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Nanotechnology in SpaceNanotechnology may hold the key to making space flight more practical. Advancements in
nanomaterials make lightweight solar sails and a cable for the space elevator possible. Bysignificantly reducing the amount of rocket fuel required, these advances could lower the
cost of reaching orbit and traveling in space. In addition, new materials combined withnanosensors and nanorobots could improve the performance of spaceships, spacesuits, and
the equipment used to explore planets and moons, making nanotechnology an importantpart of the final frontier.
Space Flight and Nanotechnology: Applications underDevelopment
Researchers are looking into the following applications of nanotechnology in space flight:
Employing materials made from carbon nanotubes to reduce the weight ofspaceships like the one shown below while retaining or even increasing the structural
strength.
Photo courtesy of NASA
Using carbon nanotubes to make the cable needed for the space elevator, a system
which could significantly reduce the cost of sending material into orbit. Includinglayers of bio-nano robots in spacesuits. The outer layer of bio-nano robots wouldrespond to damages to the spacesuit, for example to seal up punctures. An inner
layer of bio-nano robots could respond if the astronaut was in trouble, for exampleby providing drugs in a medical emergency. Deploying a network of nanosensors to
search large areas of planets such as Mars for traces of water or other chemicals.
Producing t hrusters for spacecraft that use MEMS devices to acceleratenanoparticles. This should reduce the weight and complexity of thruster systems
used for interplanetary missions. One cost-saving feature of these type of thrusters
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is their ability to draw on more or less of the MEMS devices depending upon the sizeand thrust requirement of the spacecraft, rather than designing and building different
engines for different size spacecraft.
Using carbon nanotubes to build lightweight solar sails that use the pressure oflight from the sun reflecting on the mirror-like solar cell to propel a
spacecraft. This solves the problem of having to lift enough fuel into orbit to power
spacecraft during interplanetary missions. Working with nanosensors to monitor the levels of trace chemicals in
spacecraft to monitor the performance of life support systems.
Spaceflight and Nanotechnology: ResearchOrganizations
The Center for Nanotechnology at NASA Ames is looking at how nanotechnology can be
used to reduce the mass, volume, and power consumption of a wide range of spacecraft
systems including sensors, communications, navigation, and propulsion systems.
The Johnson Space Center Nano Materials Project is working on nanotube composites
with the aim of reducing spacecraft weight.
The LiftPort Group is dedicated to making the space elevator reality. Their target date is
October, 2031.
The Space Nanotechnology Laboratory at MIT is developing high performance
instrumentation for use on spaceflights.
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NASA Commitment to Nanotechnology
NASA and theJohnson Space Center (JSC) have made a
commitment to pursue and drive breakthrough technologies to
expandhuman exploration of space. The very future of space
exploration depends on advanced technologies such asnanotechnology and biomimetics. Toward this goal, JSC is
focusing on the development of nanotechnology based on
single-wall carbon nanotubes. JSC is working toward bulkSWNT production methods to reduce cost and foster
widespread applications studies. In addition, we are pursuing
applications, including fabrication of SWNT composites, withpredicted strength-to-weight ratios that far exceed any of
todays materials. NASA's commitment to nanotechnology is
testimony that nanoscopic materials, nanoelectronics andmolecular devices will be fundamental to future space
exploration.About the Project
The JSC Carbon Nanotube Project is
focused on developing bulk nanotube
production, purification and application of
Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWNT's).
Production techniques being investigated
are pulsed laser vaporization (PLV),
arc discharge and a gas phase process
(HiPco) in collaboration withRice
University.
The goal of our project is to develop
nanotube applications for use in humanspace exploration. Because of their superior
strength-to-weight ratio, SWNT composites
are expected to reduce spacecraft weight by50% or more. Other exploration
applications include energy storage, life
support systems, thermal materials,nanoelectronics, nanosensors, electrostatic
discharge materials, and biomedical
applications.
JSC's distinctive effort is the study of nanotube growth using the PLV facility. Our world
class diagnostic facility enables the study of the plasma plume during nanotube
production to understand nanotube formation processes and yield optimization
techniques. After production, nanotube quality, diameter and purity are characterized by
Raman spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, TGA, and UV/VIS/NIR spectral analyses.
