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NETWORKING CONCEPTS
Group 7
Abdullah Hamid 01
Narendra Ahuja 04
Abhijeet Gaikwad 29
Mayank Goel 32
Ankush Gupta 36Vineet Inamdar 41
Pramod Kanojia 51
Pratap Lata 58
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AGENDA
Basic Networking Concepts
Network Hardware
Network Characteristics
Physical Organization of Networks
Protocols and Standards
Network Architecture
Wireless and Mobile Networks
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BASIC NETWORKINGWhat is a Network ?
A network is the most cost-effective
way to share a collection ofcommunication equipment such as PC's,servers, printers and modems that havebeen connected together by cables
A network helps people workcollectively, not just individually
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NETWORK DIAGRAMHow is a Network connected ?
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SIMPLE COMPUTER NETWORKHow file sharing takes place in a simple
computer network?
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THE BASIC NETWORK Server or Client Workstation
Networking Interface Cards (NIC)
CablingNetworking Operating System such as
Windows NT/2000, XP, 2003 Server, Vista,Linux etc.
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NETWORK HARDWARE
Types of connections of computers intonetworks: Physical versus Wirelessconnections
The first type: The Physical ConnectionPhysically connect computers together
Use of wires or optical cables
The connections are called network links
Three most common physical links:Twisted pair
Coaxial cable
Fiber-optic cable
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Twisted pair
Two wires twisted together
Makes them less susceptible to acting
like an antenna and picking up radiofrequency information or appliance noise
Telephone company uses twisted-pair
copper wires to link telephones
NETWORK HARDWARE
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NETWORK HARDWARE
Coaxial cable
Also two wires:
One of the wires is woven of fine strands of
copper forming a tubeThe wire mesh surrounds a solid copper wire
that runs down the center
Space between has a non-conducting material
Makes them more impervious to outside noise
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NETWORK HARDWARE
Fiber-optic cable Light is
electromagnetic Cantransmit moreinformation down asingle strand It can send a wider set
of frequencies Each cable can send
several thousandphone conversationsor computercommunications
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NETWORK HARDWARE
Second type of connection of computers intonetworks: Wireless connections
The link is made using electromagnetic energy
that goes through space instead of along wiresor cables
Three types of wireless communications
commonly used in networking: Infrared
Radio frequency
Microwave
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Founded in 1955 and nationalized in 1969
Owns 3rd highest no. of branches in the world and highest
in India
Statistical information about the State Bank group(As on 1st Jan. 2010)
No. of Branches 17385
No. of ATMs 20000
Employees 2,05,000
Transaction per day 3,00,00,000
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CORE BANKING: WHAT IS IT?
CORE- Centralized online real timeexchange
Network of the branches
Centralized database
Facilitates ATM, Fund transfers, InternetBanking and RTGS etc
Makes Inter branch reconciliation faster andaccurate
Brings uniformity in banking operations
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WHY DID SBI MIGRATE TO CORE BANKING?
Technological disadvantage to compete withglobal giants and Indian banks
Customers did business with branch, not withbank
Unification of services
Delivery of new product capacities to allcustomers
Reversal of customer attrition rate
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VENDOR CONSORTIUM SELECTION
Evaluation of solution on following criterion
Architecture
Software process engineering
Scalability
Field proof points
Functionality
Based on the above criterion, SBI awardedcontract to TCS, HP and FNS
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TCS BANCS- CORE BANKING SOLUTION
Product Technology and Functionality
Software FNS BANCS (now TCSBNCS)
Programming Language COBOL, .NET on front end
Operating System HP UX
Database Oracle 9i
Processor HP Super dome
storage HP XP24K SAN, 320 TB
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FEATURES OF FNS BANCS
24 x 7 availability providing continuous customerservice
Online real time Internet banking, ATM, POS, RTGS,SWIFT, for multiple channel operations
Message-based interfaces
Browser-based front end providing easymanoeuvrability for users and ease of operations
Offline branch functionality for key transactions (incase of network failure)
Parameterized product setup and cloning, allowingfaster product launches
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HOW SBI BRANCHES MIGRATE TO
CORE BANKING?
