Capacity Development Lesson Learn from Mw 7.8
earthquake
Teraphan Ornthammarath, PhD,
Technical Advisor
Regional Integrated Multi Hazard Early Warning Systems (RIMES)
Presentation Content:
• Introduction about ShakeCast@RIMES
• Sustainability
• Observed Seismic Risk
• Microzonation?
• Building Code
ShakeCast@RIMES
Operated @ RIMES since 2012
Evaluated more than 1,000 events
Largest evaluated event in RIMES
Member states was magnitude
7.8 in Nepal
An automated post-earthquake
response system firstly developed
by USGS
ShakeCast & Critical Infrastructure
ShakeCast at CaltransShakeCast at Caltrans
11 November 2012, magnitude 6.8 Shwebo earthquake
Generated within 30 minutes
Preliminary solution indicating
no severe damage to Mandalay
Other two cities near epicenters
could be prioritized for rescue efforts
What we know from ShakeCast@RIMES
What we do not know from current
ShakeCast@DMH Nay Pyi Taw
How many and how extensive
of damaged buildings?
Local emergency commands are safe?
Any damaged infrastructures (road,
gas pipeline, bridges, dams)?
11 November 2012, magnitude 6.8 Shwebo earthquake
Estimated damage by ShakeCast with building data from MES
� More than 3,370 buildings from 3 cities (Bago, Sagaing, and Taungoo) based on survey
data by MES.
� These buildings are classified according to structural and occupancy types.
� There are different structural types in these three cities such as Bamboo, Wooden, and
Reinforced Concrete (RC) buildings.
� There are different occupancy types in these three cities such as Resident, Commercial,
Education, Government buildings.
� The damage state information of these buildings could be useful for relevant stakeholders
after damaging earthquakes.
Sustainability by working with local partners
Timber-Framed Masonry building
Timber building
Reinforced Concrete (RC) building
Unreinforced Masonry (URM) building
Different structural types
Sustainability by working with local partners
Residential building
Temple
Commercial building
Government building
Different occupancy types
Different states of building condition in Sagaing
44%
23%
33%
CONDITION
Average
Good
Poor
29%
50%
21%
YEAR OF BUILT
<10
10_30
30+
67%
33%
SOFT STOREY
No
Yes75%
12%
3%
3%6% 1%
OCCUPANCY TYPE
RES
COM
GOV
EDU
REL
IND
50 % of
buildings are
10 to 30 years
old
44 % of buildings
are in poor
conditions
33 % of buildings
are prone to soft
story collapse
during earthquake
75 % of
buildings are
residential
buildings
11 November 2012, magnitude 6.8 Shwebo earthquake
Estimated damage by ShakeCast with building data from MES
No expected damage in Mandalay and Sagaing
In Sagaing, all buildings are labeled as green color (no or slight damage)
25 April 2015, magnitude 7.8 Gorkha earthquake
Generated within 30 minutes
Preliminary solution indicating
severe damage to epicentral region
Many cities within rupture zone (including
Katmandu should be prioritized for
rescue efforts
What we know from ShakeCast@RIMES
What we do not know from current
ShakeCast@RIMES
How many and how extensive
of damaged buildings?
Local emergency commands are safe?
Any damaged infrastructures (road,
gas pipeline, bridges, dams)?
30 Minutes2 days
12 May 2015, magnitude 7.3 aftershock earthquake
Generated within 30 minutes
Preliminary solution indicating
severe damage to epicentral region
(this time to the east of Katmandu)
Different search and rescue should
be provided to eastern part not same
as previous case.
Katmandu could have some damage also
What we know from ShakeCast@RIMES
Presentation Content:
• Introduction about ShakeCast@RIMES
• Sustainability
• Observed Seismic Risk
• Microzonation?
• Building Code
Sustainability
• Local partners need to maintain and update the input information for
ShakeCast at their own facility
• Data input should be updated and inputted to ShakeCast at local partner
facility (e.g. Government facilities, hospital, school) before earthquake
happen
• Training of ShakeCast system at RIMES or local partner facility how to
maintain and update the system.
• Local rescue authorities need to be able to access this information
Presentation Content:
• Introduction about ShakeCast@RIMES
• Sustainability
• Observed Seismic Risk
• Microzonation?
