI ruled that Florencio sdeath was due to lack of care by the attendingdeath was due to lack of care by the attendingphysician in administering anaesthesia.physician in administering anaesthesia.
Pursuant to its findings, the NBIPursuant to its findings, the NBIrecommended that D r. D omingo Antonio andrecommended that D r. D omingo Antonio andD r. Erlinda Balatbat D r. Erlinda Balatbat Reyes be charged forReyes be charged forHOMI CI DE through RECKLESSHOMI CI DE through RECKLESSIMP RUDENCEIMP RUDENCE before the Office of the Citybefore the Office of the CityProsecutor.Prosecutor.
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DUTY .DUTY . They have a duty to use at least theThey have a duty to use at least thesa m e level of care that any other reasonablysa m e level of care that any other reasonablyco m petent doctor would use to treat aco m petent doctor would use to treat acondition under the sa m e circu m stancescondition under the sa m e circu m stances . .
B REACHB REACH .. The breach of these professionalThe breach of these professionalduties of skill and care or their i m proper duties of skill and care or their i m proper perfor m ance, by a physician/surgeonperfor m ance, by a physician/surgeon
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CAUSATION .CAUSATION . Divided into two inquiries: whether Divided into two inquiries: whether
the doctors acti ons in f act caused the harm to the the doctors acti ons in f act caused the harm to the patient and whether these were the pr oximate patient and whether these were the pr oximate cause of the patients injury.cause of the patients injury.
The attending surge ons did not conduct the The attending surge ons did not conduct the necessary intervie w of the patient prior tonecessary intervie w of the patient prior tothe operati on. the operati on.
An antid ote was readily available toAn antid ote was readily available tocounteract whatever deleteri ous e ff ect the counteract whatever deleteri ous e ff ect the anaesthesia might pr oduce but was not used.anaesthesia might pr oduce but was not used.
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INJ URYINJ URY .. S ix hours a f ter the surgery, S ix hours a f ter the surgery,
however, Florenci o died of complicati on of however, Florenci o died of complicati on of UN KNOWN CAUSEUN KNOWN CAUSE
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MAL PRACT ICEMAL PRACT ICE
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MAL PRACT ICEMAL PRACT ICE
Failure of o ne rendering pr of essi onal services to exercise that degree of skill & learning comm only applied by the average prudent
member of the pr of essi on
Results in injury, loss or damage to the recipient of those services
S tepping bey ond ones auth ority with seri ous consequences
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DOCTRINES A PP LIED INDOCTRINES A PP LIED INNURSING MALP RACTICENURSING MALP RACTICE
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RES IPSA LOQUITUR
The thing or the transacti on speaks for itsel f
The f act of the occurrence of an injury, taken with surr ounding circumstances, may permit an inf erence or raise a presumpti on
of negligence
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RES IPSA LOQUITUR
That the injury was of such nature that it would not normally occur unless there was a negligent act on the part of s ome one.
That the injury was caused by an agency within the contr ol of the de f endant.
That the plainti ff him/hersel f did not engage in any manner that would tend to bring ab out the injury.
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EXAMP L ES O F RES IPSA L OQU ITUR
Af ter administrati on of injecti on to the patients butt ocks, the patient experienced extreme pain
and was subsequently paralyzed.
Presence of sp onges in the patients abd omen a f ter an operati on
Fracture on a ne wly-delivered baby born by breech presentati on
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Doctrine of C ontributory N egligence ( Doctrine of C ommon Fa ult)
It applies to cases where a plainti ff , thr oughhis own negligence, contributed to the harm
he su ff ered
A pedestrian cr osses a r oad negligently and is hit by a driver who w as driving negligently.
A patients careless conduct contributes to his own injury.
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Doctrine of C ontinuing N egligence
Fa ilure of a defend a nt nurse to a ppr a ise,investig a te or ex a mine his/her p a tients
injury with re a son a ble c a re & skill,which f a ilure constitutes a continuinga ct of negligence
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Doctrine of Las t C le a r Cha nce
Most comm only applied to aut o accidents, a typical case of last clear chance wo uld be when one driver
drif ts over the center line, and this acti on was noted by an on-coming driver who pr oceeds without taking simple evasive acti on, crashes into the f irst driver, and is thus liable for the injuries to the f irst driver who w as over the line.
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Doctrine of Ass umption of R i sk
The plainti ff , in advance, has consented to relieve thede f endant of an obligati on of conduct tow ard him or her and to take a chance of injury f r om a kn ow n riskensuing f r om what the de f endant is to do
The consequence is that the de f endant is unburdened of all legal duty to the plainti ff and, there fore, cann ot be held liable in negligence.