SWNT technology applications are also supported through the Small Business Innovative
Research Program. These technologies include ultracapacitors and structural composite
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gallery latest nanotechnology photos registered space vista windows
List of nanotechnology applications
s are shrunk. Nanoparticles, for example, take advantage of their dramatically increased surface
area to volume ratio. Their optical properties, e.g. fluorescence, become a function of the
particle diameter. When brought into a bulk material, nanoparticles can strongly influence the
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mechanical properties of the material, like stiffness or elasticity. For example, traditionalpolymers can be reinforced by nanoparticles resulting in novel materials which can be used as
lightweight replacements for metals. Therefore, an increasing societal benefit of suchnanoparticles can be expected. Such nanotechnologically enhanced materials will enable a
weight reduction accompanied by an increase in stability and improved functionality. Practical
nanotechnology is essentially the increasing ability to manipulate (with precision) matter onpreviously impossible scales, presenting possibilities which many could never have imagined - it
therefore seems unsurprising that few areas of human technology are exempt from the benefits
which nanotechnology could potentially bring.
Contents
[hide]
1 Medicineo 1.1 Diagnosticso 1.2 Drug deliveryo 1.3 Tissue engineering
2 Environmento 2.1 Filtration
3 Energyo 3.1 Reduction of energy consumptiono 3.2 Increasing the efficiency of energyproductiono 3.3 Recycling of batteries
4 Information and communicationo 4.1 Memory Storageo 4.2 Novel semiconductor deviceso 4.3 Novel optoelectronic deviceso 4.4 Displayso 4.5 Quantum computers
5 Heavy Industryo 5.1 Aerospaceo 5.2 Catalysiso 5.3 Construction
5.3.1 Nanotechnology andconstructions 5.3.2 Nanoparticles and steel 5.3.3 Nanoparticles in glass
5.3.4 Nanoparticles in coatings 5.3.5 Nanoparticles in fireprotection and detection 5.3.6 Risks of using nanoparticlesin construction
o 5.4 Vehicle manufacturers 6 Consumer goods
o 6.1 Foods 6.1.1 Nano-foods
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ctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications#Nanotechnology_and_constructionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications#Nanotechnology_and_constructionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications#Nanoparticles_and_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications#Nanoparticles_in_glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications#Nanoparticles_in_coatingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications#Nanoparticles_in_fire_protection_and_detectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications#Nanoparticles_in_fire_protection_and_detectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications#Risks_of_using_nanoparticles_in_constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications#Risks_of_using_nanoparticles_in_constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications#Vehicle_manufacturershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications#Consumer_goodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications#Foodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications#Nano-foods8/6/2019 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o 6.2 Householdo 6.3 Opticso 6.4 Textileso 6.5 Cosmeticso 6.6 Agricultureo 6.7 Sports
7 References
8 External links
.
[edit] Environment
Main articles: Green nanotechnologyandEnvironmental implications of
nanotechnology
[edit] Filtration
Main articles: Nanofiltration, Nanotechnology in water treatment, and
Environmental applications of nanotechnology
A strong influence of photochemistry on waste-water treatment, air purification and energy
storage devices is to be expected. Mechanical or chemical methods can be used for effectivefiltration techniques. One class of filtration techniques is based on the use of membranes with
suitable hole sizes, whereby the liquid is pressed through the membrane. Nanoporous membranes
are suitable for a mechanical filtration with extremely small pores smaller than 10 nm(nanofiltration) and may be composed of nanotubes. Nanofiltration is mainly used for the
removal of ions or the separation of different fluids. On a larger scale, the membrane filtrationtechnique is named ultrafiltration, which works down to between 10 and 100 nm. One important
field of application forultrafiltration is medical purposes as can be found in renal dialysis.Magnetic nanoparticles offer an effective and reliable method to remove heavy metal
contaminants from waste water by making use of magnetic separation techniques. Using
nanoscale particles increases the efficiency to absorb the contaminants and is comparativelyinexpensive compared to traditional precipitation and filtration methods.