Training staff
Network setup
Hardware setup Software installation
Data cleansing from Bankmaster to TCS
BNCS Testing of migration
Data migration in the production region
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Spee
dAccurac
y
Control
BankingAnywhere
Costsaving
ProductFlexibility
ATM
Onlinebanking
Business Benefits
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NETWORK CHARACTERISTICS
Topology
The geometric arrangement of deviceson the network or the shape of a local-area network (LAN) or othercommunications system
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THE PHYSICAL ORGANIZATION
OF NETWORKS
Node: The generic name given to all deviceshooked up to a network Each node must have a unique address assigned to it
by the network
Networks are either direct-connected or those that arenot directly linked
Direct-connected network: Those whose nodeshave direct connections through either physical or
wireless linksExample of a network that is not directly linked:
Internet
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THE PHYSICAL ORGANIZATION
OF NETWORKS
The bus network -A continuous coaxial
cable to which all the
devices are attachedAll nodes can detect
all messages sentalong the bus
Linking nodes:
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THE PHYSICAL ORGANIZATION
OF NETWORKS
The ring network -Nodes linked together
to form a circle
A message sent outfrom one node ispassed along to eachnode in between until
the target nodereceives the message
Linking nodes:
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THE PHYSICAL ORGANIZATION
OF NETWORKS
The star network -
Each node is linked toa central node
All messages arerouted through thecentral node, whichdelivers it to the propernode
Linking nodes:
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THE PHYSICAL ORGANIZATION
OF NETWORKS
The tree network -(hierarchicalnetwork)
Looks like anupside-down treewhere end nodesare linked to interiornodes that allowlinking through toanother end node
Linking nodes:
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THE PHYSICAL ORGANIZATION
OF NETWORKS
The fully connectednetwork -
All nodes are connectedto all other nodes
Internetworking -
Connecting together anynumber of direct-connected networks
The largest: Internet
Linking nodes:
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NETWORK CHARACTERISTICS
Protocols
+ The rules and encoding specifications forsending data
+ The protocol defines the format and meaning ofthe data that is exchanged
+ The protocols also determine whether thenetwork uses a peer-to-peer or client/serverarchitecture
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PROTOCOLS - ROLES Addressing and routing of messages
Error detection
Recovery
Sequence and flow controls
Example: HTTP protocol for communication
between web browsers and servers
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COMMUNICATION AND NETWORK
PROTOCOLS
TCP/IP
VoIP
Internet telephony
Session initiation protocol(SIP)
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NETWORK STANDARDS : THE OSI REFERENCE
MODEL
Physical layer - defines the physicalcharacteristics of the network
Data-link layer - provides safecommunication of data over the physicalnetwork
Network layer - handles connection to thenetwork by the higher layers
Transport layer - provides end-to-end errors
detection and correction
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NETWORK STANDARDS : THE OSI REFERENCE
MODEL
Session layer - manages sessionsamong applications
Presentation layer - providesstandard data representations for
applications
Application layer - applications
connected to the network
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AFL
Move Towards Centralization
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ABOUT AFL
Provider of Express/Courier, Cargo,Distribution, Warehousing
Integrated logistic provider servicing Indian
and international clients.