Assumpti on of risk does not abs olve a de f endant of liability for reckless conduct
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This de f ense is comm only used in cases of injuries during risky recreati onal activities, such as skiing,paragliding, scuba diving, and watching car races
Doctrine of Ass umption of R i sk
The nurse up on signing an empl oyment contractassumes all the risk acc ompanying his job.(taking care of patients with highly contagi ous disease )
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Doctrine of F ore s ee a bility
D uty nurse f a ils to provide c a re, skill & tr a iningto a ll persons who a re foresee a bly end a ngeredby his/her conduct, with respect to the risks
th a t m a ke the conduct unre a son a blyd a ngerous
- f a ilure to prevent/ a void foresee a ble injurym a kes the nurse a nswer a ble for the injurysust a ined
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F ellow S erv a nt Doctrine
If a servant (empl oyee ) is injured onacc ount of the negligence of his/her
follow servant (empl oyee ), the master (empl oyer ) cann ot be held liable
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R e s cue Doctrine
If a pers on who goes to the rescue of a victim in anaccident, is injured, the original wr ongd oer must beheld liable for such injury.
The principle that one who has, thr ough her negligence, endangered the sa f ety of an other can beheld liable for injuries sustained by a third pers on whoattempts to save the imperiled pers on f r om injury.
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S ydney S paretire speeds on a mountain high way, andskids in f r ont of Victor Victim, running Victim's car off thebank, trapping Victim in the vehicle. Raym ond Rightguy
st ops, ties a r ope to the grill of his car, slides dow n andextricates Victim, but on the way up slips and breaks hisarm, and then f inds the grill is badly bent.
R e s cue Doctrine
The negligent S paretire is liable toRightguy for his br oken arm (including medicalexpenses, loss of w ages and general damages for pain and su ff ering ) as well as the pr operty damageto the car grill.
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FORCE MAJEURE
Irresistible force, one that is un foreseen or inevitableFloo ds, f ire, earthquake, accidentsNurses are not held negligent on the ab ove circumstances.
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RESPON DEAT SUPERIOR
Let the master ans wer for the acts of the sub ordinate.
Liability is expanded to include the master as well as the empl oyee and not a shi f t of liability f r om the sub ordinate to the master.Applies only to those acti ons per formed by the empl oyee within the sc ope of his/her
empl oymentPrivate duty nurses who wo rks independently are liable for their own negligent acti ons.
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L IAB IL ITY F OR THE WORK O F L IAB IL ITY F OR THE WORK O F NURS ING STUDENTSNURS ING STUDENTS
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Supervision of C I sAssignments a t the students level of
tra
ining, experience, competencyGuid a nce when performing a procedure for the first time.Orient a tionFrequent a ssessment of strength a ndwe a knessesFrequent conferences
L IAB IL ITY F OR THE WORKL IAB IL ITY F OR THE WORKO F NURS ING STUDENTSO F NURS ING STUDENTS
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Medical Orders, Drugs,Medical Orders, Drugs,MedicationsMedications
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MED ICA L ORDERS, DRUGS ANDMED ICA L ORDERS, DRUGS ANDMED ICAT IONSMED ICAT IONS
An oral order given by the doctor to a nurse is legally valid alone but should be covered with a writtenorder for pr of essi onal sa f ety.
Use co mm on sense . Co urage and determinati on in veri f ying ordersExplanation of tests and treat m ent to the patient in acc ordance to the general plan of care s o that the patient can give f ull consent.
Reporting of all unfavorable psych ological or physical reacti on
The nurse must not execute an order if he/she is reas onably certain it will result in har m to thepatient .
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Intravenous TherapyIntravenous Therapy
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Duties and Responsibilities in I. V. Tx
Interpretati on of MDs ordersInserti on of cannulas and needlesPrep, administrati on/ I.V. push, monitoring, &
terminati on of IVTAdministrati on of bloo d pr oductsRec ogniti on of inc ompatibilitiesMaintenance and replacement of IVT
(f low rates, patency of tubings, dressings, inf ecti on contr ol)Management of T P NAccurate documentati on
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CONTROLLED SU BSTANCESCONTROLLED SU BSTANCES
Republic Act 6425 (Danger ous Drugs Act of 197 2) administrati on and regulati on of the manu f acture, distributi on and dispensing of contr olled drugsAuth orized pers ons sh ould be licensed and with doctors order
Kept locked in cabinets and only auth orized pers ons shall have accessCo unted and end orsed every shi f t
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TELE PH ONE ORDERSTELE PH ONE ORDERS
Legal risks misunderst oo d/misinterpreted
no signature of o rdering doctor or may later be denied in case of err ors
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TELE PH ONE ORDERSTELE PH ONE ORDERS
To be done only in an extreme emergency and when no o ther resident is available
Nurse sh ould read back the orders. RODsh ould receive the order.
Orders sh ould be signed by the doctor on
next visit within 24 hours.
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MEDICAL RECORDSMEDICAL RECORDS
S erves as legal pr otecti on for the hospital, doctors and nurse.
If it was not charted, it was not observed or done.