Some water-treatment devices incorporating nanotechnology are already on the market, with
more in development. Low-cost nanostructured separation membranes methods have been shown
to be effective in producing potable water in a recent study.[3]
Energy
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The most advanced nanotechnology projects related to energy are: storage, conversion,
manufacturing improvements by reducing materials and process rates, energy saving (by better
thermal insulation for example), and enhanced renewable energy sources.
Reduction of energy consumption
A reduction of energy consumption can be reached by better insulation systems, by the use of
more efficient lighting or combustion systems, and by use of lighter and stronger materials in thetransportation sector. Currently used light bulbs only convert approximately 5% of the electrical
energy into light. Nanotechnological approaches like light-emitting diodes (LEDs) orquantumcaged atoms (QCAs) could lead to a strong reduction of energy consumption for illumination.
[edit] Increasing the efficiency of energy production
Today's best solar cells have layers of several different semiconductors stacked together to
absorb light at different energies but they still only manage to use 40 percent of the Sun's energy.
Commercially available solar cells have much lower efficiencies (15-20%). Nanotechnologycould help increase the efficiency of light conversion by using nanostructures with a continuum
ofbandgaps.
The degree of efficiency of the internal combustion engine is about 30-40% at the moment.Nanotechnology could improve combustion by designing specific catalysts with maximized
surface area. In 2005, scientists at the University of Torontodeveloped a spray-on nanoparticle
substance that, when applied to a surface, instantly transforms it into a solar collector.[1]
Because of the relatively low energy density of batteries the operating time is limited and areplacement or recharging is needed. The huge number of spent batteries and accumulators
represent a disposal problem. The use of batteries with higher energy content or the use ofrechargeable batteries orsupercapacitorswith higher rate of recharging using nanomaterials
could be helpful for the battery disposal problem. Yield is an issue here.
] Information and communication
Current high-technology production processes are based on traditional top down strategies,where nanotechnology has already been introduced silently. The critical length scale of
integrated circuits is already at the nanoscale (50 nm and below) regarding the gate length of
transistors in CPUs orDRAM devices.
[Memory Storage
Electronic memory designs in the past have largely relied on the formation of transistors.
However, research intocrossbar switchbased electronics have offered an alternative usingreconfigurable interconnections between vertical and horizontal wiring arrays to create ultra high
density memories. Two leaders in this area are Nanterowhich has developed a carbon nanotube
based crossbar memory called Nano-RAM and Hewlett-Packard which has proposed the use ofmemristor material as a future replacement of Flash memory.
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[Novel semiconductor devices
An example of such novel devices is based on spintronics.The dependence of the resistance of amaterial (due to the spin of the electrons) on an external field is called magnetoresistance. This
effect can be significantly amplified (GMR - Giant Magneto-Resistance) for nanosized objects,
for example when two ferromagnetic layers are separated by a nonmagnetic layer, which isseveral nanometers thick (e.g. Co-Cu-Co). The GMR effect has led to a strong increase in thedata storage density of hard disks and made the gigabyte range possible. The so called tunneling
magnetoresistance (TMR) is very similar to GMR and based on the spin dependent tunneling of
electrons through adjacent ferromagnetic layers. Both GMR and TMR effects can be used tocreate a non-volatile main memory for computers, such as the so called magnetic random access
memory orMRAM.