Partnerships with multinationals like DHL,Western Union, and Carlson & Wagonlit
Travels
Provides integrated supply chain servicesincluding consulting and operations
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NEED FOR CENTRALIZATION
Many divisions and subdivisions spreadacross the country
To cut down the time on information flow and
efficiency
A reliable connectivity across all centersneeded to achieve centralized operations
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THE SOLUTION
A network that connects
85 90 locations using a mix
of media: leased lines optical fibre
dialup lines
ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network) Adapt its network for centralized computing
applications
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THE BENEFITS
Improvement in the speed of transaction
Transactions on real time basis
More accuracy in tracking consignment
Possible for the customers to track theirconsignments through website
Perspective for management on day to daybasis
On demand generation of MIS
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CENTRALIZED APPLICATIONS
Earlier local collection of data on legacyapplications and consolidation atheadquarters in batch mode
Real time collection after implementation ofWarehouse, International Cargo, andPackage Express
Legacy applications to be phased out
Central updating the location of parcel en-route to destinations
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CENTRALIZED APPLICATIONS
Upgrading the network with the help of newservers and back-up systems and primarystorage
High end Vanguard routers (MPR 7300) to
minimize network latency Deployment of HP-9000 series servers at the
headquarters to host centralized applications
Plan to implement HP's MC ServiceGuardclustering solution to increase up time
LAN upgradation and adequate redundancy
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MULTIPLE CONNECTIVITY
Hub and Spoke structureMesh connectivity used to connect Hub
locations through Leased Line
ISDN
RF links
Protocols used are TCP/IP for LAN and
Frame Relay for WANOSPF (Open Shortest Path First) protocol
instead of RIP (Routing Information
Protocol)
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MESSAGING AND SECURITY
Lotus notes as it is compatible with both NTand Unix
Security achieved through elaborate multi-
layer network security architecture
Selections of Motorola as service provider asit offered best bandwidth optimization for
voice
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PARTIAL OUTSOURCING
In-house management would have beencostly
Selection of Convergent Technologies as
outsourcing partner as it had good spreadand their technical expertise on the product
Flexibility in providing full support or partialsupport
Deployment on short notice
Cost saving on recruitment, training andincidental expenses
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NETWORK ARCHITECTURE AND SIZE
LAN
MAN
Home Networks
WAN
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LOCAL AREA NETWORK(LAN)
Connects two or more communicatingdevices
Is usually intra-organizational,privately owned, internally
administered
Integrates a wide range of functions
into a single system
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METROPOLITAN-AREA NETWORK (MAN)
Usually consists of two or more LANs in acommon geographic area
Typically, a service provider is used to connecttwo or more LAN sites using privatecommunication lines or optical services
It can also be created using wireless bridgetechnology by beaming signals across publicareas
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HOME NETWORKS
They are the computer-networkinginfrastructure installed at home
Components are very similar to those used inan office network but the scale is muchsmaller
By connecting them to a network, varioustasks can be performed
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WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
WANs interconnect LANs, which then provideaccess to computers or file servers in otherlocations
Because WANs connect user networks over alarge geographical area, they make it possiblefor businesses to communicate across greatdistances
WANs allow computers, printers and otherdevices on a LAN to be shared with distantlocations
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WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
WANs provide instant communication acrosslarge geographic areas
Collaboration software provides access toreal-time information and resources andallows meetings to be held remotely
WANs have created a new class of workerscalled telecommuters. These people neverhave to leave their homes to go to work
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WAN TECHNOLOGIES
Modems
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
Digital subscriber line (DSL)
Frame Relay
Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)
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WAN DIAGRAM
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NESTLE CASE STUDY
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CASE OVERVIEW
Nestec S.A. (HQ)Vevey, Switzerland
Generic research centre (CRN)
