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GU[AK& [MUHJ&
DHJ ZEK@HMFMLQ
AH DGERAKD
D Jmkugehzdrq @a{zmrq
mo Edrfq S`mhmlrds`&
Kahegd& dhj Rdjam
Zagmz`q J( Zdqfmr& Gdrn Ndzy& DHJ Zmhq Lrdiejd& EJAZMR[
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Gu{ak& {muhj&
dhj Zek`hmfmlq
ah DGerakD
jmkugehzdrq a{zmrq mo
drfq S`mhmlrds`& ahegd&
dh Rdam
Ejazej bq Zagmz`q J( Zdqfmr&
Gdrn Ndzy& dhj Zmhq Lrdiejd
June Uhaver{azq Sre{{
Jur`dg dhj Fmhjmh
2342
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2342 June Uhaver{azq Sre{{
Dff ral`z{ re{ervej(
Srahzej ah z`e Uhazej [zdze{ mo Dgerakd mh dkaj'oree sdser
qse{ez ah Gahamh bq {ehl Ahomrgdzamh [q{zeg{& Ahk(
Fabrdrq mo Kmhlre{{ Kdzdfmlahl'ah'Subfakdzamh Jdzd dhj
resubfakdzamh dknhm|fejlgehz{ dssedr mh z`e fd{z srahzej
sdle mo z`a{ bmmn(
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Fane |dzer& fane ld{& fane z`e efekzrakdf kurrehz kmgahl
ormg dodr ahzm mur `mge{ re{smhjahl zm mur heej{ ah
rezurh omr dfgm{z hm eoomrz& {m |e |aff be {ussfaej |az`
va{udf mr dujabfe agdle{& dssedrahl dhj ja{dssedrahl
|az` z`e fed{z le{zure& dfgm{z d {alh& mhfq zm fedve u{
dldah z`e {dge |dq d{ z`eq kdge(
Sduf _dfrq& Fd Kmhtuze je fubatuaz&
ahSake{ {ur fdrz& 412041;:
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mhzehz{
Leherdf Ahzrmjukzamh9 Gu{ak ek`hmfmlae{
ah Everqjdq Faoe agmz`q J( dqfmr 4
Sdr ( {muhj ekmrjah
Ahzrmjukzamh Gdrn Ndzy 44
[muhj Rekmrjahl9 Redjahl{ 21
Srejakzamh{
4( Zmgd{ D( Eja{mh& Ze S`mhmlrds` dhj Az{ Ouzure 40
Gu{ak'Fmver{ Gdq 401;! ;1
Z`e Fa{zeher dhj z`e S`mhmlrds`
Fedrhahl zm Fa{zeh
:( Eja{mh Redfa{g e{z& Brmdj{aje k( 414?! ::
5( Affu{zrdzej [mhl Gdk`ahe& Zdfnahl Gdk`ahe \mrfjMkzmber 4135!>
Affu{zrdzej [mhl Gdk`ahe& Zdfnahl Gdk`ahe \mrfjHmvegber 4135! :5
?( Mrfm \affadg{& age{ dhj [ed{mh{& Lrdgms`mhe Iuhe 412;! :5
Ze S`mhmlrds` ah Everqjdq Faoe
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1( Sdufahe Sdrzrajle& Ze @mge [ez zm Gu{ak Hmvegber 412:! 5;
43( Zmgd{ D( Eja{mh& Ahk(& tue{zamhhdare dhj re{smh{e{ 4124! 5?
Ze S`mhmlrds` dhj Gu{ak Dssrekadzamh
44( Dhhae Sane Lreeh|mmj& Ze _akzmr ah z`e Rurdf [k`mmf
2? Oebrudrq 414:! ?5
42( Mrldhaye d Gu{ak Gegmrq Kmhze{z& Zdfnahl Gdk`ahe Imurhdf
Gdrk` 4141! ?
