Non-linguistic and Linguistic Strategies
for Teaching Academic Vocabulary
Non-linguistic and Linguistic Strategies
for Teaching Academic Vocabulary
Tools
Averil CoxheadThe Academic Word List
• high-incidence and high-utility academic words
• for Secondary School, Higher Education, Career
• 570 words are grouped into 10 sub-lists that reflect word frequency and range.
Averil Coxhead’s Sub-list 1
1. analyze approach area assess assume authority available benefit concept consist context constitute contract data define derive distribute economy environment establish estimate evident factor finance formula function income indicate individual interpret involve issue labor legal legislate major method occur percent period principle proceed process policy require research respond role section sector significant similar source specific structure theory vary
3 in your teaching - Thumb
Isabelle Beck’s Three Tiers of Vocabulary
Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3
Basic VocabularyRarely require instructional attention to their meanings in school
Examples: clock, baby, walk, happy
High Frequency WordsUsed by mature language users and found across a variety of domains
Examples: affect, features, created, condition, specific
Content Specific WordsFrequency of use is probably low – limited to specific domains
Examples: isotope, lathe, peninsula, refinery
Content specific
School Task Vocabulary
Literary Vocabulary
Academic vocabulary
Robert MarzanoBasic (General Vocab)Beck’s Tier 1
Advanced (General Vocab)Beck’s Tier 2Coxhead’s Academic WordlistAcademic (All subjects)Beck’s Tier 3
Time Out!
Bricks and Mortar
...building understanding
Where will they encounter these terms?
• Content Area Text – Book, websites, supplemental handouts, articles
• Benchmarks• CST Standards• CAHSEE• CELDT
How/where do we find them?
http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/~alzsh3/avocab/awlhighlighter.htm
Show me theMoney!
Textbooks
• You can use the Problem-Solving Guidelines to help you translate a problem into an equation and solve it. Algebra 1
• In the atmosphere, temperature, precipitation, and other environmental factors combine to produce weather and climate. Biology
CST and CAHSEE Q’s• What element of "trapped" makes it suitable for
adaptation as a drama? 9th Grade ELA CST
• What makes the preceding statement ironic? CAHSEE
• What feature of modern Western democratic government reflects Aristotle’s view as given above? 10th Grade History CST
• A mineral supplement designed to prevent the common cold was given to two groups of people during a scientific study. After eight weeks, neither groups reported a case of the common cold. Which of the following would have made the outcome of this study more valid? 10th Grade Science CST
Textbooks
• You can use the Problem-Solving Guidelines to help you translate a problem into an equation and solve it. Algebra 1
• In the atmosphere, temperature, precipitation, and other environmental factors combine to produce weather and climate. Biology
CST and CAHSEE Q’s• What element of "trapped" makes it suitable for
adaptation as a drama? 9th Grade ELA CST
• What makes the preceding statement ironic? CAHSEE
• What feature of modern Western democratic government reflects Aristotle’s view as given above? 10th Grade History CST
• A mineral supplement designed to prevent the common cold was given to two groups of people during a scientific study. After eight weeks, neither groups reported a case of the common cold. Which of the following would have made the outcome of this study more valid? 10th Grade Science CST
Common• Knowledge Rating System• Explicit Direct Instruction Process• Definition, explanation, description• Meaningful Interaction• Multiple Exposures
• Picture/Graphic• Sentence frames• Part of Speech
Unique
Knowledge Rating ChartI don’t know this word yet
I think I know I this word
I know this word
Explicit Vocabulary Instruction Models
• Kinsella - Vocabulary Note-taking Guide
• ASCD What it is…What it is not Vocabulary Form
• Marzano -Vocabulary Processing Sheet
• Effective Approach – Cognitive Content Dictionary
Word Meaning Examples (Oral/Written) Practice
WordPart of Speech
Definition (Cloze) (note taking skill)
Sample sentences with word in it as Cloze to complete. (note taking skill)
Sentence or Response starter
Writing Practice: Sentence Starter or Cloze
WordPart of Speech
Definition (Cloze) (note taking skill)
Sample sentences with word in it as Cloze to complete. (note taking skill)
Sentence or Response starter
Writing Practice: Sentence Starter or Cloze
Vocabulary Note taking Guide
Word Meaning Examples
exemplify ex•em•pli•fy (verb)
_____________________
Forms of the word.
exemplifiesexemplified
To give an __________ of something.