In 1999, the ultimate CMOS transistor developed at the Laboratory for Electronics and
Information Technology in Grenoble, France, tested the limits of the principles of the MOSFETtransistor with a diameter of 18 nm (approximately 70 atoms placed side by side). This was
almost one tenth the size of the smallest industrial transistor in 2003 (130 nm in 2003, 90 nm in2004, 65 nm in 2005 and 45 nm in 2007). It enabled the theoretical integration of seven billionjunctions on a 1 coin. However, the CMOS transistor, which was created in 1999, was not a
simple research experiment to study how CMOS technology functions, but rather a
demonstration of how this technology functions now that we ourselves are getting ever closer toworking on a molecular scale. Today it would be impossible to master the coordinated assembly
of a large number of these transistors on a circuit and it would also be impossible to create this
on an industrial level.[4]
[edit] Novel optoelectronic devices
In the modern communication technology traditional analog electrical devices are increasinglyreplaced by optical oroptoelectronic devices due to their enormous bandwidth and capacity,
respectively. Two promising examples arephotonic crystals and quantum dots. Photoniccrystals are materials with a periodic variation in the refractive index with a lattice constant that
is half the wavelength of the light used. They offer a selectable band gap for the propagation of a
certain wavelength, thus they resemble a semiconductor, but for light orphotons instead ofelectrons. Quantum dots are nanoscaled objects, which can be used, among many other things,
for the construction of lasers. The advantage of a quantum dot laser over the traditional
semiconductor laser is that their emitted wavelength depends on the diameter of the dot.Quantum dot lasers are cheaper and offer a higher beam quality than conventional laser diodes.
] Displays
The production of displays with low energy consumption could be accomplished using carbon
nanotubes (CNT). Carbon nanotubes are electrically conductive and due to their small diameterof several nanometers, they can be used as field emitters with extremely high efficiency forfieldemission displays (FED). The principle of operation resembles that of the cathode ray tube, but
on a much smaller length scale.
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[edit] Quantum computers
Main article: Quantum computer
Entirely new approaches for computing exploit the laws of quantum mechanics for novel
quantum computers, which enable the use of fast quantum algorithms. The Quantum computer
has quantum bit memory space termed "Qubit" for several computations at the same time. Thisfacility may improve the performance of the older systems.
Heavy Industry
An inevitable use of nanotechnology will be in heavy industry.
Aerospace
Lighter and stronger materials will be of immense use to aircraft manufacturers, leading toincreased performance. Spacecraft will also benefit, where weight is a major factor.
Nanotechnology would help to reduce the size of equipment and there by decrease fuel-
consumption required to get it airborne.
Hang gliders may be able to halve their weight while increasing their strength and toughnessthrough the use of nanotech materials. Nanotech is lowering the mass ofsupercapacitors that
will increasingly be used to give power to assistive electrical motors for launching hang gliders
off flatland to thermal-chasing altitudes.
[edit] Catalysis
Chemical catalysis benefits especially from nanoparticles, due to the extremely large surface to
volume ratio. The application potential of nanoparticles in catalysis ranges from fuel cell tocatalytic converters and photocatalytic devices. Catalysis is also important for the production of
chemicals.
The synthesis provides novel materials with tailored features and chemical properties: for
example, nanoparticles with a distinct chemical surrounding (ligands), or specific opticalproperties. In this sense, chemistry is indeed a basic nanoscience. In a short-term perspective,
chemistry will provide novel nanomaterials and in the long run, superior processes such as
self-assembly will enable energy and time preserving strategies. In a sense, all chemicalsynthesis can be understood in terms of nanotechnology, because of its ability to manufacture
certain molecules. Thus, chemistry forms a base for nanotechnology providing tailor-made
molecules, polymers, etcetera, as well as clusters and nanoparticles.
Platinum nanoparticles are now being considered in the next generation of automotive catalyticconverters because the very high surface area of nanoparticles could reduce the amount of
platinum required.[5] However, some concerns have been raised due to experiments
demonstrating that they will spontaneously combust if methane is mixed with the ambient air.[6]
Ongoing research at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) in France may
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resolve their true usefulness for catalytic applications.[7]Nanofiltration may come to be an
important application, although future research must be careful to investigate possible toxicity.[8]
[edit] Construction
Nanotechnology has the potential to make constructionfaster, cheaper, safer, and more varied.Automation of nanotechnology construction can allow for the creation of structures from
advanced homes to massive skyscrapers much more quickly and at much lower cost.
[edit] Nanotechnology and constructions
Nanotechnology is one of the most active research areas that encompass a number of disciplines
Such as electronics, bio-mechanics and coatings including civil engineering and constructionmaterials.
