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Natural End-User Development of Mashups
Saeed Aghaee, Cesare Pautasso, and Antonella De Angeli
Email: [email protected]: @mr_wersa, @naturalmashWebsite: http://naturalmash.com
VL/HCC 2013, San Jose, CA, USA
Faculty of InformaticsUniversity of Lugano (USI)
Switzerland
DISIUniversity of Trento
Italy
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Situational Applications
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Situational Applications
Small group of users
Good enough
Shortlife-span
Rapid development
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Web 2.0 Mashups
Situational Applications
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Web-based
Mix reusable components
Cost-effective
Useful
Web 2.0 Mashups
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Develop-it-yourself
End-user mashup development for everyone on the Web
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Too specialized/complex for non-professional users
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Too simplified
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Bridge the gap between what the programmable Web has to offer and what end-users are readily
capable of
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“Intuitiveness”
Expressiveness
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Mashup development using natural language and visual interaction
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Description
Output mashupAvailable ingredients
Used Ingredients
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Event-based (“when the map is clicked, ..”) and sequential (“find youtube videos about title, and …”) integration styles
Natural Language based Integration
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Every API has a short description with natural language (autocompletion helps with discovery)
Natural Language Autocompletion
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Move and resize widgets
User Interface Design
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Description
Direct manipulation
Programming by Demonstration (PbD)
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Live Programming Style
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Requirements / Features
Expressiveness Intuitiveness
Natural Language Programming
X X
Autocompletion X
UI Design (WYSIWYG) X XPbD X XLive Programming X
Main Features
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DemoShopping Assistant Mashup
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Architecture
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Compiler
Scanner
Formal parser + NL Parser
Semantic Extraction (Control Flow)
Semantic Extraction (Data Flow)
Code Emitter (JOpera)
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User-centered Design and Development
Two iterations are completed
Design
ImplementationEvaluation
Analysis
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Design
ImplementationEvaluation
Analysis
Two iterations are completed
User-centered Design and Development
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Exploratory Evaluation: Goals
Main Goal: Identify usability problems to help correctly drive the design.
Sub Goal: Assess the success of the design in meeting the requirements (expressiveness and naturalnesss)
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Exploratory Evaluation: Participants
Sampling: 36 participants (iteration 1: 12, iteration 2: 24) were selected by convenience method from high school students, first year BSc students, and university staff.
Background: diverse background (20 non-programmers and 16 novice programmers)
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Exploratory Evaluation: Methods
Task-based
Questionnaire
Screen and session recording (Iteration 2)
Interview (Iteration 2)
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Exploratory Evaluation: Tasks
Pre-constructed task:4 different (given) mashups
Open (self-generated) taskA mashup proposed by the individual participant
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Exploratory Evaluation: Process
Background Assessment Tutorial Tasks
End-of-session
questionnaireInterview
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Iteration 1 version
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Iteration 2 version
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Semi-structured Editor
completely eliminates the possibility of making syntactical errors
Punctuations are added automatically, while they can also be typed by the user
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Ingredients Toolbar
shows a searchable list of available components (ingredients)
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Component Dock
Shows which components (ingredients) are used in the mashup
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Drag & Drop
Allows to add ingredients to the mashup being edited by dragging them from the toolbar and dropping it in the text field or visual field.
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Requirements / Decisions
Expressiveness Intuitiveness
Semi-Structured editor X
Ingredients Toolbar X X
Component Dock X
Drag & Drop X
Feature Additions (Iteration 1)
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Requirements / Decisions
Expressiveness Intuitiveness
Composition suggestion X X
Categorizes examples for mashups
X X
Stateful live programming X
Feature Additions (Iteration 2)
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Exploratory Evaluation: Results
Task completion:The majority (90%) of the participants (in both iterations) completed the tasks
Satisfaction and user experience:The majority of the participants felt satisfied and positively about the tool.
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Exploratory Evaluation: Results
- A mashup that measures the level of online presence in tourism, using social network APIs such as Twitter and Facebook.
- A mashup that enhances online shopping experience using eBay, Flickr, and Facebook.
- A mashup that delivers location-based news with related media content (video and image) using Google News, Youtube, Flickr, and Twitter.
Self-generated tasks:
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Bridge the gap between what the programmable Web has to offer and what end-users are readily
capable of
can
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Natural End-User Development of Mashups
Saeed Aghaee, Cesare Pautasso, and Antonella De Angeli
Email: [email protected]: @mr_wersa, @naturalmashWebsite: http://naturalmash.com
VL/HCC 2013, San Jose, CA, USA
Faculty of InformaticsUniversity of Lugano (USI)
Switzerland
DISIUniversity of Trento
Italy
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Component Development
Technical part:API protocol standards: REST, SOAP, etc.Input/output data types
Technical-independent part:Natural Language annotationSemantic annotation of input/output data
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Mashup Use-cases
Business and financial analysis
Crisis management
Internet of Things
E-learning
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- HTTP+POX- OAuth (1.0, 1.0a, 2.0)- JavaScript+HTML Widgets- SOAP- JSON- XML
Web API Technologies
User-based API ranking
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