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Ze S`mhmlrds` d{ d Kmgsm{azamhdf mmf
;4( Kdrmf'Brdrj& Rekmrjej Hma{e{mgmrrm|{ Ah{zrugehzdzamh
IdhudrqOebrudrq 4121! 443
;2( Almr [zrdvah{nq& Geahe [zeffuhl yur [k`dffsfdzze Gdrk` 41;3! 44;
S`mhmlrds` Jebdze{
Kmh
;;( Im`h S`afas [mu{d& Ze Gehdke mo Gek`dhakdf Gu{ak 413?! 44;
;:( Smrzfdhj Mrelmh! Kazq Kmuhkaf& Dh Mrjahdhke Relufdzahl z`e U{e mo
S`mhmlrds`{ 4: Dulu{z 413Gahuze{ mo z`e Smrzfdhj Kazq Kmuhkaf
2< Hmvegber 413
;5( Im{es` H( \eber& Kdhhej Gu{akA{ Az dnahl z`e Rmgdhke ormg Mur
Fave{= Hmvegber 41;3! 42;
Srm
;?( Sduf @( Krmgefah& Ze Gehdke mo Gek`dhakdf Gu{ak 413?! 42?
;Sdr ( ahegd
Ahzrmjukzamh mhq Lrdiejd 4;:3( Djverza{egehz omr Sakzures`mhe& [ahlahl dhj dfnahl Gmvahl Sakzure{
44 Idhudrq 4130! 4:1
:4( Ze [ahlahl dhj dfnahl Sakzure\`dz A{ Az{ Ouzure= < Gdq 4143! 4:1
:2( dfnahl Gmvae{ 0 Gdrk` 414;! 452
[muhj{ mo z`e Kahegd9
Affu{zrdzej [mhl [faje{> Z`e Rmfe mo z`e _make
fekzurer{& dkzmr{!> Ahkajehzdf Gu{ak{& [sekadf
Eooekz{& Bdffq`mm& dhj Hma{e mo z`e Dujaehke
:;( K`d{( N( @drra{& Affu{zrdzahl [mhl [faje{ 1 Gdrk` 413
::( K`d{( N( @drra{& [mhl [faje Revae| 4? Gdrk` 413
:5( @( O( @mgdh& Ze [ahler dhj z`e [mhl : Iuhe 4143! 450
:?( _dh K( Fee& Ze _dfue mo d Fekzure 0 Oebrudrq 4130! 4?4
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: [kdrkazq mo Sakzure
Dkzmr{ 22 Dulu{z 4130! 4?:
:1( \( [zes`eh Bu{`& Ze @ugdh _make d{ d Odkzmr ah z`e Gmvahl Sakzure[`m| 2; Idhudrq 4131! 4??
53( Idge{ Kfdhkq& Ze @ugdh _make d{ d Odkzmr ah z`e Gmvahl Sakzure
[`m| ;3 Idhudrq 4131! 4?1
54( rdje Hmze{& \`eh Gu{ak A{ d Hua{dhke 20 Jekegber 413
52( [muhj Eekz{9 Lmmj& Bdj& dhj Ahjaerehz 2 Mkzmber 4131! 4
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?1( Im{es`ahe _afd& Mserd [ahler Lez{ Zraff muz mo [kreeh Jebuz
23 Idhudrq 412
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05( Rdjam Hm| @edrj mh Bu{e{ ah He| Qmrn Kazq 2< Gdq 4122! 2
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Krmmhahl
43 Sd{{ \eff Nhm|h Bukn 4; Idhudrq 41;2! ;22
442( Krmmhahl Kmge{ bq Hdzure 2: Oebrudrq 41;2! ;2;
Rdjam be`ahj z`e [kehe{
Lezzahl mh z`e Dar
44;( Idge{ @( Kmffah{& @m| zm Lez mh d Rdjam Srmlrdg Oebrudrq
4125! ;2:
44:( Dujazamh omrg& Hdzamhdf Brmdjkd{zahl Kmgsdhq k( 41;3! ;;4
445( Mfave Sdfger& Retuaregehz{ mo z`e Rdjam [ahler Jekegber 41;4! ;;2
44?( Gqjd Djdg{& fezzer zm Im`h Rmqdf 44 Idhudrq 41;2! ;;1
