DR. MUZAFFAR AHMAD
26TH AUGUST 2012 ,GOA
The different
Faces of
Disasters and
Emergencies
Disasters: Global Scenario
•Disasters-natural or man-made are common throughout
the world.
• Threats to people assume serious proportions in the
under developed countries with dense population.
• More than 200 worst natural disasters have occurred in
the world during the second half of the 20th Century and
claimed lives of around 1.4 million people.(source MHA
Doc)
• Losses due to natural disasters are 20 times greater (as %
of GDP) in the developing countries.
Source: CRED March 07 ‘CRED CRUNCH’ Newsletter
Asien
Americas
Africa
Oceania
Europa
Disaster Mortality By Region
Asia continues to bear the brunt
of both natural and man-made disasters
Damaged Infrastructure
(Sri Lanka Floods 2003)
Casualties and Stress Amongst Local Officials
(Bam, Iran 2003)
HAITI EARTHQUAKE 2010
TSUNAMI 2011 - JAPAN
Disaster Trends
EMERGING TRENDS IN DISASTER PATTERNS:
•90 per cent of natural disaster related deaths occur in
developing countries.
•Now more disasters occur but fewer people die in
proportion.
•More population is affected and economic losses are
increasing.
•Hazards and vulnerability is constantly shaped by
dynamic and complex socio-economic and ecological
processes compounded by stresses felt within individual
societies.
•Pace of modern life has also introduced new forms of
vulnerabilities related to technological developments
•Population growth and increased rural/urban migration,
act as dynamic pressures contributing to changing
patterns.
•Phenomena like El Niño/La Niña, climate change and
the potential for rising sea levels pose new threat
dimension.
•Biological hazards in the forms of pest infestations,
human disease epidemics and pandemics on the rise.
EMERGING TRENDS continued….
58.6% of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of moderate to high intensity
Over 40 million hectares (12% of land) is prone to Floods & River Erosion
12% government revenue spent on relief and rehabilitation
2% GDP loss
Of the 7,516 km long coastline, close to 5,700
km is prone to cyclones and tsunamis
68% of the cultivable area is vulnerable to Drought
MAJOR
NATURAL
DISASTERS
Earthquake, Gujarat
26th January, 2001
Tsunami, Tamil Nadu
26th December, 2004
Kosi floods 2008, Cyclone Aila 2009
Andhra, Karnataka floods
2009
Cloudburst in Leh –August 2010- 200
deaths
Floods, Punjab 1993, 359 lives lost Earthquake, Chamoli
March 99, 100 lives lost
Earthquake, Uttarkasshi Oct. 91, 2000 lives lost
Heatwave, Uttar Pradesh, May-June 95, 566 lives lost
Floods, North Bihar & Assam Annual Feature
Earthquake, Jabalpur May 97, 39 lives lost
Super Cyclone, Orissa Oct. 99, Over 10,000 lives lost
Cyclone, Andhra Pradesh May 90, 962 lives lost Dec.96, 971 lives lost
Earthquake, Latur Sep. 93, 9475 lives lost
Cyclone, Tamil Nadu Dec. 93, 61 lives lost
Floods, Kerala May- Oct. 94
Cyclone, Gujarat June 98, 3500 lives lost
S. No. DISASTER EVENT YEAR DEAD REMARKS
1. LATUR EARTHQUAKE 1993 7,928
2. ORISSA SUPER CYCLONE 1999 10,000
3. GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE 2001 25,000
4. TSUNAMI 2004 10,479
5. MAHARASHTRA FLOODS 2005 1,094
6. KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE 2005 1,360
7. KOSI FLOODS 2008 527
8. CYCLONE NISHA 2008 204
9. NATURAL DISASTERS 2009 1,677
10. NATURAL DISASTERS 2010 2,310
UNNATURAL DEATHS IN INDIA IN 2009 -ANALYSIS
The Disaster Management Act 2005, defines disaster as “a
catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any area, arising from natural or man-made causes, or by accident or negligence which results in substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to, and destruction of, property, or damage to, or degradation of, environment, and is of such nature or magnitude as to be beyond the coping capacity of the community of the affected area.”
