Brain I: Neuroanatomy
Brian J. Piper, Ph.D.
Goals
• Major Brain Areas• Neuroimaging
Spinal Cord
• Divided into regions:– Cervical– Lumbar
• Function– Motor– Sensation
Brainstem
The Medulla is the base of the
brainstem that controls heartbeat
and breathing.
Example: SIDS
Beneath Skull
• Dura: thick/tough layer• Arachnoid: contains blood vessels• Pia: thin layer
______ lobe
Match Color
Sensory Areas
Description of 3-Dimensional Space
• Coronal: – section from ear to ear, like a loaf of bread– most commonly used for animal research
• Sagital: – section from front to back– mid-sagital shows brain with left and right
cortex separated • Axial:
– section that parallels horizon – Common for showing humans
2.2
Different Planes
Anatomical Terminology
Functions of Different Cortical Areas
• Frontal: cognition, executive function• Temporal: hearing• Occipital: vision• Parietal: integration of sensory information
AnteriorPosterior
Dorsal
Ventral
Corpus Callosum
• Fibers that connect left and right cortex
Fornix
Cingulate Gyrus
• Tissue surrounding corpus collosum– Anterior– Posterior
Cerebellum (a mid-saggital)
• Located below the occipital cortex
• Important for motor function
• Site of action of alcohol
CC
BS
Cerebellum
• Located below the occipital cortex
• Important for motor function
• Site of action of alcohol
CC
BS
Thalamus
• Located in the center of the brain
• Major relay center, information from spinal cord goes to thalamus, thalamus has many connections to the cortex
Hippocampus
• Bilateral structure• Hippocampus is greek
for seahorse• Essential for memory,
especially spatial memory
• Effected by long term alcohol exposure
http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Synaptic/info/pathway/hippocampal.htm
Hippocampus: Coronal
Box a contains hippocampus: CA = cornu ammonisDG = dentate gyrusCC = corupus collosum
cc
1.2
Amygdala
The Amygdala consists of two lima bean-sized
neural clusters linked to the emotions of fear and
anger.
Brain Areas Important for Hormone Control
• Pineal Gland– Very small subcortical structure– Releases the hormone melatonin
• Hypothalmus– Hypo = “below” therefore located
under thalamus– Regulates activity of Pituitary– Pituitary communicates with
other endocrine glands (e.g. testes)
– Important for steroids
Rene Descartes
Ventricles: Contain CSF
Abnormal Ventricles
http://www.omsi.edu/visit/life/aging/brainText.cfm
Hypothalamus
• Paraventriclar Nucleus: stress response• Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN): circadian
rhythms• Mammillary body: #5
Neuroanatomy Video (1.5 min)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Li5nMsXg1Lk
Animal Research
=
?Very helpful, but ….
Hippocampus Comparison
More brainsrat & dog
(Thalamus
A BC
D
E
F
G
H
IJ
K
L
and sheep brain
Cranial Nerves
• I. Olfactory: smell (S)• II. Optic: vision (S)• III. Oculomotor: pupil construction (M)• IV. Trochlear: eye movement (M)• V. Trigeminal: face & teeth (S), jaw (M)• X. Vagus: heart (SM), autonomic nervous system
Brain Imaging
• Can provide information about anatomy (structure) or physiology (function)
• Imaging procedures differ in their:– Spatial resolution: the ability to differentiate nearby brain
regions– Temporal resolution: the ability to differentiate brain
activity at different times
For more about brain imaging and drug abuse goto:http://www.nida.nih.gov/NIDA_Notes/NNVol11N5/Basics.html
Electroencephalography (EEG)
• Developed by Hans Berger in 1929
• Electrodes are placed on the surface of the skull
• Electrical activity from the cortex is recorded
1873-1941
Time
Computed Tomagraphy (EMI scan, axial)
• Developed in the 1970’s• X-ray beams are passed
through the head• A 2 or even 3-
dimensional structural map is created
For more information about CT, goto:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computed_axial_tomography
1.7
Gr: tomos (slice) & graphein (to write).
Positron Emission Tomography (PET, another axial)
• Radioactive material is injected into the blood
• Scanner records the radioactivity (positron) in different parts of the brain
• Provides information about function
• Very useful for research
For more detailed information about PET, goto: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography
1.7
Figure 2. Brain Glucose Metabolic Images Showing Axial Planes at the Level of the Orbitofrontal Cortex
Volkow, N. D. et al. JAMA 2011;305:808-813
Copyright restrictions may apply.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
• A cylindrical magnet creates a magnetic field
• A sensor records blood flow and brainactivation
• Can also be used for just structure• White matter• Gray matter• Ventricle
2.2
Comparison of Imaging Techniques
Procedure Measures Brain:
Advantage Disadvantage
EEG Function Excellent temporal resolution (msec)
Measures only from brain surface
CT Structure Found in many hospitals
Some radiation exposure
PET Function Wide variety of uses
Poor temporal resolution (min), Poor spatial resolution (cm)Radiation
fMRI Function Good temporal resolution (sec), Good spatial resolution (0.5cm)
Patient cannot have metal implants
4.7
The Brain
Techniques to Study the Brain
A brain lesion experimentally destroys brain tissue to study
animal behaviors after such
destruction. Hubel (1990)
What plane?
Sarah Tappon, 8/5/2009
Sarah Tappon, 8/5/2009
What is the impact of …?
Example Brain Research
• Brain Development: Healthy, Hyperactive & Childhood Schizophrenia
• http://videocast.nih.gov/launch.asp?15762• Juddith Rappaport, M.D.• 2:40 up 37:50• Jargon
– Myelination: formation of white matter (myelin)– Intramural: part of the National Institutes of Health in DC– Prospectively: to follow forward in time– Apolipoprotein E: gene that is associated with Alzheimer’s Disease– Heritability: extent that a trait is due to genetic factors in a sample
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