44
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eherdf Ahzrmukzamh Zagmz`q J( Zdqfmr
Gu{ak Zek`hmfmlae{ ah Everqjdq Faoe
Oe| fg{ mr hmvef{ bezzer kdszure z`e zrdh{azamh ormg tuaez& {gdff'zm|h Dgera'
kdh faoe ah z`e edrfq z|ehzaez` kehzurq zm z`e `u{zfe dhj bu{zfe mo urbdh faoe ah
z`e 4123{ z`dh Nahl _ajmr{ {afehz fg e Krm|j 4120!( Ze fg mseh{ ah
d {gdff zm|h mh Ahjesehjehke Jdq 4133 |az` z`e barz` mo Im`hhq [ag{( Ze
bdbq{ srmuj odz`er zeff{ z`e jmkzmr& Zere{ d fazzfe gdh z`e |mrfj a{ lmahl zm`edr ormg dff ral`z& Jmkzmr( Ag lmahl zm lave `ag everq mssmrzuhazq( Ze hepz
{kehe a{ {ez ah 41429 Im`hhq [ag{ redk`ej z`e dle mo z|efve( @e rekazej smezrq&
sfdqej sadhm dhj {dhl ah d k`mar ( ( ( {m jaj Fahkmfh dhj \d{`ahlzmh$ Qmuhl
bmq{ {az mh d oehke& ja{ku{{ahl z`ear d{sardzamh{( Im`hhq {dq{& Gq Jdj {dq{ Ag
lmah zm be {mgebmjq bal$ Buz z`eh d `mr{e'jrd|h dgbufdhke dssedr{ ah ormhz
mo z`e [ag{ `mu{e( Ze bmq{ ruh z`ere& hjahl z`dz z`e |`mfe zm|h `d{ zurhej
muz bekdu{e mo z`e jedz` mo Im`hhq{ odz`er( Qmuhl Im`hhq a{ zmfj `e |aff `dve zm
be z`e gdh ah z`e odgafq hm|( Ze fg z`eh kuz{ zm He| Qmrn Kazq ah 4124& |`ere
Im`h `d{ kmge zm redfaye `a{ smzehzadf( _ajmr{ kdgerd krdhe{ jrdgdzakdffq us
d {nq{krdser dhj z`rmul` dh mke |ahjm|& revedfahl dz r{z d {ed mo ajehzakdf
je{n{ beomre ymmgahl ah zm {`m| Im`h dz a{( Faoe ah z`e jegmrdfayahl& mgmle'
hayahl kazq zdne{ az{ zmff mh Im`h9 `e a{ rufej bq z`e kfmkn ah `a{ jrdb mke d{ `e
{zrullfe{ zm be {mgebmjq bal( @e lez{ gdrraej dhj ehjure{ bmz` z`e jedz` mo
`a{ jdul`zer dhj `a{ |aoe{ z`redz{ zm fedve `ag( m |ah `er bdkn& `e buq{ `er d
buhk` mo m|er{& dff `e kdh dmrj( Bere mo |mrj{& `e suz{ mh d s`mhmlrds`
rekmrjahl mo Zere{ Everqz`ahl Hake dbmuz Qmu( @a{ |aoe refehz{& dhj z`e z|m
lm zm d vdujevaffe {`m| |az` z`ear {mh( Ze fd{z {`mz mo z`e fg belah{ |az` d
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2
gejaug kfm{e'us mo z`e kmusfe{ dssq odke{& {fm|fq ymmgahl muz uhzaf z`eq dre
fm{z ah z`e krm|j(
e Krm|jjesakz{ gdhq mo z`e zrdh{azamh{ dhj dhpaezae{ Dgerakdh{ epsera'
ehkej ah z`e edrfq z|ehzaez` kehzurq9 z`e {`a ormg rurdf mr {gdff' zm|h faoe zm
kazae{> z`e oedr mo beahl fm{z ah z`e krm|j> z`e oedr z`dz mssmrzuhazq |aff heverredffq sre{ehz az{efo> z`e ra{e mo gd{{ kufzure( [uk` oeefahl{ dhj dhpaezae{ |ere
srmjukej mr epdkerbdzej bq gdhq mo z`e lredz zek`hmfmlakdf k`dhle{ z`dz |ere
