NuovetecnologiewirelessdicomunicazioneperloSmartMetering.
Statodell'artetecnicaeBenchmarking
AlessandraFlammini([email protected])EmilianoSisinni([email protected])UniversityofBresciaTel:+390303715445https://es3.unibs.it
Smart metering & IoT • Smartmeteringisoneofthefirststepstodevelopingcity-widesmartgridsystems
thathelpaddresschallengesrelatedtoresourceconsumptionandusage.• WithIoTsolutionsforsmartmetering,utilityproviderscanoptimizeresource
distributionwhereascustomerserviceandconsumerscanmakesmarterdecisionfrommeterdataanalysis.
• Nowadays:multiutilitysmartmetering!
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• IoTaimsoffering«services»,focusingondata:smartmeteringisanexampleusecase• Internetisthetrunksupportingeverithing
Gartner2013
IoT Goals
Internet
The Smart City ICT horizontal platforms
The Connected City The Multi Utility Network
City Command & Control Centers
Net
wor
ks
Gas
Water
Heating
Waste
Public Lighting
Clo
ud C
ompu
ting
Vert
ical
App
licat
ion
Vert
ical
App
licat
ion
Vert
ical
App
licat
ion
TELCOs Domain
OTHER Vendors domain
CAPILLARY NETWORK
CLOUD IAAS & PAAS
COMMUNICATION NETWORK
M2M & IoT Management
IAASInfrastructureasaServicePAASPlatformasaService 5
The Connected City The Multi Utility Network
City Command & Control Centers
Net
wor
ks
Gas
Water
Heating
Waste
Public Lighting
Clo
ud C
ompu
ting
Vert
ical
App
licat
ion
Vert
ical
App
licat
ion
Vert
ical
App
licat
ion
TELCOs Domain
OTHER Vendors domain
CAPILLARY NETWORK
CLOUD IAAS & PAAS
COMMUNICATION NETWORK
M2M & IoT Management
The capillary network layer
A “new” communication layer for receiving/sending information from/to new types of sensors and actuators: Utility Metering (Gas, Water, Electricity), Waste Management, Pollution and traffic control, Smart Lighting, Heating Control in private and public building
Why ?
ü Traditional infrastructure too expensive and energy consuming
ü Meters should work several years without battery changes
ü Million devices/very limited traffic
ü Standard approach to enable easier service applications development
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"Brescia Smart Living" project
• Electricity meters for prosumers (PV, storage) and diagnostics • Gas meters with services and sensors (e.g. seismic) • LoRaWAN for Garbage Containers, parking and general purpose
metering • WirelessHART for accurate metering in hot water distribution • Wmbus for heat cost allocators and Z-Wave for in-home meters • Free "touristic" WiFi for environmental and ambient assisted living use
Our experience:
https://elux.unibs.it/
Our living Lab: eLUX – energy Laboratory as University eXpo
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Short range vs Long Range connectivity
• Short range radio devices (SRD, e.g. ZigBee, BLE require using a gateway for long-range backhaul.
• The gateway is typically hooked up to some on-site wired network which is not under control of the loT provider.
• Long range connectivity allows direct access to field devices
• The base station typically serves a large number of devices thus greatly reducing costs.
Short range radio connectivity:
Direct long range radio :
Connectivity technologies – compete, complement or combine?
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Short range connectivity • Mesh topology is generally used for covering (relatively) large areas. Examples are ZigBee
or Bluetooth mesh solutions
• In particular, BT Mesh employs flood mesh, i.e. when a message is transmitted across the network, all devices (nodes) that are configured as relays will re-transmit the message. A message will only have a limited number of "hops", or re-transmissions, before it stops.
• Relay Feature A relay is able to re-transmit messages it receives to the rest of the network through the advertisment bearer.
• Low-power Feature A node that operates at significantly low power, requiring a "friend" node to store messages.
• Friend Feature A node that stores messages for low-power nodes, and forwards these only when the low-power node requests them.