United Nations -“the occurrence of sudden or major misfortune which disrupts the basic fabric and normal functioning of the society or community.”
Hydro-metrological:
floods
tropical cyclones
rain/wind/dust storms
drought
desertification
wild land fires
extreme temperatures
Biological:
Outbreaks of
epidemic diseases
plant or animal
contagion
insect plagues and
extensive infestations.
Geological:
Earthquakes
tsunamis
volcanic activity
landslides
avalanches
mud flows
cloudburst
• Chemical
• Biological
• Radiological
• Nuclear
• Transport (Air/Railways/Road traffic/Marine)
• Urban Flooding – One of the major causes
• Riots/Civic Disturbances
• Terrorism
LEVEL 1 – the local disaster response
management is adequate
LEVEL 2 – support is required from regional
resources – state, province
LEVEL 3: support is required from national
resources
LEVEL 4 – support is required from
international resources
A single “all hazards” plan
A comprehensive approach ▪ Prevention and mitigation
▪ Preparedness
▪ Response
▪ Recovery
Integration of agencies and organizations
Community Preparedness
APPROACH
Paradigm Shift from Response Centric to a Holistic and Integrated
Approach.
Backed by – Institutional Framework and Legal Authority.
Supported by Financial Mechanism, Creation of new Funds, i.e.,
Response Fund and Mitigation Fund.
DM STRUCTURE
NDMA set up as the Apex Body with Hon‟ble PM as Chairperson.
DM Structure – At all three levels i.e. National, State and District.
National Executive Committee (NEC) - Secretaries of 14 Ministries and
Chief of Integrated Defence Staff Function as Executive Committee of
NDMA.
• Lay down Policies on Disaster Management;
• Approve the National Plan;
• Approve Plans prepared by the Ministries or Departments of
the Government of India in accordance with the National
Plan;
• Lay down Guidelines to be followed by the State Authorities
in drawing up the States Plan;
• Lay down Guidelines to be followed by the different
Ministries or Department of the Government of India for the
purpose of integrating the measures for prevention of
disaster or the mitigation of its effects in their development
plans and projects;
POWER & FUNCTIONS OF THE NDMA
• Coordinate the enforcement and implementation of the Policy
and Plan for Disaster Management;
• Recommend provision of Funds for the purpose of
Mitigation;
• Provide such support to other countries affected by major
disasters as may be determined by the Central Government;
• Take such other measures for the prevention of disaster, or
the mitigation, or preparedness and capacity building for
dealing with the threatening disaster situation or disaster as
it may consider necessary;
• Lay down broad policies and guidelines for the functioning of
the National Institute of Disaster Management.
….. POWER & FUNCTIONS OF NDMA
Disaster Management is a multi-disciplinary process, all Central
Ministries and Departments will have a key role in the field of
disaster management.
Nodal Ministries and Departments of Government of India will
address specific disasters as assigned to them as :-
(i) Drought - Ministry of Agriculture.
(ii) Epidemics & Biological Disaster - Ministry of Health.
(iii) Chemical Disaster - Ministry of Environment.
(iv) Nuclear Accidents & Leakages - Dept. of Atomic Energy.
(v) Railway Accidents - Ministry of Railways.
(vi) Air Accidents - Ministry of Civil Aviation.
(vii) Natural Disasters & Civil Strife - Ministry of Home Affairs.
NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
• Guidelines on Pandemic Preparedness Beyond
Health.
22 Apr 08.
• Cyclones. 24 Apr 08.
• Biological. 22 Aug 08.
• Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies
(Unclassified, Part – I).
24 Feb 09.
• Guidelines for Disaster Response Training at the
Centre & States – NDRF & SDRFs.
Mar 09.