Charting done by nursing students
Medical rec ords in legal pr oceedings
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LEGAL RIS KS FORLEGAL RIS KS FORDEFECTIVE EQUI PM ENTDEFECTIVE EQUI PM ENT
Nurses duty to make sure that the equipments used in pr ocedures and treatments are not de f ective
Pr oper documentati on and rep orting
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RESTRAINTSRESTRAINTS
Used as last res ort; legal only to pr otect client or others f r om foreseeable harm
Co nsider hospital policy and pr ocedures
Orders must speci f y justi f icati on for restraint, type, length of time, criteria for rem oval
A nurse may be charged with assault if restraints are used when not needed.
A nurse may be charged with negligence when client injury occurs.
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CONSENTCONSENT
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INFOR MED CONSENTINFOR MED CONSENT
Emergency : no consentGoo d S amaritan La w
Re f usal to consent : Pr oper documentati on / Waiver of rights
Co nsent for sterilizati on:
Co nsensus of both husband and wif eMedically necessary (abrupti o placenta, ect opic pregnancy ) only the patient
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Nurses LiabilityNurses Liability
A nurse who per forms a pr ocedure on a client without informed consent may be
found civilly liable for committingbattery . (intentional touching)
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TORTSTORTS
A tort is an acti on or omissi on that harms s ome one
A tort is a civil wr ong made against a pers on or pr operty.
Pers on wr onged seeks compensati on for damages f elt or su ff ered as a result of the acti on or activity in questi on
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What are intentional andunintentional torts?
An unintention a l tort results fromnegligence.
An intention a l tort is a deliber a teinv a sion of someone's leg a l right.ex. assault, battery, invasion of privacy and defamation of character
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Intenti onal To rtsIntenti onal To rts
AssaultImminent threat of harm f ul or off ensive bodily contact.
Verbal or off ensive contact
ExampleThreaten to give injecti on w/o consent.
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Intenti onal To rtsIntenti onal To rtsB attery
intenti onal, unc onsented touching of an other pers on
Categ orized as simple battery and aggravated battery
Examplea ctu a lly give injection.
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Intenti onal To rtsIntenti onal To rts
Illegal Detenti on
False impris onment
Exempti ons : patient with communicable disease
mentally ill patients
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Intenti onal To rtsIntenti onal To rts
Invasion of Right to Privacyand B reach of Confidentiality
Patients have the right to:
Be lef t aloneBe f ree f r om un warranted publicity and exp osure to public vie w
No t to discl ose any informati on No t to take ph otos of clients or mal formed baby without consent
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Invasion of Right to Privacy andB reach of Confidentiality
Release of medical info to an unauth orized pers on without clients permissi on
Use of clients name or picture for health agencys advantage
Intrusi on by health care agency regarding clients a ff air
Leaving the curtains or r oo m doo r open while tx or pr ocedure is done
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Invasion of Right to Privacy andB reach of Confidentiality
Allowing others to o bserve tx without clients consent
Leaving conf used or agitated client sitting in the hall wayIntervie wing client where conversati on can be overheardAccessing medical rec ords when unauth orized to do s o
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Intenti onal To rtsIntenti onal To rtsDefa m ation
publication of false state m ents that resulton da m age to a person's reputation .
S l a nder speaking unprivileged or f alse words by which ones reputati on is damaged
Libel written words, cart oo ns or such representati ons that cause a pers on to be av oided, ridiculed or held in contempt or tend to injure him/her in work
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8 1
CR IMES, M ISDEMEANORS,CR IMES, M ISDEMEANORS,F EL ON IESF EL ON IES
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CRI MECRI ME
Act co mm itted or o m itted in violationof the lawTwo ele m ents:1 . cri m inal act2 . cri m inal intent
Conspiracy to co mm it a cri m e when 2 or m ore persons agree toco mm it a felony and decide to do it
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CLASSIFICATION OF FELONSCLASSIFICATION OF FELONS
Principal
take a direct part in the executi on of the f elonydirectly force or induce others to commit itcoo perate in the commissi on of the
off ense by an other act without which the crime would not have been committed or acc omplished
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CLASSIFICATION OF FELONSCLASSIFICATION OF FELONS
Acco m plices
No t being principals, coo perate in the executi on of the off ense by previ ous or simultane ous actsaccess ories be fore the f act
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85
CLASSIFICATION OF FELONSCLASSIFICATION OF FELONS
Accessories
pr of iting or assisting the off ender to pr of it by the e ff ects of the crime
concealing or destr oying the body of the crime, or e ff ects or instruments there of , in
order to prevent its disc overy
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86
Accessoriesharb oring, concealing, or assisting in the escape of the principals of the crime, pr ovided the access ory acts with abuse of his/her public f uncti ons or whenever the auth or of the crime is guilty of treas on, parricide, murder, or an attempt to take the lif e of the Chie f Executive, or is kn own tobe habitually guilty of s ome other crime
CLASSIFICATION OF FELONSCLASSIFICATION OF FELONS
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CR IMECR IMECriminal acti ons deal with acts or off enses
against public welf are
Criminal negligence Reckless imprudenceS imple imprudence
Criminal intent has 2 requirements(1) does an unla wf ul act (2) does it intenti onally.