This outfit ______________ her taste in clothes.
His dedication to weight lifting _____________his work ethic.
My ________ exemplifies ____________ by _____________.
example exemplifies
exemplified
Momteacherbrother
hard workpatiencecompassion
Vocabulary Note-taking Guide
What it is…What it’s not..
Definition Characteristics/Explanation
What it is What it’s notWord
Write your definition as simply as possible so that others can understand it.
List words or phrases that further describe what the word means.
Think of several examples that show this word in action.
Think of several examples of actions or ideas that are the opposite of this word.
Write the word.
What it is…What it’s not..
Definition:1. show or illustrate by example 2. to furnish or serve as an example of (something)
Characteristics/Explanation:To exemplify is to show by example, to take an action
that demonstrates…
What It Is:It is an action, it is to show by doing something, e.g. one can exemplify honesty by telling the truth.
What It’s Not:It is not a thing, not an example.
exemplify
Marzano’s Six Steps forEffective Vocabulary Instruction
Six Steps1. Teacher provides description, explanation or example of new term
2. Students restate the explanation in their own words
3. Students create a non-linguistic representation of the term
4. Students are periodically give activities that help them add to theirknowledge of vocabulary terms
5. Students are periodically asked to discuss the terms with one another
6. Students are periodically give opportunities to play with the terms
Vocabulary Processing Sheet
Category: (standard, unit, semantic cluster…)
Term, phrase: (word or words) Picture/graphic
Description: (What it means)
Related terms, phrases: (Other words I think of)
Category: verb
Term, phrase:
exemplifyPicture/graphic
Description:To exemplify, a person must take an action, and that action must end so well that others will use it as the example.Related terms, phrases:show, illustrate, demonstrate
Vocabulary Processing Sheet
His laughter was heard around the corner and exemplified the joy he felt upon hearing the good news.
Cognitive Content Dictionary
Vocabulary Word PredictionStudent Friendly
Expectations(includes example)
Visual Representation
Vocabulary Word PredictionStudent Friendly
Expectations(includes example)
Visual Representation
Cognitive Content DictionaryVocabulary Word
Prediction Student Friendly Explanations(includes example)
Visual Representation
exemplify to make an example of something?
To exemplify, a person must take an action, and that action must end so well that others will use it as the example.Best dancer
Motivation, Let’s see what it means!
Connecting Students to Words
• Connect vocabulary to a piece of text (18% to 33%).• Integrate new vocabulary with existing knowledge
(Visuals, explanations). • Meaningful interaction with a word (within text,
sentence frames and response starters).• Repeated exposures to the word (games and reviews).• Teach word families/Semantic Clusters (connect to
cognates, organize by topic/theme, common roots/prefixes/suffixes).
• Utilize mnemonic devices (symbols, rhymes, sketches).
The Great Race (Partners)Semantic Clusters
Describe Things Associated with Outer Space
SunOrbitsMarsVenusSaturnGalaxy
Meteors
Linear Arrays (Partners/Group)Most --------------------------- Least
List most academic way to say “this shows”.
demonstratesillustratesexhibitspresentsdisplays
Most
Least
(exposure to related words, shades of meanings)
Every teacher in every classroom needs to address their student’s English language development needs. This commitment to vocabulary instruction is pivotal to a school wide effort confronting the achievement gap in language and literacy.
Kate Kinsella
There is no longer an excuse for any student to leave school lacking a general knowledge of…the basic general terms, the advanced general terms, and the academic terms…necessary for success in U.S. society.
Robert Marzano
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