Lausanne, Switzerland
Product specific research sites (RECOs)All over the world
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ORIGINAL SCENERIO
HP3000 provided gateway between LAN &WAN
HQ using mainframes and token ring N/W
Centralized gateway managed by Infonet inUSA
Nestle S.A. entities autonomous
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BUSINESS NEED
HQ using IBM mainframe not compatible
Need to communicate with the researchcompanies
Global access to internet
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MAIN DATA FLOWS
Group A Inter Swiss RECOs
Group B Swiss RECOs CRN
Group C CRN HQ
Group D RECOs & CRN HQ
Group E Swiss RECOs & CERN Infonet
Group F Swiss RECOs, CRN & HQ -Internet
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NETWORK REQUIREMENTS
Security
Avoid point of failures
Cost Optimization
Minimize maintenance costs
Solution for different data flow, protocols
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SWISS RECO
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RESEARCH CENTER (CRN)
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NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Point to point 64 Kbps leased lines for C & D
Two separate routers
For B,C, D (CRN 1)
For E, F (CRN 2)
CRN 2 as gateway to outside world
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HQ ROUTER DESIGN
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KEY LEARNINGS
Multi Vendor Wide Area Transport Networksessential
Avoidance of mixing and matching for new
network
In case of old systems, go for consolidation
Robust architecture required
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WIRELESS NETWORKS
Computer Network is wireless
Interconnection between nodes wireless
Electromagnetic waves as a carrier
Wi-Fi Network /WLAN
Lower layers of network-security/encryption
Standalone wireless networks on VPNs Speeds up to 50 Mbps possible
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PHYSICAL AND DATA LINK LAYER
Physical Layer: The wireless NIC takes frames of data from
the link layer
Scrambles the data in a predetermined wayUses the modified data stream to modulate a
radio carrier signalData Link Layer:
Uses Carriers-Sense-Multiple-Access withCollision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
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NEED FOR WIRELESS NETWORKS
Mobility
Cost
Wiring installed is less
Time
Locations
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WIRELESS NETWORKS
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WIRELESS OPERATING MODE
Infrastructure ModeConnect computers with the help of wireless
router to network
Ad Hoc mode
Connect wireless clients directly together
9 wireless clientsShare files or printer
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TYPES OF WIRELESS CONNECTIONS
Wireless PANDevices are connected within a small area
Bluetooth
Intel My WIFI and Windows 7 virtual Wi-Fi 802.15 networking standard
Wireless LANWireless implementation of LANs
Wi-Fi/IEEE 802.11
Fixed wireless data
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WIRELESS LAN
Frequency hopping Use a radio carrier that hops from frequency to
frequency in a pattern known to both transmitter andreceiver
Resistant to noise Direct sequence
use a carrier that remains fixed to a specificfrequency band
Data signal is spread onto a much larger range offrequencies The data signal is spread onto a much larger range
of frequencies
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TYPES OF WIRELESS CONNECTIONS
Wireless MANConnect several LANs
WiMax
MMDS
LMDS
Wireless WAN
Covers large outdoor areas
Deployed on 2.4 GHz band
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MOBILE NETWORKS
Radio Network distributed over cells
Cells served by base station
Enables portable devices to communicate
Packet switched network for mobile data
PSTN to connect subscribers to widertelephone network
Core circuit switched network for handlingvoice calls and text
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HOW DOES A MOBILE NETWORK WORK ?
Mobile phones use radio frequency (RF) fieldsto send and receive calls
An RF signal is sent to the nearest base station,
which sends the signal to a digital telephoneexchange and on to the main telephone network
Connects the signal to the receiving phone,
again via a base station Mobile phones connect to the base station
providing the best signal
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GSM Signalling and speech channels are digital
and thus GSM is considered a secondgeneration (2G) mobile phone system
Mobile phones connect to it by searching forcells in the immediate vicinity
five different cell sizes in a GSM networkmacro, micro, Pico, femto and umbrella cells
Modulation used in GSM is Gaussianminimum shift keying (GMSK)
Operate in a number of different carrierfrequency ranges
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CDMA
Channel Access method used by variousradio communication technologies
CDMA employs spread spectrum technology
and a special coding scheme to allowmultiple users to be multiplexed
Modulated coded signal has a much higher
data bandwidth than the data beingcommunicated.