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88
F EL ON IES & M ISDEMEANORSF EL ON IES & M ISDEMEANORS
Acts and omissi ons punishable by law
S erious crime, punishable more severely than a misdemean or
Felony is punishable by death or impris onment in excess of o ne year.
Misdemean or is punishable by exactly one year or less.
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CLASSES OF FELONIESCLASSES OF FELONIES
According to the degree of the acts of execution :
1. Co nsummated all elements necessary
for its executi on and acc omplishment are present
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90
CLASSES OF FELONIESCLASSES OF FELONIES
2. Frustrated off ender per forms all the acts or executi on which will pr oduce the f elony as a consequence but which nevertheless,
do not pr oduce it by reas on of causes independent of the will of the perpetrat or
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91
CLASSES OF FELONIESCLASSES OF FELONIES
3. Attempted off ender commences the commissi on of the same directly by overt acts, and does not per form all the acts or executi on which shall pr oduce the f elony, by reas on of s ome cause or accident other than his own sp ontane ous desistance
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92
CLASSES OF FELONIESCLASSES OF FELONIES
According to the degree of punish m ent
1. Grave law attaches capital punishment or penalties which in any of their peri ods are a ff lictive ( impris onment of 6 years and 1 day and f ine not exceeding 6,000 Php )
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9 3
CLASSES OF FELONIESCLASSES OF FELONIES
2. Less grave - law punishes with penalties which in their maximum peri od are correcti onal (impris onment f r om 1 month
and 1 day to 6 years or a f ine not exceeding 6,000 Php but not less than 200 Php )
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94
CLASSES OF FELONIESCLASSES OF FELONIES
3. Light inf racti ons of law fo r the commissi on of which the penalty of arrest o men or (impris onment of 1 day to 30 days or a f ine not exceeding 200 Php or both of w hich are
imp osed )- punishable only when they have when they have been consummated, with the excepti on of those committed against a pers on or pr operty
CIRCU MSTANCES AFFECTINGCIRCU MSTANCES AFFECTING
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CIRCU MSTANCES AFFECTINGCIRCU MSTANCES AFFECTINGCRI MINAL LIABILITYCRI MINAL LIABILITY
A. J usti f ying Circumstances 1. Acts of de f ense of pers on or right
a. Unla wf ul aggressi on on the part of the off ended or injured party
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JUSTIFYING CIRCU MSTANCESJUSTIFYING CIRCU MSTANCES
b. Reas onable necessity for the means empl oyed by the pers on de f ending him/hersel f to prevent such aggressi on
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97
JUSTIFYING CIRSU MSTANCESJUSTIFYING CIRSU MSTANCES
c. Lack of su ff icient pr ovocati on on the part of the pers on de f ending him/hersel f
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98
CRI MINAL LIABILITYCRI MINAL LIABILITY
B. Exempting Circumstances1. Imbecile or insane, unless has acted during a
lucid interval
2. Under 9 years old3. Over 9 years old and under 15 unless acted with discernment
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99
EXE MP TING CIRCU MSTANCESEXE MP TING CIRCU MSTANCES
4. Per forms act with due care but commits an accident without f ault or intenti on of causing it
5. Acts under the compulsi on of an irresistible force
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100
EXE MP TING CIRCU MSTANCESEXE MP TING CIRCU MSTANCES
6 . Acts under the impulse of a nuncontroll a ble fe a r of a n equ a l orgre a ter injury
7 . F a ils to perform a n a ct requiredby l a w, when prevented by somela wful or insuper a ble c a use
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101
CRI MINAL LIABILITYCRI MINAL LIABILITY
C. Mitig a ting Circumst a nces do not constitute justific a tionor excuse of the offense inquestion, but which, inf a irness a nd mercy, m a y beconsidered a s extenu a ting(expl a n a tory/justifying) orreducing the degree of mor a lculp a bility
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102
MITIGATING CIRCU MSTANCESMITIGATING CIRCU MSTANCES
1. Offender h a s no intention tocommit so gr a ve a wrong a s
the one committed
2. Offender is under 1 8 or over
7 0 ye a rs old
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10 3
MITIGATING CIRCU MSTANCESMITIGATING CIRCU MSTANCES
3 . Sufficient provoc a tion orthre a t on the p a rt of theoffended p a rty
immedia
tely precedes thea ct
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10 5
MITIGATING CIRCU MSTANCESMITIGATING CIRCU MSTANCES
5 . Person a cts upon a powerfulimpulse6
. Offender volunta
rilysurrenders to a uthority orconfesses guilt before the courtprior to present a tion of
evidence
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10 6
MITIGATING CIRCU MSTANCESMITIGATING CIRCU MSTANCES
8 . D efender is de a f a nd dumb,blind or suffering from physic a ldefect, defense or communic a tion9 . Offender is suffering from illnessa s would diminish exercise of willpower, depriving him/her of consciousness of a cts
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CRI MINAL LIABILITYCRI MINAL LIABILITY