mkkurrahl ah Dgerakd ah z`a{ seramj& k`dhle{ z`dz kmhzrabuzej zm d leherdf {eh{e
z`dz Dgerakdh{ |ere favahl ah d he| erd |az` d od{zer& eveh be|afjerahl& sdke
z`e gmjerh zegsm( Efekzrakazq& z`e darsfdhe& z`e duzmgmbafe& z`e zefes`mhe&
z`e s`mhmlrds`& z`e rdjam& dhj z`e gmzamh sakzure dff `efsej kmhzrabuze zm d
{eh{e z`dz gmjerhazq |d{ ep`afdrdzahl& oral`zehahl& dhj |`mffq he|(
D{ _ajmr{ fg {`m|{& z`e jekdje z`dz be{z resre{ehzej z`e{e k`dhle{ |d{z`e 4123{& omr az |azhe{{ej z`e gmjerhaydzamh mo kufzurdf omrg{ dhj kmgguha'
kdzamh zek`hmfmlae{ ah z`e gezemrak ra{e mo rdjam dhj z`e djvehz mo {muhj fg(
Omr semsfe favahl ah z`e 4123{& z`e jekdje resre{ehzej d lredzer bredn |az` z`e
sd{z z`dh dhqmhe kmufj regegber( Ze |razer dhj `a{zmradh Orejerakn Fe|a{
Dffeh beldh Mhfq Qe{zerjdq& `a{ `a{zmrq mo z`e 4123{& |az` d kmgsdra{mh zm z`e
srevamu{ jekdje& jeva{ahl d kzazamu{ kmusfe& Gr( dhj Gr{( [gaz`& dhj je{krab'
ahl |`dz z`ear fave{ |ere fane ah 4141( \mgeh{ jre{{e{ epzehjej zm dhnfe fehlz`&
z`eq |mre z`ear `dar fmhl dhj rdrefq {gmnej& dhj gm{z duzmgmbafe{ |ere msehrdz`er z`dh kmverej dhj `dj zm be {zdrzej |az` d `dhj krdhn( \`eh Gr( dhj
Gr{( [gaz` |ehz zm d zed jdhke dz d fmkdf `mzef ah 4141& z`eq gal`z `dve `edrj d
he| idyy bdhj ah{zedj mo z`e u{udf mrk`e{zrd& z`mul` z`ere |ere hm {dpms`mhe{
ah z`m{e mrk`e{zrd{ qez( \`eh z`e [gaz`{ {zdqej `mge& z`eq gal`z `dve redj
mhe mo z`e fdze{z hmvef{ mo z`e jdq& buz z`eq gm{z kerzdahfq jaj hmz fa{zeh zm z`e
rdjamomr rdjam |d{ {mgez`ahl mhfq mbbqa{z{ |ere zahnerahl |az` dz z`e zage(
Kmggmjaoakdzamh& Kmh{ugszamh&
dhj z`e Ra{e mo Gd{{ Kufzure
\`afe z`e jekdje mo z`e 4123{ |d{ srmbdbfq z`e gm{z zugufzumu{ mo dff z`m{e
resre{ehzej ah z`a{ kmffekzamh& az |d{ sdrz mo d brmdjer {`a z`dz Dgerakdh{ |ere
epseraehkahl ah z`e fdze hahezeehz` kehzurq dhj z`e edrfq z|ehzaez`9 z`eq |ere
ehzerahl d |mrfj mo gd{{ kufzure& ah |`ak` lmmj{ahkfujahl kufzurdf lmmj{
{uk` d{ {muhj rekmrjahl{& fg{& dhj gmre|ere srmjukej dhj kmh{ugej
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;
mh d {kdfe srevamu{fq uhnhm|h( Ze zrdh{azamh zm d kmh{uger ekmhmgq |d{
odkafazdzej bq z`e ra{e mo he| omrg{ mo sdqgehz& mr jeoerrej sdqgehz& {uk` d{
krejaz dhj ah{zdffgehz'sfdh surk`d{ahl buq hm|& sdq fdzer |d{ d {fmldh ahzrm'
jukej bq z`e duzmgmbafe ahju{zrq drmuhj 4145!& bq he| omrg{ mo rezdaf& {uk`