• Landslides & Snow Avalanches. 23 Jun 09.
• Chemical Terrorism Disasters. 04 Aug 09.
• Psycho Social and Mental Health Care. 20 Jan 10.
• Incident Response System. 21 Jul 10.
• Strengthening of Safety and Security for
Transportation of POL Tankers.
26 Jul 10.
TASKS ACCOMPLISHED
NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
• Threats to Municipal Water Supply and Water Reservoirs. 26 Jul 10.
• Mechanism to Detect, Prevent and Respond to
Radiological Emergencies in India.
11 Aug 10.
• Management of the Dead in the Aftermath of Disaster. 17 Aug 10.
• Minimum Standards of Relief –
Food in Relief Camps.
Sanitation & Hygiene in Disaster Relief.
Water Supply in Relief Camps.
Medical Cover in Relief Camps.
30 Aug 10.
• Tsunami. 03 Sep 10.
• Drought. Handed over to
Secretary
Agriculture on
24 Sep 10.
• Role of NGOs in Disaster Management Handed over on
24 Sep 10.
• Urban Flooding 27 Sep 2010.
TASKS ACCOMPLISHED
NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
TASKS ACCOMPLISHED
• National Policy on Disaster Management (DM) – Approved by the
Government on
22 Oct 09.
Guidelines Issued
27
• Guidelines for NIDM‟s Functioning. 13 Apr 06.
• Recommendations on Revamping of CD & Fire
Services.
Dec 06.
• Earthquakes. 16 May 07.
• Chemical (Industrial) Disasters. 28 May 07.
• Formulation of State DM Plans. 16 Aug 07.
• Medical Preparedness and Mass Casualty
Management.
14 Nov 07.
• Floods. 17 Jan 08.
NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
• Curriculum for Training of Civil Defence.
• Community Based Disaster Management.
• National Guidelines on Communication & Information Network.
• Nuclear – Radiological – Part II (Classified.)
• Micro Finance & Risk Insurance.
• Role of NGOs in Disaster Management.
• Post Disaster Reconstruction.
• Protection of Cultural Heritage & Monuments.
• Training Curriculum for Civil Defence.
• Fire Services.
ONGOING ACTIVITIES AND MAJOR INITIATIVES
1. Guidelines – Under Finalization.
So what to do ? ……
LOCAL CAPACITIES NEED REINFORCEMENT AND
AUGMENTATION
????????????????
DO WE HAVE SOME SOLUTIONS ???
Search & Rescue
First Aid
Transfer/Evacuate to Medical institutions
Restoration of Essential services eg Medical services, Water, Electricity, Communication networks, etc
Provision of Minimum Standards of Disaster in Relief Camps eg. Food, Drinking water, Shelter, Sanitation, Medical cover
Disposal of Dead bodies
Prevention of Epidemics
Debris Removal
Individual
Enabling environm-
ent
Organiz-
ational
Community EMERGENCY SUPPORT FUNCTIONARIES (ESFs) Police Fire & Emergency Services Civil Defence Home Guards State Disaster Response Force Youth Organisations National Service Scheme
National Cadet Corps
Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan
NGOs
TRAINED
DART
PREPOSITIONED
STOCKPILES
EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATIONS
RAPID
MOBILISATION
DRILLS
AND
PROCEDURES
FORCE
MULTIPIERS EMERGENCY
FUNDS
AREAS FOR TRAINING IN EMERGENCY RESPONSE
ARMED FORCES NDRF TRAININGS BY NIDM TRAININGS BY STATE DISASTER MANAGEMENT CENTRES TRAININGS BY NCDC AND NFSC PANCHAYATI RAJ INSTITUTIONS AWARENESS CAMPAIGNS INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION
CAMPAIGNS EMERGENCY MEDICAL PREPAREDNESS SCHOOL SAFETY COMMUNITY BASED DISASTER MANAGEMENT TECHNICAL/SECTOR SPECIFIC TRAININGS FOR
STAKEHOLDERS (HAZARD SPECIFIC) CHEMICAL INDUSTRIAL DISASTER PREPAREDNESS MOCK DRILLS
Armed Forces are called when the situation is beyond the coping capacity of the Civil Administration.