• Building Code
Dr. Pennung Warnitchai Asian Institute of Technology
Dr. Punchet Thammarak Asian Institute of Technology
Dr. Nakhorn Poovarodom Thammasart University
Dr. Sutat Leelataviwat King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi
Dr. Chatpan Chintanapakdee Chulalongkorn University
Dr. Teraphan Ornthammarath Mahidol University / RIMES
Dr. Soravit Vitoontus Asian Disaster Preparedness Center
Mr. Andrew Robinson Asian Disaster Preparedness Center
Nepal Earthquake Damage Reconaisance: 13-17 July 2015
Wind and Earthquake Engineering subcommittee, Engineering Institute of
Thailand
Nepal Earthquake Damage Reconaisance: 13-17 July 2015
Wind and Earthquake Engineering subcommittee, Engineering Institute of
Thailand
Nepal Earthquake Damage Reconaisance: 13-17 July 2015
Wind and Earthquake Engineering subcommittee, Engineering Institute of
Thailand
Katmandu• Damage is
localized
• Infrastructure,
normal life, trade,
school could be
able to resume
after few months
after earthquake
• Observation of
retrofitting
damaged
structures
Observed Damage• Damaged
structures are
mostly
concentrated in
non-engineered
structure, e.g.
stone and
masonry
structures
• These non-
engineered
structures are
prone to
earthquake
damage.
• Damaged masonry
structures
Observed Damage
Observed Damage• Modern structures
using Reinforced
Concrete (RC) is
more earthquake
resistant.
• Damaged RC
structures could
also be found for
those with bad
construction
control, bad
detailing.
• However, RC
structures are less
damage compared
to stone and
masonry buildings.
Presentation Content:
• Introduction about ShakeCast@RIMES
• Sustainability
• Observed Seismic Risk
• Microzonation?
• Building Code
6
6. Sitapaila
Observed damaged is localizedObserved damaged is localizedObserved damaged is localizedObserved damaged is localized
Goda et al. (2015)
200
-200
200
-200
150
-150
24 March 2011 Mw
6.8 Myanmar
� Much less than firstly predicted around 3 times
Ground MotionGround MotionGround MotionGround Motion
Ornthammarath (2013)
24 March 2011 Mw
6.8 Myanmar
24 March 2011 Mw
6.8
Myanmar
� Energy released mostly damage to tall buildings
24 March 2011 Mw
6.8 Myanmar
Ground MotionGround MotionGround MotionGround Motion
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.0 2.0 4.0 10.0 T (sec)
Ground MotionGround MotionGround MotionGround Motion
� Energy released mostly damage to tall buildings
Presentation Content:
• Introduction about ShakeCast@RIMES
• Sustainability
• Observed Seismic Risk
• Microzonation?
• Building Code
Building Code
• Nepal National
Building Code
for Seismic
Resistant
initiated due to
earthquake in
1988
• Working group
drafting it from
1991-1993
Building Code
• There are
separated in to
several steps
• State-of-the-art
Design
• Professionally
Engineered
Structure
• Small structures
less than 3
stories need to
follow Rules of
Building Code
(DUDBC, NEPAL)
Example “Rule of Thumb”
(DUDBC, NEPAL)
Example“Guideline”
(DUDBC, NEPAL)
Example“Guideline”
Cause of Damage• For RC structures
• Buildings have
been built not
according to
building plan.
• Poor building
material.
• Irregular
structures, bad
reinforced
detailing, site
effect, slope
failure.
Cause of DamageBuildings have
not been
built according to
building plan
Cause of DamageMasonry used
inside concrete
column
Bad Detailing of
reinforcing bars
Cause of Damage
Damaged to small buildingsSmall buildings
need to be
controlled
according to
guideline.
Damaged to small buildingsSmall buildings
need to be
controlled
according to
guideline.
Damaged to small buildings
Small buildings
contribute to the
largest total loss
Earthquake Safety DayShould be implemented
regularly
(THAPA, K, DUDBC, NEPAL)
Shelter and Rescued area
• Any plan for urban
area?
• Shelter and rescued
area for each sub
district
Retrofiting
Need to be done by
professional engineers
Temporary shelters
Temporary shelters tend
to be permanent shelter
and this could increase
causalities
Thank you for your attention
shakecast.rimes.int
Teraphan Ornthammarath, PhD,
Technical Advisor
Regional Integrated Multi Hazard Early Warning Systems (RIMES)
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