NETCARE CRUISES 2014 & 2016

Our access to the ship

NETCARE contributes 500,000$ over 5 years

This gives us:

4 berths for atmospheric scientists for a full 42-d leg in 2014 and 2016.

4 days to conduct NETCARE-specific work at the ice-edge (in coordination with POLAR 6 flights in 2014).

+ 16 days

+ 42 days

ArcticNET 2013 EXPEDITION

Gourdal, pers. com.

3 nM5 nM11 nM

ARCTIC SOLASDMS peak concentrations in August 2013

Potential partners for the 2014 cruise

Why finding partners? Cover more of the cost of the ship time and by doing so departing earlier in June.

Potential partners for an Arctic spring bloom study

GREEN-EDGE PROGRAM (Marcel Babin, CERC and UMI TAKUVIK)

ARCTICNET ICEBERG PROGRAM (Jean-Éric Tremblay)

To be discussed during the ArcticNET Annual Meeting , Halifax, Dec 9-13, 2013

2014 ArcticNET cruise planning meeting : end of February usually in Montreal but planning will begin soon (Keith Levesque)

6 June

19 July

27 June

18=

POLAR 618 June to July 9

NETCARE 2014 EXPEDITION ?

6 June

19 July

27 June

NETCARE 2014 EXPEDITION ?

POLAR 618 June to July 9

9

1. What are the sources of DMS at the ice edge in spring/summer and what is controlling the strength of these sources ?

Activity III Key questions

Ice edgeLeads

Melt pounds

Microlayer

10

ICE EDGE LOCATION ON JULY 20, 2002

11

Position of the fast-ice edge in mid-May

Adapted from Environment Canada

http://www.ec.gc.ca/glaces-ice/?lang=En&n=6C4EAFE9-1

12

1983

1985

Position of the fast-ice edge in mid-May

1980

Adapted from Environment Canada

http://www.ec.gc.ca/glaces-ice/?lang=En&n=6C4EAFE9-1

1986

13

Surface water circulation and sea ice distribution in Baffin Bay

14

Potentially interesting transects in and out the ice pack

100 km

Bottom ice algaeSub-ice algal mats

Leads

Ice-edge phytoplankton

25 Melt pondDeep

chlorophyll maximum

Under-ice phytoplankton bloom

Under-ice melt dome

QUESTIONS, CHALLENGES AND MEASUREMENTS

Levasseur 2013

Main participants

Michel GosselinLisa MillerJennifer MurphyAnn-Lise NormanAllan BertamJon Abbatt

17

What oceanic and atmospheric conditions favour particle nucleation and growth arising from oceanic emissions?

Contact: Abbatt, Bertram, Leaitch, Levasseur, Liggio, Murphy, Norman, Prather

Key question 4

This question will be addressed during the Amundsen cruises. Instrumentation:

Particle sizes and numbers: SMPS, APS, CPC

Particle Hygroscopicity: CCNc, filters for subsequent IN analysis, microlayer samples forsubsequent analysis

Particle composition: AIM-IC (soluble ions, PM2.5), MOUDI for S isotopes

Gas phase composition: CIMS (H3O+ and ?acetate), AIM-IC, CO2, GC for off-line samples

Note: We have decided to not do on-board aerosol generation experiments in 2014, but we will collect SML samples and do seawater bubbling experiments.

18

Questions

1. What drives new particle formation and growth events in the summertime Arctic? Observations of aerosol size distributions (SMPS), gas phase DMS (GC, CIMS), NH3, SO2, amines (AIM-IC and CIMS), other gases (GC, CIMS) and particle composition (ammonium, MSA, sulfate; AIM-IC).

We are not measuring H2SO4.2. Can we examine local heterogeneity in aerosol numbers or size distributions by deploying

particle counting instruments out on the ice or near melt ponds?We need to secure these instruments still.3. Can we measure DMS in these ice or melt pond environments, by collection on cartridges

and off-line GC analysis?Do we have the ability to do this? What do we need?4. What is the aerosol composition, what is its degree of acidity neutralization, and can we

derive its sources, in particular the biogenic vs fossil fuel fraction of the sulfur component? AIM-IC measurements of aerosol and sulfur isotope work.