D . Aggr a v a ting Circumst a nces a ttending the commission of a crime a nd which incre a se thecrimin a l li a bility of the offendera nd m a ke guilt more severe
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10 8
AGGRAVATING CIRCU MSTANCESAGGRAVATING CIRCU MSTANCES
1. Offender t a kes a dv a nt a geof his/her public position
2. Committed in contempt orinsult to public a uthorities
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10 9
AGGRAVATING CIRCU MSTANCESAGGRAVATING CIRCU MSTANCES
3 . Act committed with insult ordisreg a rd of respect of the offendedp a rty on a ccount of his/her r a nk,a ge, sex or committed in thedwelling of the committed p a rty, if the l a tter h a s not given provoc a tion
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110
AGGRAVATING CIRCU MSTANCECSAGGRAVATING CIRCU MSTANCECS
4 . Act committed with a buseor confidence or obviousungr a tefulness
5 . Crime committed in a pl a ceof worship
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AGGRAVATING CIRCU MSTANCESAGGRAVATING CIRCU MSTANCES
6 . Committed during confl a gr a tion,shipwreck, e a rthqu a ke, epidemicor c a la mity a nd misfortune
7 . Committed in consider a tion of price, rew a rd or promise
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112
AGGRAVATING CIRCU MSTANCESAGGRAVATING CIRCU MSTANCES
8 . Committed by me a ns of inund a tion (flood, deluge), fire,poison, explosion, st a ndings of a vessel or intention a l d a m a ge,involving gre a t w a ste a nd ruin
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11 3
AGGRAVATING CIRCU MSTANCESAGGRAVATING CIRCU MSTANCES
9 . Committed with evidentpremedit a tion or a fter unl a wfulentry
10. Cr a ft (skill), fr a ud ordisguise is employed
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AGGRAVATING CIRCU MSTANCESAGGRAVATING CIRCU MSTANCES
11. Committed a fter a n unl a wfulentry; w a ll, roof, floor, door, ordoor be broken
12. Aided by persons under 1 5 or byme a ns of motor vehicles, motorizedw a tercr a ft, a irships, or other simil a rme a ns
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11 5
AGGRAVATING CIRCU MSTANCESAGGRAVATING CIRCU MSTANCES
1 3 . Wrong done in the commissionof the crime is deliber a telya ugmented by c a using other wrongsnot necess a ry for its commission
CRI MINAL LIABILITYCRI MINAL LIABILITY
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CRI MINAL LIABILITYCRI MINAL LIABILITY
D . Altern a tiveCircumst a nces must bet a ken into consider a tion a sa ggr a v a ting or mitig a tinga ccording to the n a ture a ndeffects of the crime a nd otherconditions a ttending its
commission
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11 7
Rel a tionship, intoxic a tion,degree of instruction a nd
educa
tion of the offended
ALTERNATIVE CIRCU MSTANCESALTERNATIVE CIRCU MSTANCES
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ALTERNATIVE CIRCU MSTANCESALTERNATIVE CIRCU MSTANCES
1. Rel a tionship :Aggr a v a ting : physic a l injuries
inflicted by descend a nt upona n a scend a ntMitig a ting : a ccused a ided his/her
brother in the fighta
ga
instthe offended p a rty
ALTERNATIVE CIRCU MSTANCESALTERNATIVE CIRCU MSTANCES
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11 9
ALTERNATIVE CIRCU MSTANCESALTERNATIVE CIRCU MSTANCES
2 . I ntoxic a tion :Mitig a ting : offender h a s
committed a felony in a st a te of intoxic a tion, if the s a me is noth a bitu a l or a subsequent pl a nto commit s a id felonyAggr a v a ting : if it is h a bitu a l
or intention a l
ALTERNATIVE CIRCU MSTANCESALTERNATIVE CIRCU MSTANCES
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120
ALTERNATIVE CIRCU MSTANCESALTERNATIVE CIRCU MSTANCES
3 . I lliter a cy is not in itself sufficientto be considered mitig a tingLa ck of sufficient intelligence a nd
knowledge should be significa
nt toones a ctMitig a ting in : r a pe, forciblea bduction, a rson, tre a son,seduction or crimes a g a instch a stity, heinous/merciless
MISDE MEANORMISDE MEANOR
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MISDE MEANORMISDE MEANOR
Offense inferior to felony,punish a ble by indictment or by
pa
rticula
r prescribedproceedings
INSTANCES OF MISDE MEANORINSTANCES OF MISDE MEANOR
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UNDER NURSING LAW OF 2002UNDER NURSING LAW OF 2002
Pr a cticing without Certific a te of Registr a tion
Using a s ones own theCertific a te of registr a tion of a nother
Usinga
n expired, suspended orrevoked Certific a tion of Registr a tion
INSTANCES OF MISDE MEANORINSTANCES OF MISDE MEANOR
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UNDER NURSING LAW OF 2002UNDER NURSING LAW OF 2002
Giving a ny f a lse evidence to theB ON in order to obt a in a Certific a teof registr a tionFa lsely posting or a dvertising a s a RN or using other n a mes th a t tendto convey the impression th a t one isa
RNAppending B SN or RN to onesn a me without h a ving beenconferred the s a id degree or
re istr a tion
MINIMUM AGE OF CRI MINALMINIMUM AGE OF CRI MINAL
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RES P ONSI BILITYRES P ONSI BILITY
1 5 ye a rs old or under a t thetime of the commission of the
offense sha
ll be exempt fromcrimin a l li a bilityChild will be subjected to
intervention progr a m.