The use of nanotechnology in construction involves the development of new concept and
understanding of the hydration of cement particles and the use of nano-size ingredients such asalumina and silica and other nanoparticles. The manufactures also investigating the methods ofmanufacturing of nano-cement. If cement with nano-size particles can be manufactured and
processed, it will open up a large number of opportunities in the fields of ceramics, high strength
composites and electronic applications. Since at the nanoscale the properties of the material aredifferent from that of their bulk counter parts. When materials becomes nano-sized, the
proportion of atoms on the surface increases relative to those inside and this leads to novel
properties. Some applications of nanotechnology in construction are describe below.
[edit] Nanoparticles and steel
Steel has been widely available material and has a major role in the construction industry. Theuse of nanotechnology in steel helps to improve the properties of steel. The fatigue, which led to
the structural failure of steel due to cyclic loading, such as in bridges or towers.The current steeldesigns are based on the reduction in the allowable stress, service life or regular inspection
regime. This has a significant impact on the life-cycle costs of structures and limits the effective
use of resources.The Stress risers are responsible for initiating cracks from which fatigue failureresults .The addition of copper nanoparticles reduces the surface un-evenness of steel which then
limits the number of stress risers and hence fatigue cracking. Advancements in this technology
using nanoparticles would lead to increased safety, less need for regular inspection regime andmore efficient materials free from fatigue issues for construction.
The nano-size steel produce stronger steel cables which can be in bridge construction. Also thesestronger cable material would reduce the costs and period of construction, especially in
suspension bridges as the cables are run from end to end of the span. This would require highstrength joints which leads to the need for high strength bolts. The capacity of high strength bolts
is obtained through quenching and tempering. The microstructures of such products consist of
tempered martensite. When the tensile strength of tempered martensite steel exceeds 1,200 MPa
even a very small amount of hydrogen embrittles the grain boundaries and the steel material mayfail during use. This phenomenon, which is known as delayed fracture, which hindered the
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strengthening of steel bolts and their highest strength is limited to only around 1,000 to 1,200
MPa.
The use of vanadium and molybdenum nanoparticles improves the delayed fracture problemsassociated with high strength bolts reducing the effects of hydrogen embrittlement and
improving the steel micro-structure through reducing the effects of the inter-granular cementitephase.
Welds and the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) adjacent to welds can be brittle and fail withoutwarning when subjected to sudden dynamic loading.The addition of nanoparticles of magnesium
and calcium makes the HAZ grains finer in plate steel and this leads to an increase in weld
toughness. The increase in toughness at would result in a smaller resource requirement because
less material is required in order to keep stresses within allowable limits.The carbon nanotubesare exciting material with tremendous properties of strength and stiffness, they have found little
application as compared to steel,because it is difficult to bind them with bulk material and they
pull out easily, Which make them ineffective in construction materials.
[edit] Nanoparticles in glass
The glass is also an important material in construction.There is a lot of research being carried out
on the application of nanotechnology to glass.Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are used tocoat glazing since it has sterilizing and anti-fouling properties. The particles catalyze powerful
reactions which breakdown organic pollutants, volatile organic compounds and bacterial
membranes.
The TiO2 is hydrophilic (attraction to water) which can attract rain drops which then wash offthe dirt particles.Thus the introduction of nanotechnology in the Glass industry, incorporates the
self cleaning property of glass. Fire-protective glass is another application of nanotechnology.This is achieved by using a clear intumescent layer sandwiched between glass panels (aninterlayer) formed of silica nanoparticles (SiO2) which turns into a rigid and opaque fire shield
when heated.Most of glass in construction is on the exterior surface of buildings .So the light and
heat entering the building through glass has to be prevented. The nanotechnology can provide abetter solution to block light and heat coming through windows.
[edit] Nanoparticles in coatings
Coatings is an important area in construction coatings are extensively use to paint the walls,
doors, and windows. Coatings should provides a protective layer which is bound to the base
material to produce a surface of the desired protective or functional properties. The coatingsshould have self healing capabilities through a process of self-assembly. Nanotechnology is
being applied to paints to obtained the coatings having self healing capabilities and corrosionprotection under insulation. Since these coatings are hydrophobic and repels water from the
metal pipe and can also protect metal from salt water attack. Nanoparticle based systems can
provide better adhesion and transparency. The TiO2 coating captures and breaks down organicand inorganic air pollutants by a photocatalytic process, which leads to putting roads to good
environmental use.