We are not measuring organic aerosol components aside from, perhaps, oxalate.5. Do well do we understand the partitioning of sulfur species between the different

components in this Arctic environment, e.g. DMS, DMSO, SO2, MSA, sulfate. (CIMS, AIM-IC)

We are not measuring H2SO4.

19

6. What is the aerosol hygroscopicity? (CCNc) We do not have aerosol composition at the 100 nm size.7. What can we infer about sources and sinks of gases with respect to the ocean, e.g.

acetone, DMS, methanol, ? DMSO, ? alkyl halides, ? NH3. We can compare measured mixing ratios in the atmosphere to values measured by degassing seawater.

We are not measuring fluxes.8. What are the immersion IN levels in the ambient central Arctic? (Collect filters with

subsequent analysis after the cruise.)Do we need biological (or other) analyses of the particles on the filters? How stable are

the samples on the filters? 9. Does the sea-surface microlayer harbour IN? (Collect SML samples with subsequent

analysis after the cruise.) Do we need biological (or other) analyses of the particles on the filters?10. Is there evidence of organic gas phase chemistry occurring driven by oceanic

emissions? Measurements of isoprene, terpenes, organic acids, MVK/MACR. (CIMS)We are not measuring organic aerosol components aside from, perhaps, oxalate.

NETCARE STAFF ON THE AMUNDSEN

Water column and sea ice measurements

Leg 1LevasseurLizotte, U Laval (DMS dynamics)

GourdalGosselin, UQAR (sea ice ecology, marine biology)

+StudentTremblay, U Laval (marine biogeochemistry)

+TechGratton, INRS-ETE (physical oceanography)Miller, DFO (microlayer and sea ice biogeochemistry

Atmospheric measurementsAbbatt, UofT (aerosol and trace gas measurements)Murphy, UofT (aerosol and trace gas measurements)Norman, U Calgary (atmospheric DMS, SO4

2- and biogenic aerosol measurements)

+ Bertram, UBC (IN measurements, no person on board)+ Liggio, EC (trace gas measurements, to be decided for 2014)+ Prather (aerosol generation experiments, perhaps in 2016?)

Ocean-atmosphere fluxes measurementsPapakyriakou, U Manitoba (sea ice and sea surface gas fluxes)Staebler, EC (ocean-atmosphere flux measurements)

NETCARE CRUISES 2014 & 2016

OPEN DISCUSSION

22

Some other questions to consider:

1. Biological analyses of filter samples, e.g. of bacteria? Is this even possible? How do we interpret the IN measurements without complementary analyses?

2. Is it possible to measure H2SO4 by CIMS?3. Is it possible to assess fluxes in some way? Need to be in touch with Tim P about what

he is doing with DMS fluxes. 4. Is it necessary to try to get MOUDI samples of aerosol composition to support the

hygroscopicity measurements? 5. How well can we measure dissolved species in seawater with CIMS?6. Is there any way that we can do organic aerosol better? Is there any reason to do this?7. What else can CIMS and GC measure, such as DMSO, other S species, and alkyl halides?

23

25

04:48 09:36 14:24 19:12 00:00 04:48 09:360.001.002.003.004.005.006.007.008.009.00

Station 101DMS diel variations

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 160

20

40

60

80

100

120

Profile Station 101-15/08/2013

DMS (nM)

Prof

onde

ur (m

)

Gourdal, pers. com.

VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF DMS AT STATION 101

26

Motard-Côté et al. 2012

4.8 nM

1.8 nM 0.5 nM

ARCTIC SOLASDMS peak concentrations in September 2008

27

What is the fate of this DMSP and DMS?(Observations from Allen Bay , 2011)

Galindo et al. submittedUnder-ice bloom

ice