MINIMUM AGE OF CRI MINALMINIMUM AGE OF CRI MINAL
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RES P ONSI BILITYRES P ONSI BILITY
Above 1 5 but below 1 8 ye a rsold sh a ll be exempt a nd be
subjected to interventionprogr a m, unless a cted withdiscernment, in which c a se,child sh a ll be subjected toa ppropri a te proceedings
P ENALTIESP ENALTIES
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P ENALTIESP ENALTIES
Reclusion Perpetu a 20 ye a rs a nd 1 d a y to 4 0
ye a rs (Sec. 1 7 , RA 7659 )
P ENALTIESP ENALTIES
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12 7
P ENALTIESP ENALTIES
Reclusion Tempor a l- 12 ye a rs a nd 1 d a y to 20ye a rs
P ENALTIESP ENALTIES
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P ENALTIESP ENALTIES
Prision M a yor a nd Tempor a ryD isqu a lific a tion- 6 ye a rs a nd 1 d a y to 12 ye a rs,except when the pen a lty of disqu a lific a tion is imposed a s a na ccessory pen a lty, in which c a se, its
dura
tion sha
ll be tha
t of theprincip a l pen a lty
P ENALTIESP ENALTIES
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P ENALTIESP ENALTIES
Prision Correccion a l, Suspensiona nd D estierro- 6 months a nd 1 d a y to 6 ye a rs,except when suspension is imposeda s a n a ccessory pen a lty, in whichca se, its dur a tion sh a ll be th a t of
the3
principa
l pena
lty
P ENALTIESP ENALTIES
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1 3 0
P ENALTIESP ENALTIES
Arresto M a yor- 1 month a nd 1 d a y to 6 months
Arresto Menor- 1 d a y to 3 0 d a ys
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1 3 1
CR IMES RE L ATED TOCR IMES RE L ATED TONURS ING PRACT ICENURS ING PRACT ICE
CRI MES AGAINST P ERSONSCRI MES AGAINST P ERSONS
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1 3 2
CRI MES AGAINST P ERSONSCRI MES AGAINST P ERSONS
1. P a rricideCrime committed by one who killshis/her f a ther, mother or childwhether legitim a te or not, or a ny of his/her a scend a nts or descend a ntsor his/her spouse
Life imprisonment to de a th
CRI MES AGAINST P ERSONSCRI MES AGAINST P ERSONS
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CRI MES AGAINST P ERSONSCRI MES AGAINST P ERSONS
2. MurderUnl a wful killing of a hum a n beingwith intent to killReclusion perpetu a
Nurses : de a th resulting fromcrimin a l a bortion; euth a n a si a
MURDERMURDER
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MURDERMURDER
With tre a chery, t a king a dv a nt a ge of superior strength, with the a id of a rmed men, or employing me a ns towe a ken the defense, or of me a ns orpersons to insure or a fford impunity(exemption from h a rm)
MURDERMURDER
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1 3 5
MURDERMURDER
I n consider a tion of a price, rew a rd,or promiseB y me a ns of inund a tion, fire,poison, explosion, shipwreck,str a nding of a vessel, der a ilment ora ss a ult upon a ra ilro a d, f a ll of a na irship, by me a ns of motor vehicles,or with the use of a ny other me a nsinvolving gre a t w a ste a nd ruin
MURDERMURDER
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1 3 6
MURDERMURDER
On occ a sion of c a la mity,e a rthqu a ke, eruption of a
volca
no, epidemic or publicca la mityWith evident premedit a tion
MURDERMURDER
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1 3 7
MURDERMURDER
With cruelty, by deliber a telya nd inhum a nly a ugmenting the
suffering of the victim, oroutr a ging or scoffing a t his/herperson or corpse
HOMICIDEHOMICIDE
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1 3 8
HOMICIDEHOMICIDE
K illing of a hum a n being by a notherMa y be committed without crimin a lintent by a ny person who killsa nother, other th a n his/her f a ther,mother or child or a ny of his/hera scend a nts or descend a nts, orspouse
GIVING ASSISTANCE TO SUICIDEGIVING ASSISTANCE TO SUICIDE
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1 3 9
GIVING ASSISTANCE TO SUICIDEGIVING ASSISTANCE TO SUICIDE
Assisting a nother to commit suicide: Prision m a yorSuch person le a ds his/hera ssist a nce to a nother to the extentof doing the killing him/herself :Reclusion perpetu a
I f suicide is not consumm a ted :Arresto m a yor
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EUT HANASIAEUT HANASIA
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1 4 1
EUT HANASIAEUT HANASIA
Active : doctor gives leth a linjection to a p a tient
