NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
PHARMACEUTICS
CONTENT
History of nanotechnology in pharmaceutics
Nanotechnology in pharmaceutics
Importance of nanotechnology in pharmaceutics
Emerging digital health innovations
Introduction
As biology and technology become ever more closely intertwined, new
opportunities are emerging to improve healthcare through the use of
innovative digital technologies.it includes nanotechnology also
Nanotechnology refers to microscopic technology that is of the scale
of between 1 to 100 nanometers (a sheet of newspaper is about
100,000 nanometers thick). Due to their microscopic size,
nanoparticles can easily travel around the human body in the blood
stream. Nanoparticles are usually composed of biological-based
nanomachines or simple material nanostructures.
Classification
Nanotechnology
1. Nanomaterial
2. Nanodevice
Nanomaterial
Nanomaterial are the material of which at least one dimension is sized
Between 1-100nm.Nanomaterial are the bio-materials used ,their surface
Modification or coatings might greatly enhance the biocompatibility by
favouring the interaction of living cell with the biomaterial.
Nanomaterial is divided into:-
1. Nanocrystalline:-Drugs nanocrystal are the solid drug particle within
diameter below 1000nm.Nanocrystal implies a crystalline state of
discrete particle.This technology is explored to increase the
bioavaibility of sparingly water soluble drugs. e.g. artificial limbs,
facial prosthetics and neuroprosthetics etc.), and implants.
Nanostructure
Nanostructured material are processed of raw nanomaterial that provide special shape or functionality .eg:- Metallic nanoparticles ,Quantum dots, Silicananoparticles etc
Types of nanostructure:-
1. Polymer
2. Non-polymer
Polymer:-These includes nano sized polymer of long chain molecules.in pharmacyit includes:-
1. Nanoparticles
2. Denderimer
3. Micelles
4. Drug conjugates
Nanoparticles
Polymeric nanoparticles provide an alternative to nanosystems due to some
inherent properties like biocompatibility, nonimmunogenicity, nontoxicity and
biodegradability. These are colloidal carrier, 10 nm -1µm in size, consisting of
synthetic or natural polymers. Polymeric nanoparticles are a broad class
comprised of both vesicular systems (nanocapsules) and matrix systems
(nanospheres). Nanocapsules are systems in which the drug is confined to a
cavity surrounded by unique polymeric membrane whereas nanospheres are
systems in which the drug is dispersed through out the polymer matrix. The
various natural polymers like gelatin, albumin and alginate are used to
prepare the nanoparticles.
Dendrimers
They are hyperbranched, tree-like structures and have compartmentalized
chemical polymer. Dendrimer contain three different regions: core,
branches, and surface . The macromolecule constituents radiate in branching
form from the central core, creating an internal cavity as well as a sphere of
end groups that can be tailored according to requirements. They can be
tailored or modified into biocompatible compounds with low cytotoxicity and
high biopermeability. They bear promising properties for delivery of
bioactives ranging from drugs, vaccines, metal, and genes to desired sites.
Their hollow interior provides space to incorporate drugs and other bioactive
physically or by various interactions to act as drug delivery vehicles
Polymeric micelle
Polymeric micelles are usually of <100 nm and their hydrophilic surface
protects their nonspecific uptake by reticuloendothelial system. Micelles are
formed in solution as aggregates in which the component molecules are
generally arranged in a spheroidal structure with hydrophobic cores shielded
from water by a mantle of hydrophilic groups
Polymer drug conjugate
The conjugation of low molecular weight drugs with polymer causes drastic
change in pharmacokinetic disposition of drug in whole body and at cellular
level. Polymer-drug conjugates are thus designed to increase the over all
molecular weight, which facilitates their retention in cancer cells through
enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect using passive delivery
approach.
Non-polymer
Carbon nanotubes:- Carbon nanotubes are hexagonal networks of carbon
atoms, and a layer of graphite rolled up into a cylinder 1 nm in diameter and
1–100 nm in length. There are two types of nanotubes: single-walled
nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs) .
These are small macromolecules that are unique for their size, shape, and
have remarkable physical properties. Nanotubes offer some distinct
advantages over other drug delivery and diagnostic systems due to very
interesting physicochemical properties such as ordered structure with high
aspect ratio, ultra-light weight, high mechanical strength, high electrical
conductivity, high thermal conductivity, metallic or semi-metallic behavior
and high surface area.Upto now it is highly used in cancer treatnment.