Form Core of the Government‟s Response Capacity and tend to be First Responders in addition to the initiatives of NDRF & SDRF
Assisting in fields of Capacity Development & Preparedness:- NBC Training Heliborne insertion High Altitude Rescue Diving / Rescue in water Participation in Mock Exercise
NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY OF NDRF BNS
• 10 Bns : 3 each from BSF & CRPF and 2 each from CISF & ITBP
Each Bn authorized 1150 personnel
Each Bn has 18 specialist teams of 45 members to handle natural & NBC disasters
Each team of 45 has 1 Doctor, 2 Engineers, 2 paramedics, 1 technician, 1 electrician & 1 dog squad
Total No.- 18 teams x 10Bns = 180 teams
A multi-disciplinary, Multi-skilled high-tech Force
capable of responding to all natural disasters &
CBRN emergencies
Trained & Equipped as per International Standards
of INSARAG (UN OCHA, Geneva)
Pro-actively available to states
NDRF : SPECIAL FEATURES
Dedicated exclusively for Disaster Response
No country in the world has such large Force
(1100+ personnel/ 180 teams) dedicated for
Disaster Response only
NDRF:SPECIAL FEATURES
1. Search & Rescue : (Earthquake)
* INSARAG (UNOCHA) Trg. Standard
* ADPC, Bangkok
* USAID : PEER Programme
* Swiss Development Corpn, Berne
* Adv. SAR Trg. Florida (USA)
2. Canine : (Earthquake)
* Adv. Dog Handlers Trg. SDC, Berne
3. Helislithering : IAF Base, Nahan (HQ) 4. Under Water Rescue * Life saving society, Kolkata * Sea Explorer Institute, Kolkata 5. NBC Emergencies
* College of Military Engineering, Pune * DRDE Gwalior * Singapore Civil Def. Academy * Organisation for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). The Hague (Netherlands)
Disaster Response:
Deployed in 125 operations so far.
Saved/ Rescued 2,33,494 lives & retrieved 667 bodies
Kosi Flood (Aug 2008): saved/ rescued 1,05,000 people
CAPACITY BUILDING PROJECT IN PARTNERSHIP WITH IGNOU FOR PRIs
AUDIO-VISUAL CAMPAIGNS (HAZARD SPECIFIC)
EARTHQUAKE AWARENESS CAMPAIGN CYCLONE AWARENESS CAMPAIGN FLOOD AWARENESS CAMPIAGN INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND
COMMUNICATION (IEC) ACTIVITIES IN ALL STATES AND UTs
Certified Medical First Responders (MFRs) will be :-
Fully trained in resuscitation,
triage and Basic Life Support;
Well-equipped and supported by all emergency services and material logistics;
Informed continuously about the dynamics of the disaster, based on indicators;
Communication backups at the Incident Response site to handle all kinds of Mass Casualty events within the golden hour .
PRE-HOSPITAL CARE HOSPITAL SAFETY HOSPITAL CONTINGENCY PLANNING SKILL DEVELOPMENT TRAININGS LIKE
ATLS, ATCN, PHTLS, BDLS, ACLS, ADLS EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES HOSPITAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT MASS CASUALTY MANAGEMENT PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCIES
Hospital DM Plan will be a part of “all hazard” District DM Plan catering to :-
Emergency medicines, Crisis Expansion of Beds, Coordinated structured
framework with detailed actions and roles of each health care provider
Emergency Support Functions
Rehearsed twice a year through Mock Drills
Networking with Private Medical establishments
o On-site management of mass casualties.
o Self-contained hospital capable of providing advanced life-
support facilities at the Incident site having an Operation
Theatre, X-ray facilities, Central Sterile Supply Department,
Laboratories, and Acute wards.
o Capacity of hospital beds can be enhanced.