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Direct long range solutions
Low Power Wide Area Netowrk (LPWAN) • Optimized for IoT and Machine
to Machine (M2M) applications • Trade throughput for coverage
(up to several kilometers) • Star topology
Application can accept: • Low throughput, application specific • Very sparse datagrams Delays (Delay
Tolerant Network) • Sleeping times
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Link budget
The receiver sensitivity indicates how faint an input signal can be to be successfully received by the receiver
The link budget is an accounting of all of the gains and losses from a transmitter, through a medium (free space, cable, waveguide, fiber, etc.) to the receiver
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The Narrowband system dilemma
Narrowband have low rates, that could mean very long time on air, which will in turn reduce the battery lifetime. Having very long telegrams also increases the probability of interference and collisions with other wireless systems. … but narrowband systems offer better SENSITIVITY and SPECTRUM EFFICIENCY!
• Capacity depends on the width of the channel in Hz, the received power and noise
• The maximum range is determined by the energy per bit received, and depends on the effective transmitted power, receiver sensitivity, interference and data rate
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Operating in the EU: the 868MHz region
Most of IoT-LPWAN solutions operate in the 868MHz unlicensed band, thanks to the good propagation characteristics. Limitations in terms of:
• the used bandwidth, • the Effective Radiated Power (ERP), • and the spectrum access methods (which typically are LBT or
duty-cycle limitations).
Sub-band
Frequency Range [MHz]
PMAX,ERP [dBm]
Spectrum Access # LoRa Ch
h1.4 868.00 - 868.60 14 LBT+AFA d≤1% 3 h1.5 868.70 - 869.20 14 LBT+AFA d≤0.1% 2 h1.6 869.40 - 869.65 27 LBT+AFA d≤10% 1 h1.7 869.70 - 870.00 14 LBT+AFA d≤1% 1 h1.7 869.70 - 870.00 7 d≤100% 1
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Gas
Water
Gas
Water
.
.
.
Multiservice/Multiprotocol Concentrator (BASE STATION)
Water/Gas
INTE
RN
ET
e.g. Wireless MBus 169MHz
e.g. Wireless MBus 169MHz
e.g. LoRaWAN
Heating Multiprotocol
Repeater
Heating
Waste
e.g. Wireless MBus 868MHz
Specific standard Protocol
Direct long range solutions: network architecture
Backed Servers
Capillary Network Infrastructure Elements
e.g. LoRaWAN
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Technologies LoRaWAN SIGFOX Weightless NB-IoT LTE-M EC-GSM 5G
Range <15km <13km <5km <15km <11km <15km <15km
Spectrum Unlicensed433/868MHz(EU)915MHz(USA)
Unlicensed868MHz(EU)915MHz(USA)
W:470-790MHzN:868-915MHzP:169/433/470/780/868/915/923MHz
Licensed800-900MHz1800MHz
Licensed800-900MHz1800MHz
Licensed800-900MHz
LicensedSub6GHzmmWave
bandwidth <500kHz 100Hz W:5MHzN:Sub-GHzP:12,5kHz
200kHzorshared
1.4MHzorshared
2.4MHzorshared
Shared
DataRate <10kbps 100bps W:1kbits/sto10Mbits/sN:500bits/sP:100Kbitsto200Kbits
<150kbps
<1Mbps 10kbps <1Mbps
Batterylife >10years
Availability Today Today
Today Today(standard)
Today(standard)
Today(standard)
Beyond2020
Comparison
The diversity of IoT use cases requires multiple technologies, spanning wired and wireless, standards-based and proprietary, public and private, limited range and wide area, low and high bandwidth and unique and hybrid.