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[edit] Nanoparticles in fire protection and detection
Fire resistance of steel structures is often provided by a coating produced by a spray-on-cementitious process.The nano-cement has the potential to create a new paradigm in this area of
application because the resulting material can be used as a tough, durable, high temperature
coating. It provides a good method of increasing fire resistance and this is a cheaper option thanconventional insulation.
[edit] Risks of using nanoparticles in construction
In building construction nanomaterials are widely used from self-cleaning windows to flexible
solar panels to wi-fi blocking paint. The self-healing concrete, materials to block ultraviolet andinfrared radiation, smog-eating coatings and light-emitting walls and ceilings are the new
nanomaterials in construction. Nanotechnology is a promise for making the smart home a
reality. Nanotech-enabled sensors can monitor temperature, humidity, and airborne toxins whichneeds nanotech based improved batteries.The building components will be intelligent and
interactive since the sensor uses wireless components,it can collect the wide range of data.
If the nanosensors and nanomaterials becomes a every day part of the buildings to make them
intelligent,what are the consequences of these materials on human beings?
1.Effect of nanoparticles on health and environment: Nanoparticles may also enter the body if
building water supplies are filtered through commercially available nanofilters. Airborne and
waterborne nanoparticles enter from building ventilation and wastewater systems. 2. Effect of
nanoparticles on societal issues: As sensors become more common place,a loss of privacy mayresult from users interacting with increasingly intelligent building components.The technology at
one side has the advantages of new building material. The otherside it has the fear of risk arises
from these materials. However, the overall performance of nanomaterials to date, is that valuableopportunities to improve building performance, user health and environmental quality .
[edit] Vehicle manufacturers
Much like aerospace, lighter and stronger materials will be useful for creating vehicles that areboth faster and safer. Combustion engines will also benefit from parts that are more hard-
wearing and more heat-resistant.
Consumer goods
Nanotechnology is already impacting the field of consumer goods, providing products with novelfunctions ranging from easy-to-clean to scratch-resistant. Modern textiles are wrinkle-resistant
and stain-repellent; in the mid-term clothes will become smart, through embedded wearableelectronics. Already in use are different nanoparticle improved products. Especially in the field
of cosmetics, such novel products have a promising potential.
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] Foods
Complex set of engineering and scientific challenges in the food and bioprocessing industry formanufacturing high quality and safe food through efficient and sustainable means can be solved
through nanotechnology. Bacteria identification and food quality monitoring using biosensors;
intelligent, active, and smart food packaging systems; nanoencapsulation of bioactive foodcompounds are few examples of emerging applications of nanotechnology for the food industry.[9] Nanotechnology can be applied in the production, processing, safety and packaging of food. A
nanocomposite coating process could improve food packaging by placing anti-microbial agents
directly on the surface of the coated film. Nanocompositescould increase or decrease gaspermeability of different fillers as is needed for different products. They can also improve the
mechanical and heat-resistance properties and lower the oxygen transmission rate. Research is
being performed to apply nanotechnology to the detection of chemical and biological substancesfor sensanges in foods.
] Nano-foods
New foods are among the nanotechnology-created consumer products coming onto the market atthe rate of 3 to 4 per week, according to the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies (PEN),
based on an inventory it has drawn up of 609 known or claimed nano-products.
On PEN's list are three foodsa brand of canola cooking oil called Canola Active Oil, a tea
called Nanotea and a chocolate diet shake called Nanoceuticals Slim Shake Chocolate.
According to company information posted on PEN's Web site, the canola oil, by ShemenIndustries of Israel, contains an additive called "nanodrops" designed to carry vitamins, minerals
and phytochemicals through the digestive system and urea. [10]
The shake, according to U.S. manufacturer RBC Life Sciences Inc., uses cocoa infused
"NanoClusters" to enhance the taste and health benefits of cocoa without the need for extrasugar.[11]
] Household
The most prominent application of nanotechnology in the household is self-cleaning or easy-to-clean surfaces on ceramics or glasses. Nano ceramic particles have improved the smoothness
and heat resistance of common household equipment such as the flat iron.