Integrated Ambulance Network (IAN)
including road, rail, aerial and water
ambulance networks integrated at various
levels.
Equipped with :-
Personnel trained in Basic Life Support.
Basic Life saving equipment and drugs.
It will work in conjunction with:-
Emergency Response Centres (ERCs),
Medical services, and
Evacuation Plan of district, based on the
Public-Private Partnership model.
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SCHOOL AWARENESS AND SAFETY PROGRAMME - A step towards school safety
Promoting
Awareness and
Education
activities
Demonstrating
Disaster Risk
Management - School
Disaster Management
Plan and Mock drills
Training and
Capacity
Building
Structural and
Non - Structural
Risk Reduction
TAKING ACTION IN SCHOOLS
Community being the First Responder for any disaster or
emergency
Mechanism to incorporate community best practices to develop a
resilient community
Capacity Development of ASHA/VLH&S Committees/RKS/AWW
Capacity Development of Railway functionaries at Railway
Stations, Security Guards in RWA
Capacity Development of Civil Defence volunteers,
NCC/NSS/NYKS
Development of Certified Medical First Responders
Total Mock Exercises Done so far - 482 States/UT covered - 35 Districts covered - 141 MAH Industries Covered - 101 Petroleum Industries - 22 Industries Sensitized - 196. Industrial workers trained - 1,78,000 Community sensitized - 6.25 (industries)/>23.9 lac (overall) „On-site‟ Plans made/revisited - 1854/1783 „Off-site‟ Plans formulated - 300/190. Extensive coverage by print & electronic media. NDMA conducted mocks for CWG, Hockey World Cup, Cricket World
Cup, IPL, DMRC, Kolkata Metro, DIAL, BIAL, Formula 1, INSARAG Regional Exercise on Earthquake. School Safety Demonstration Project
Increased demand from States, Public and even from private sector.
DEMEx - Scheduled for Delhi, HEMEx - Scheduled for Hyderabad GEMEx = Scheduled for Guwahati, KEMEx – Scheduled for Kolkata
CEMEx = Conducted b/w 4th and 8th August 2011 at Chennai
Urban millions live in an increasingly volatile environment which is susceptible to both manmade and natural calamities leading to unprecedented humanitarian crises.
Twenty-three urban centers in India have more than a million
inhabitants, and 30% to 40% of urban dwellers are estimated to live in poverty, even more alarming is the fact that urban poverty is often underestimated
The efforts seek to examine and strengthen Urban Emergency Response in Cities.
Mass sensitization and public awareness on Urban
Emergency Management Services (U-EMS)
Capacity enhancement of different stakeholders
involved in emergency management and response
Test interagency communication, coordination and
interoperability.
Assess and recommend areas for reinforcement
and improvement.
Perspective plan (long term) for U-EMS in the city
Around 12-16 different parallel learning tracks are
implemented to over 1000 people for about 5 to 6 days
followed by two rounds of joint simulations.
5 to 6 days city wide learning exercises followed by
development needs assessment within different agencies.
Followed up by preparation of a 5 year coordinated
perspective plan for U-EMS for the city. (long term)
This multi-disciplinary training and exercise fosters the
development of skill sets focused on emergency management
during mass casualty events, while providing an opportunity for
local agencies to work together and practice a multi-
disciplinary, coordinated response to a local disaster.
The train-the-trainer approach of the course and drill enables
local partners to eventually replicate the training and drill
elsewhere in the region.
The course and drill helps identify the strengths and
weaknesses of the City's emergency management plans and
helps to better prepare the involved city for future events.
1. Strengthening Early Warning Systems
2. Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into
flagship schemes
3. Capacity Building within Government and
communities.
WITH NGOS &
OTHER
STAKEHOLDERS
26TH AUGUST 2012
THANK YOU
FOR
YOUR KIND ATTENTION
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