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SIGFOX
• Nettrotter is the only Italian operator. • Currently, base station are deployed
on existing telco and TV broadcasing antenna
SIGFOX is a startup in France building a low cost network dedicated for loT (low throughput) Uses unlicensed spectrum - mostly sub-GHz band and patented ultra narrow band (UNB) communication • Ultra low throughput: ~100bps • Device can send between 0 and 140 messages per day, each message is up to 12 bytes • Very limited support to downlink • Up to 20 years of battery lite • Long range - up to 30 miles in rural area and 2-6 miles in urban area Devices require a SIGFOX modem to connect to SIGFOX network Target applications: smart meter, pet tracking, smoke detector, agriculture etc... Have networks deployed in France, Netherlands, Russia and Spain; Launching 902 MHz network in San Francisco
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SIGFOX: move the complexity into the concentrator
End nodes are as simple as possible: no frequency/channel management at all.
• End nodes are free running!
• As a consequence, mobility is not permitted
Ignore “Imperfections” of nodes, including oscillator frequency stability
• The concentrator will solve them!
• Adopt the SDR paradigm for the concentrator – The whole available bandwidth is
simultaneously acquired – Individual station demodulation is performed
in software – High computational load only on the
concentrator sidea
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LoRa: the radio technology of LoRaWAN
§ LoRaWAN is a Low Power Wide Area Network
§ LoRa modulation: a version of Chirp Spread
Spectrum (CSS) with a typical channel
bandwidth of 125kHz
§ High Sensitivity (End Nodes: Up to -137
dBm, Gateways: up to -142 dBm)
§ Adaptive data rate supported by means of
tunable SPREADING FACTOR SF
§ Long range communication (up to 15 Km)
§ Strong indoor penetration: With High Spreading Factor, Up to 20dB penetration (deep indoor)
§ Resistant to Doppler effect, multi-path and signal weakening.
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BW
Chirp duration SF7
Chirp duration SF8
Chirp duration SF9
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Adaptive Data Rate
Far object from the antenna with obstacles:
• Better sensitivity required: the core network (network server) increases the SF (Spreading Factor)
§ Throughut decreases but the connection is maintained
End device close to the antenna:
• High sensibility is not required
• Decrease of SF, increase of useful flow
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AdaptivethroughputADR:AdaptiveDataRate
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• The main advantage of pure ALOHA is the simplicity of its operation, whereas the major downside is the collision among data packets due to the absence of knowledge of channel states.
• LBT techniques can be adopted
LoRaWAN MAC strategy: ALOHA
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LoRaWAN Architecture
EndDevice
Modulation LoRaRF(SpreadSpectrum)
Range ~15Km
Throughput ~10kbps
TypeofTraffic DDaatapacket
Payload <243Bytes
Security AESEncryption
InternetIntranet
GW GW
fNS
sNS
hNS
AS
JS NSUser
data flow EndDevice
EndDevice
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LoRaWAN device classes
• LoRaWAN is focused on uplink • Three different classes are defined by the specs • Class A is the most diffused: minimizes power consumtpion
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ription
è AnyLoRaWANobjectcantransmitandreceive
Classes Description IntendedUse Consumption ExamplesofServices
A(«All»)
Themoduleremainslistening
aftereachbroadcastfromthe
GTW
Moduleswithnolatencyconstraint
ThemosteconomiccommunicationClassenergetically..
Supportedbyallmodules.Suitabletomoduleonbattery
- FireDetection- EarthquakeEarly
Detection
B(«Beacon»)
Themoduleremainslisteningat
aregularlyadjustablefrequency
Moduleswithlatencyconstraints
concerningthereceptionof
messagesofafewseconds
Classofcommunicationproposingaconsumptionoptimizedbyreportto
theaimedapplication.Adaptedtomodulesonbattery
- Smartmetering- Temperaturerise
C(«Continuous»)
Modulealwayslistening
Moduleswithastrongreceptionlatencyconstraint(lessthanone
second)
Classofcommunicationadaptedtomodulesonsectororhavingno
constraintsofautonomy.
-Fleetmanagement-RealTimeTrafficManagement
LoRaWAN device classes
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