[edit] Optics
The first sunglasses using protective and anti-reflective ultrathin polymer coatings are on the
market. For optics, nanotechnology also offers scratch resistant surface coatings based on
nanocomposites. Nano-optics could allow for an increase in precision of pupil repair and othertypes of laser eye surgery.
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[edit] Textiles
The use of engineered nanofibers already makes clothes water- and stain-repellent or wrinkle-free. Textiles with a nanotechnological finish can be washed less frequently and at lower
temperatures. Nanotechnology has been used to integrate tiny carbon particles membrane and
guarantee full-surface protection from electrostatic charges for the wearer. Many otherapplications have been developed by research institutions such as theTextiles Nanotechnology
Laboratory at Cornell University, and the UK's Dstl and its spin out company P2i.
[edit] Cosmetics
One field of application is in sunscreens. The traditional chemical UV protection approachsuffers from its poor long-term stability. A sunscreen based on mineral nanoparticles such as
titanium dioxide offer several advantages. Titanium oxide nanoparticles have a comparable UV
protection property as the bulk material, but lose the cosmetically undesirable whitening as theparticle size is decreased.
[edit] Agriculture
Applications of nanotechnology have the potential to change the entire agriculture sector andfood industry chain from production to conservation, processing, packaging, transportation, and
even waste treatment. NanoScience concepts and nanotechnology applications have the potential
to redesign the production cycle, restructure the processing and conservation processes andredefine the food habits of the people.
Major challenges related to agriculture like low productivity in cultivable areas, large
uncultivable areas, shrinkage of cultivable lands, wastage of inputs like water, fertilizers,
pesticides, wastage of products and of course Food security for growing numbers can beaddressed through various applications of nanotechnology.
Nanobots Replacing Neurons (Nerve Cells)
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Nanorobot at work replacing human nerve cells withartificial nerve cells. This CG animation visualizes one of
the possible future applications and uses of
nanotechnology.
Image byE-spaces
DNA Visualization
DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid, a long linear polymer
found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from
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nucleotides and shaped like a double helix; associated
with the transmission of genetic information. DNA is the
king of molecules.
Image byE-spaces
Self Replicating Nano Robots
Virus
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Top 10 Uses of
NanoTechnology inFood
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Nanoparticles may be able to detect bacteria,
extend food shelf life, add health benefits, orimprove flavor, reports Discovery.
While nanotechnology does not involve any
genetic manipulation, many companies arekeeping secret about their work their doing.
While this can keep competitors off their trail,
it can also make it difficult for regulatoryagencies to manage risks and create laws for
these emerging technologies.
Nonetheless, nanotechnology offers someexciting potential benefits for the quality andsafety of our foods.
1. CONTAMINATION SENSOR: Flash a light
to reveal the presence of E. coli bacteria.
2. ANTIMICROBIAL PACKAGING: Edible
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food films made with cinnamon or oregano oil,
or nano particles of zinc, calcium other
materials that kill bacteria.
3. IMPROVED FOOD STORAGE: Nano-enhanced barrier keeps oxygen-sensitive foods
fresher.
4. ENHANCED NUTRIENT DELIVERY
Nano-encapsulating improves solubility ofvitamins, antioxidants, healthy omega oils and
other nutraceuticals.
5. GREEN PACKAGING: Nano-fibers made
from lobster shells ororganic corn are both
antimicrobial and biodegradable.
6. PESTICIDE REDUCTION: A cloth
saturated with nano fibers slowly releases
pesticides, eliminating need for additionalspraying and reducing chemical leakage into
the water supply.
7. TRACKING, TRACING; BRANDPROTECTION: Nanobarcodes can be created
to tag individual products and trace outbreaks.
8. TEXTURE: Food spreadability and stability
improve with nano-sized crystals and lipids forbetter low-fat foods.
9. FLAVOR: Trick the tongue with bitter
blockers or sweet and salty enhancers.
10. BACTERIA IDENTIFICATION AND
ELIMINATION: Nano carbohydrate particlesbind with bacteria so they can be detected and
eliminated.
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