Metallic nanoparticles
Metallic nanoparticles are emerging as good delivery carrier for drug and
biosensor. Although nanoparticles of various metals have been made yet silver
and gold nanoparticles are of prime importance for biomedical use . Their
surface functionalization is very easy and various ligands have been decorated
onto the surface. A large numbers of ligands have been linked to
nanoparticles including sugars, peptide, protein and DNA. They have been
used for active delivery of bioactive, drug discovery, bioassays, detection,
imaging and many other applications due to surface functionalization ability,
as an alternative to quantumdots.
Quantum dots
Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconducting materials consisting of a
semiconductor core (CdSe), coated by a shell (e.g., ZnS) to improve optical
properties, and a cap enabling improved solubility in aqueous buffers. They
are neither atomic nor bulk semiconductors. Their properties originate from
their physical size, which ranges from 10–100 Å in radius. Due to their bright
fluorescence, narrow emission, broad UV excitation and high photostability
QDs have been adopted for in vitro bioimaging for real time monitoring or
tracking of intracellular process for longer time
Silica nanoparticles
10 nm–50 µm
Silanised and coated with oligonucleotide. Observable by fluorescence
method.
Efficient nuclic acid hybridization Detection of DNA Nanobiosensor for trace
analysis
Nanodevice
Nanodevices are miniature devices in the nanoscale and some of which
include nano- and microelectromechanical systems (NEMS/ MEMS),
microfluidics(control and manipulation of micro or nanolitre of fluids), and
microarrays(different kind of biological assay e.g. DNA, protein, cell, and
antibody ). Examples include biosensors and detectors to detect trace
quantities of bacteria, airborne pathogens, biological hazards, and disease
signatures and some intelligent machines like respirocytes .
Types:-
1. NEMS
2. Microarrays
3. Respirocytes
Nano electro-mechanical device
nano-technologies enable the fabrication of complex and miniaturized
functional systems, called NEMS (i.e.nano electro-mechanical systems). NEMS
provide interface functions (sensors and actuators) between micro- or
nanoelectronics and the environment and human beings.it also helps to binds
drugs to cabon nanotubes.it is the typical device having low mass &
mechanical frequencies .
Microarrays
A microarray is a laboratory tool used to detect the expression of thousands of
genes at the same time. DNA microarrays are microscope slides that are
printed with thousands of tiny spots in defined positions, with each spot
containing a known DNA sequence or gene
These slides are referred to as gene chips or DNA chips. The DNA molecules
attached to each slide act as probes to detect gene expression, which is also
known as the transcriptome or the set of messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts
expressed by a group of genes.
It helps in finding out the sequence of dna also which further help in many
other works such as dna cloning
Respirocytes
A respirocyte is a theoretical engineering design for an artificial red blood cell
about a micron in diameter - a machine that cannot be constructed with
current technology. Respirocytes are micron-scale spherical robotic red blood
cells comprised of nanometer-scale components, containing an internal
pressure of 1000 atmospheres of compressed oxygen and carbon dioxide. The
intense pressure would be safely contained in two separate high pressure
vessels likely made of pure diamond. At this intense pressure, a respirocyte
could hold 236 times more oxygen and carbon dioxide than our natural red
blood cells.
General application
1. Intracellular targeting
2. Treatnment of chemotherapy
3. Avoidance of multidrug resistance
4. Treatnment of leprosy
5. Ocular drug delivary
Current application in pharmacy
1. Nanomedicine
2. Tissue engeneering
3. Nano-robots
4. Carrier of daigonostic
5. Biosensor
6. Biomaker
7. Image enhancement
https://www.slideshare.net/saravananchandran712/applications-of-nanotechnology-in-pharmacy-63180294
https://www.omicsgroup.org/journals/engineered-nanomaterials-for-pharmaceutical-and-biomedical-productsnew-trends-benefits-and-opportunities-jpr-1000105.pdf
https://www.slideshare.net/rpillairajeev/nanopolymer
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1984-82502013000400002
https://www.google.com.np/#q=how+does+carbon+nanotube+distinguished+healthy+and+infected+cell
http://www.nano-tera.ch/program/research/mems.html
http://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/microarray-202
http://www.thenanoage.com/respirocytes.htm