Pa ssive : doctor does notresuscit a te a p a tient whosehe a rt h a s stopped; removes lifesupport
ASSISTED SUICIDEASSISTED SUICIDE
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1 4 2
ASSISTED SUICIDEASSISTED SUICIDE
A person, suffering from a nincur a ble illness or chronicintense p a in, intention a lly killshim/herself with the help of a nother person
ASSISTED SUICIDEASSISTED SUICIDE
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1 4 3
ASSISTED SUICIDEASSISTED SUICIDE
D octor prescribes medic a tion tothe p a tient who pl a ns to usethem to overdoseD octor pushes IV needle intothe a rm of a p a tient, who thempushes a switch to trigger a f a t a l injection
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INFANTICIDEINFANTICIDE
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INFANTICIDEINFANTICIDE
K illing of a child less th a n 3 d a ys of a ge ( 7 2 hours)
I mprisonment from 2 ye a rs , 4 months a nd 1 d a y to 6 ye a r
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INTENTIONAL A BORTIONINTENTIONAL A BORTION
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Pen a lty : Reclusion tempor a l, if violence upon the person of thepregn a nt wom a n is usedPrision m a yor if without usingviolence, he sh a ll a ct without theconsent of the wom a n
Prision correcciona
l : if woma
n sha
llh a ve consented
UNINTENTIONAL A BORTIONUNINTENTIONAL A BORTION
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Pen a lty : Prision correccion a lElements :
Th a t there is a pregn a nt wom a n.V iolence is used upon such pregn a ntwom a n without intending a n a bortion.V iolence is intention a lly exerted.As a result of the violence the fetusdies either in he womb or a fter h a vingbeen expelled therefrom
ABORTION P RACTICED BY THEABORTION P RACTICED BY THEWO MAN OR HER P ARENTSWO MAN OR HER P ARENTS
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WO MAN OR HER P ARENTSWO MAN OR HER P ARENTS
Pen a lty : Prision correccion a lAny wom a n who sh a ll commit thisoffense to conce a l he dishonor :Prision correccion a lPa rents a cting with the consent of s a id wom a n for the purpose of
concea
ling her dishonor : Prisioncorreccion a l
ABORTION P RACTICED BY A DOCTOR ORABORTION P RACTICED BY A DOCTOR ORMIDWIFE & DIS P ENSING A BORTIVESMIDWIFE & DIS P ENSING A BORTIVES
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1 5 0
MIDWIFE & DIS P ENSING A BORTIVESMIDWIFE & DIS P ENSING A BORTIVES
D octor a nd midwife : pen a ltyprovided in Article 2 56 ; for t a kinga dv a nt a ge of their scientificknowledge or skills
Ph a rm a cist : Arresto m a yor a nd fine
not exceeding 1,000 Php
SIMULATION OF BIRT H, SU BSTITUTION ORSIMULATION OF BIRT H, SU BSTITUTION ORABANDONE MENT OF C HILDABANDONE MENT OF C HILD
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1 5 1
ABANDONE MENT OF C HILDABANDONE MENT OF C HILD
Simul a tion of birth onewho enters in a birthcertific a te a birth th a t didnot occur
SIMULATION OF BIRT H, SU BSTITUTION ORSIMULATION OF BIRT H, SU BSTITUTION ORABANDONE MENT OF C HILDABANDONE MENT OF C HILD
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1 5 2
ABANDONE MENT OF C HILDABANDONE MENT OF C HILD
Substitution of one child fora nother or conce a ling ora b a ndoning of legitim a te childwith intent to c a use child tolose his/her civil st a tus
SIMULATION OF BIRT H, SU BSTITUTION ORSIMULATION OF BIRT H, SU BSTITUTION ORABANDONE MENT OF C HILDABANDONE MENT OF C HILD
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1 5 3
ABANDONE MENT OF C HILDABANDONE MENT OF C HILD
Pen a lty : Prision m a yor a nda fine not exceeding 1000
Php; tempor a ry speci a ldisqu a lific a tion
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1 54
D ON A T I ONS, WI LL S, A N D SUCC E SS I ON
DONAT IONDONAT ION
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1 55
Act of liber a lity whereby a persondisposes gr a tuitously of a thing orright in f a vor of a nother, whoa ccepts it
DONATIONS MORTIS CAUSADONATIONS MORTIS CAUSA
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1 56
Ta ke effect upon the de a th of the donorp a rt a ke of the n a ture of test a ment a ryprovisions, a nd sh a ll be governed by the
rules esta
blished in the Title onSuccession
DONAT IONS INTER V IVOSDONAT IONS INTER V IVOS
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1 57
Ta ke effect inter vivos sh a ll begoverned by the gener a l provisionson contr a cts a nd oblig a tions in a llth a t is not determined in this Title
