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Network Fundamentals
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What is Network?
A group of computers and other devices that areconnected by some type of transmission media. Small as two computers connected by a cable in a home,
office
Large as several thousand computers connected bycable, satellite or phone line.
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Why use Network?
Manage or Administer resources on multiplecomputers from a central location
Enable multiple users to share devices andresources such as:
PrintersFaxes
Programs and Files Word Processing
Data Base
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Overview Of Network Hardware
Network has 2 categories: Clients / Workstations
A system or device that make use of shared networkresources.
Servers A computer System that provides and manages sharednetwork resources.
Files
Printers
Web pages
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Type of Network
Peer-to-peer
Client/Server Networks.
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Peer-to-peer/P2P Networks
Each system unit acts as a client and a server.
Ideal for small network.
Each system potentially shares resources amongother client systems.
No need dedicated server.
All system unit using various type of OS.
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Advantage & Disadvantage of P2P
Simple to configure
Dont need much
technical expertise Typically less expensive
to setup
Not very flexible
Have less services.
Do not have strongsecurity.
Advantage Disadvantage
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Client/Servers Networks
Sometimes called Server-based network.
A network that using dedicated servers.
Usually use at Medium-sized business
Large businesses
Dedicated server system must using server OS.
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Advantages & Disadvantages ofClient/Server Network
User login accounts and passwords foranyone on a server-based networkcan be assigned in one place.
Access to multiple shared resources
can be centrally granted to a singleuser or groups of users Problems on the network can be
tracked, diagnosed, and often fixedfrom one location.
Servers are optimized to handle heavyprocessing loads and dedicated tohandling requests from clients.
Servers can connect more than ahandful of computers on a network
Using complex &complicated
configuration. Expensive to setup.
Need much technicalexpertise
Advantages Disadvantages
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How to link a Network
Hardware components Network Wiring
NIC
Network Equipment
Software components NIC driver
Services
Protocols
Client Software Server Software
Redirector
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Services
Services = Network operation
Type of services Printing-Print spooler,
DNS
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Directory Services- assigned name kepada ip address
Nat check google
Network file System & etc
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NIC driver
Use to run the NIC.
Allow the NIC to work with OS
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Protocols
A standardized way of performing a specificaction. /bahasa komunikasi dalam network
Acts as the language the system will use tocommunicating to each other.
Type of protocols TCP/IP
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
IPX/SPX
NetBEUI
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Server Software
Allows a system to provide and manage information& services.
Usually have on Server OS.
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Client Software
Allows a system to request services from the systemproviding the resources.
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Redirector
Played by the client software to provide an interfacebetween the resources of the network and thefunctions of the host PCs operating system. Like drive letter S: for network mapping
Shared folder
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LAN , MAN and WAN
LAN Local Area Network
MAN Metropolitan Area Network
WAN Wide Area Network
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Local Area Network (networksetempat)
A network of computers and other devices that is confinedto a relatively small space, such as one building or evenone office
Interconnected and rely on several servers running many
different applications and managing resources other thandata.
Example : A School Network.
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Local area Network
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Metropolitan Area Network
A network that is larger than a LAN and connects clientsand servers from multiple buildings
A MAN may use different transmission technology andmedia than a LAN because of the distance it covers
Example : 2 or more Buildings is ConnectedGunakan fibre optic, satelite
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Metropolitan Area network
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Wide area Network
A network that connects two or more geographicallydistinct LANs or MAN
WAN carry data over longer distances than MANWANs require slightly different transmission methods and
media and often use a greater variety of technologiesthan MAN
Most MAN can also be described as WAN kalau jarakjauh
WAN commonly connect separate offices in the sameorganization, whether they are across town or across the
world from each other
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Wide Area Network
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Topologies
Physical layout of computer networkBus
Star
Ring
Hybrid
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Bus Topology
Consists of a single cable connecting all nodes (PC) on anetwork without intervening connectivity devices
The single cable is called bus and can only support onechannel for communication
Uses coaxial cable50 ohm Resistor know as
Terminator at the end of the cable
Kalau xde resistor, data keluar sebab RFI and EMI
menganggu electricity, terutama data dalam electricity.
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Bus Topology
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Ring Topology
In a ring topology, each node is connected to the twonearest nodes so that the entire network forms a circle
Data is transmitted clockwise, in one direction(unidirectional), around the ring
The fact that all workstations participate in delivery makesthe ring topology an active topology
A ring topology also differs in that it has no ends anddata stops at its destination and, twisted-pair or fiber-
optic cabling is used as the physical medium
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Ring Topology
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Star Topology
Every node on the network is connected through a centraldevice, such as hub , switch etc..
Uses twisted-pair or fiber-optic cabling
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Star Topology
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Hybrid
The hybrid topology uses the physical layout of a star inconjunction with the ring topologys data transmissionmethod
Data is sent around the star in a circular pattern
This hybrid topology benefits from the fault tolerance of thestar topology
In a hybrid topology, groups of workstations are star-connected to hubs and then networked via a single bus
With this design, you can cover longer distances andeasily interconnect or isolate different network segments
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Hybrid Topology
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Communication
Media and Transmission
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What is a signal ?
Data is communicated by means of a signal, and a signalis a change in voltage over time
Distortion of the signal is known as interferenceNetworks are generally not resilient to signal interference
NICs, hubs and other devices generate signals whichtravel along the network mediaThe signals are converted to data as they travel through
the OSI layersCable testers can be used to check signal quality and
strength
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Measuring Signals
Frequency
Am
plitud
e
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Analogue Signals vs Digital
signalsAnalogue Signals
Human Voice best
example
Ear recognises sounds
20KHz or less
AM Radio 535KHz to
1605KHz
FM Radio 88MHz to
108MHz
Digital signals
Represented by Square
Wave
All data represented by
binary values
SingleBinary Digit
Bit
Transmission ofcontiguous group of
bits is a bit stream
Not all decimal values
can be represented by
binary
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Amplitude Modulation vsFrequency Modulation
AM- samefrequency,differentamplitudes
FM- Differentfrequencies
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Digital Signals
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Analogue vs Digital (Advan)
AnalogueAdvantages
Best suited for
audio and videoConsume less
bandwidth
Available world
wide
Less susceptibleto noise
Digital AdvantagesBest for
computer data
Can be easilycompressed
Can beencrypted
Equipment ismore commonand lessexpensive
Can rovide
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Asynchronous Transmission
Uses start and stop bits to delineate pieces of data,usually characters when used with modems
Less efficient than synchronous (overhead of bits)
Best suited for short bursts, such as Internet use
Less resistant to disruption
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How transmissions flow over media
Simplex only in one direction
Half-Duplex Travels in either direction, but not bothdirections at the same time
Full-Duplex can travel in either direction simultaneously
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Baseband vs. BroadbandTransmission
In baseband transmission, digital signals are sent throughdirect current (DC) pulses applied to the wire
In broadband transmission, signals are modulated asradio frequency (RF) analog pulses that use different
frequency ranges
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Jaring, time.com, tm.net - ISP
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DataPackets
Usually data will broke down into packets before it travel toother medium.
Packets = segment of data. The packets is divided into 3 parts:
The header Specifies information needed to describe.
Packet addresses (Source IP & Destination IP) Size of the packet Protocol
The data portion Contains the application data or information that needs to be
delivered.
The trailer information Contains Cycle Redundancy Check (CRC) checksum value.
The result of a complex binary mathematical calculation on thedata use to check all the packets are succeeded reach to thereceiver or not.
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Network Performance
Bandwidth = Refers to the performance (speed) ofthe network.
Usually measured in Megabit per second (Mbps).
latency
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