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3G
3G is the next generation of mobilecommunications systems
Enhances the services such as multimedia, high
speed mobile broadband, internet access with theability to view video footage
Video calls, watch live TV, access the high speedinternet, receive emails and download music tracks
peak data rates of at least 200 Kbit/s
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4G
MAGIC
An all IP, packet switched network
Data rate of at least 100 mbit/s
Seamless connectivity and global roamingacross multiple networks
High quality of service for next generationmultimedia support
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CASE STUDY ON MOBILE NETWORKS
Connecting Rural India
with
Broadband WirelessAccess
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RURAL INDIA: A BRIEF PERSPECTIVE
Economic and communication growth Wireless connections outpace Wired network
connections
Increased development but low penetration oftelecom in the rural areas
Large semi skilled and skilled workforce
Per capita income very low
Big opportunity for mobile wireless networks inrural India
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RURAL INDIA: PROBLEMS
Sectors that suffer due to lack of informationand access:Education and Training
Health servicesAgriculture
Production and Manufacturing
Finance
Potential to double the per capitaexpenditure
Scope for building a rural inclusive model
NETWORK ACCESS:
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NETWORK ACCESS:
CURRENT SITUATION IN RURAL INDIA
Telecom connectivity abruptly halting at townsand cities
Agriculture only source of survival, Low incomesand BPL families
Industrial development not reached full potential
Basic amenities yet to reach remote villages
Cellular coverage only within a radius of 5 km
Villages spaced 40 Km away from the mainmarkets, limited mode of communication
INFRASTRUCTURE AND
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INFRASTRUCTURE AND
REGULATION BOTTLENECKS
Cost of Tower Set up very highMinimum Height of 40m required
Large Investment in infrastructure, particularly inexpensive steel
No proper infrastructure support for tower set up
Lack of available powerRF coaxial cables for top of tower costly and
consume 55% powerCurrent equipment quite expensive
INFRASTRUCTURE AND
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INFRASTRUCTURE AND
REGULATION BOTTLENECKS
No proper DistributionPhones, SIMs, spares and accessories difficult to
procure in rural areas
Lack of basic training to the users, so highermaintenance costs
Billing and collection infrastructure forprepaid and postpaid expensive
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3G AND 4G
3G or 3rd generation Predecessor to 4G
Enhanced multimediasuch as voice, data, videoand remote access
High speeds as fast as2Mbps
Efficient with e-mail,paging, fax,
videoconferencing andweb browsers
Roaming capabilities onInternational levels
4G or 4thgeneration
Successor to 3G
In addition to 3G, it also
offers 3D gamingservices, and powerfulcameras andcamcorders
Offers substantial high
download rates up to 1Gbps when comparedwith 3G
Will give the end userwhat he wants
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TECHNOLOGIES USED
WiMax An IEEE 802.16e
specification for Mobilewireless broadbandaccess(MBWA)
Cost effective andefficient solution for truemobile broadband
Reductions in interference
Widely accepted sinceopen source
Outstanding revenueopportunities
LTE Expected to offer speeds
upto 40-50Mbps fordownloads versus 20-25Mbps for uploads
Superior to the WiMaxTechnology in terms ofneed for speed
Use of Femtocells forbetter connectivity inremote locations
Better Integration withexisting technologies
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IMPACTS OF MOBILE NETWORKS
Agriculture:Agriculture support provided to each farm
Provision agricultural knowledge and advisory
services to farmersAccess to commodity markets to hedge farmer
losses and remove middlemen
Use of videoconferencing to consult withagricultural experts
Ability to change traditional agriculture
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IMPACTS OF MOBILE NETWORKS
Education, Training and Healthcare: Internet key to future
Need to make students in rural sector aware of
available opportunitiesVideoconferencing sessions accessible over
mobiles
Better healthcare, video consultation withdoctors across the globe
Travel and consultation costs reduced drastically
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REFERENCES
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REFERENCES
Networking Concepts - Stephen Carr
Goldman, R., Business Data Communication
http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/ http://www.itu.int/ITU-
D/study_groups/SGP_2006-2010/events/Case_Library_old/asia_pacific/
http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/8/3/2019 Networking Concepts Group7 Final
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THANK YOU