WILLSWILLS
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1 58
Act whereby a person is permitted,with the form a lities prescribed byla w, to control to a cert a in degreethe disposition of his/her est a te, tot a ke effect a fter his/her de a th
KINDS OF WILLKINDS OF WILL
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1 59
Not a ria l subscribed or signed by thetest a tor or by some other person in thepresence of the test a tor a nd by his/her
express direction a nd a ttested a ndprescribed by 3 or more crediblewitnesses in the presence of thetest a tor a nd of one a nother
KINDS O F WILLKINDS O F WILL
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1 6 0
H ologr a phic entirely written,d a ted a nd signed by the test a tora nd is not subject to a ny specificform a nd need not to bewitnessed
Nuncup a tive or a l will
WITNESSES TO WILLSWITNESSES TO WILLS
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Of sound mind1 8 ye a rs old or a bove
Not blind, dea
f or dumbAble to re a d a nd write
CAUSES O F CAUSES O F DISA LL OWANCE O F WILL SDISA LL OWANCE O F WILL S
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DISA LL OWANCE O F WILL SDISA LL OWANCE O F WILL S
Form a lities required by l a w h a venot been complied.
Testa
tor is insa
ne or menta
llyinc a p a ble a the time of itsexecution.
CAUSES O F CAUSES O F DISA LL OWANCE O F WILL SDISA LL OWANCE O F WILL S
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D SA OWANCE O W SD SA OWANCE O W S
I f executed through force or
under duress, or influence of fe a r/thre a tsFr a ught sign a ture
I f test a tor a cted by mist a ke
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Do nati on , Will, and S uccessi onDo nati on , Will, and S uccessi on
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D on a tionthe gift or contributionthe a ct of giving
Willst a te or m a nner of distributionthe leg a l document th a t cont a ins the
conditions / stipul a tionsSuccession
I s the a ssumption of someone / heir
(e.g. heir a pp a rent) who receives thedon a tion a s stipul a ted from the will.
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CAUSES OF DISIN HERITANCE OF C HILDRENCAUSES OF DISIN HERITANCE OF C HILDRENAND DESCENDANTSAND DESCENDANTS
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When found guilty of a n a ttempta g a inst the life of the test a tor,
his/her spouse, descend a nts,a scend a nts
CAUSES OF DISIN HERITANCE OFCAUSES OF DISIN HERITANCE OFCHILDREN AND DESCENDANTSCHILDREN AND DESCENDANTS
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I f child or descend a nt a ccused
the testa
tor of a
crime for whichthe l a w prescribes imprisonmentfor 6 ye a rs or more
CAUSES OF DISIN HERITANCE OF C HILDRENCAUSES OF DISIN HERITANCE OF C HILDRENAND DESCENDANTSAND DESCENDANTS
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AND DESCENDANTSAND DESCENDANTS
I f will is done with violence,influence, or intimid a tionRefus a l without justifi a ble c a use
CAUSES OF DISIN HERITANCE OF C HILDRENCAUSES OF DISIN HERITANCE OF C HILDRENAND DESCENDANTSAND DESCENDANTS
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Ma ltre a tment of the test a tor byword or deed
When child/descend a nt le a ds a dishonor a ble or disgr a ceful life
CAUSES OF DISIN HERITANCE OF P ARENTSCAUSES OF DISIN HERITANCE OF P ARENTSOR ASCENDANTSOR ASCENDANTS
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Ab a ndonment of children or if d a ughters a re induced to live a n
immor a l lifeI f convicted of a n a ttempta g a inst the life of the test a tor,
his/her spouse, descenda
nts, ora scend a nts
CAUSES OF DISIN HERITANCE OFCAUSES OF DISIN HERITANCE OFP ARENTS OR ASCENDANTSP ARENTS OR ASCENDANTS
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I f the test a tor is a ccused of a crimefor which the l a w prescribedimprisonment for 6 ye a rs or more
I f convicted of a dultery orconcubin a ge with the spouse of thetest a tor
Fr a ud, violence, intimid a tion, or undueinfluence
CAUSES OF DISIN HERITANCE OF P ARENTSCAUSES OF DISIN HERITANCE OF P ARENTSOR ASCENDANTSOR ASCENDANTS
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Loss of p a rent a l a uthorityRefus a l to support the childrenor descend a nts withoutjustifi a ble c a useAttempt of one p a rent a g a instthe life of the other
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