d{ jesdrzgehz {zmre{ dhj k`dah {zmre{& dhj bq z`e ra{e mo z`e djverza{ahl ah'ju{zrq( Ze {fm| kmhver{amh mo z`e Dgerakdh ekmhmgq ormg beahl sragdrafq
srmjukzamh'mraehzej zm kmh{ugszamh'mraehzej |d{ je{krabej bq d ja{zrabuzmr mo
sdkndlej gedz z`a{ |dq ah 41239 Gd{{ {effahl `d{ bekmge dfgm{z z`e uhaver{df
rufe ah z`a{ kmuhzrq& d ja{kmverq mo z`a{ jekdje mo `drjfq fe{{ agsmrzdhke z`dh
z`e ja{kmverq mo {uk` omrke{ d{ {zedg dhj efekzrakazq( Za{ vmfuge kdszure{ z`e
{fm| zrdh{azamh zm|drj d kmh{uger {mkaezq bq omku{ahl mh z`e gmjerhaydzamh
mo {muhj ah leherdf dhj gu{ak ah sdrzakufdr& je{krabahl z`e srmke{{e{ bq |`ak`
gu{ak evmfvej ormg {mgez`ahl z`dz semsfe sragdrafq gdje omr z`eg{efve{ mr`edrj fave zm d kmggmjazq dhj mbiekz mo kmh{ugszamh(
Gu{ak dhj {muhj zek`hmfmlae{ |ere sdrz mo z`a{ {`a& dhj ahjeej z`e s`mhm'
lrds` srekejej bq z`e sfdqer sadhm! ahzrmjukej d he| gmje ah z`e kmggmja'
kdzamh mo gu{ak9 az bekdge {mgez`ahl z`dz mhe surk`d{ej d{ {muhj( Gu{akdf
{muhj d{ d kmggmjazq |d{ mo kmur{e dajej bq jevake{ zm resrmjuke mr zrdh{gaz
az( Ah z`e gaj'4123{ {dfe{ mo s`mhmlrds`{ dhj rdjam{ ahkred{ej lredzfq> {dfe{ mo
rdjam {ez{ rm{e ormg *?3 gaffamh ah 4122 zm *;50 gaffamh ah 412:( Gmvae dzzeh'
jdhke |d{ {agafdrfq mh z`e ra{e( D {urveq bq z`e Buredu mo Fdbmr [zdza{zak{ mhz`e km{z mo favahl dgmhl |mrnahl odgafae{ ah K`akdlm omuhj z`dz gmre z`dh dfo
mo z`e odgafq dgu{egehz bujlez |d{ {sehz mh gmvae{> eveh semsfe ah z`dz kazq
rekeavahl subfak d{{a{zdhke dzzehjej gmvae{ relufdrfq( Bq z`e gaj'4123{ q
gaffamh Dgerakdh{ |ehz zm z`e gmvae{ edk` |een& dbmuz `dfo z`e smsufdzamh dz
z`e zage& dhj dzzehjdhke jmubfej bq 41;3 |az` z`e djvehz mo z`e zdfnae{(
Dfmhl |az` z`e |aje'{kdfe djmszamh mo z`e{e he| zek`hmfmlae{ ah z`e 4123{&
z`a{ jekdje df{m |azhe{{ej z`e ra{e mo he| smsufdr gdldyahe{ omr rdjam odh{&
s`mhmlrds` rekmrj buqer{& dhj fg bu{( Za{ gd{{ave smsufdr sre{{& |eff res'
re{ehzej ah z`e redjahl{& ldve fa{zeher{ ahomrgdzamh dbmuz z`ear odvmraze gu{a'
kadh{ dhj {zdr{& {smh{mrej kmhze{z{ dhj kmhjukzej smff{ zm {urveq z`e sreoer'
ehke{ mo dujaehke{& dhj srahzej odh fezzer{ dbmuz z`ear odvmraze {zdr{& gu{ak& dhj
fg{( Ze{e gdldyahe{ efsej kredze d {zdr {q{zeg z`dz |e hm| zdne omr lrdhzej
buz ah odkz |d{ d `a{zmrakdf kmh{zrukzamh mo z`e edrfq z|ehzaez` kehzurq(
Ze djvehz mo z`e s`mhmlrds`& z`e {muhj fg& dhj z`e rdjam sfdqej dh ag'
smrzdhz sdrz ah z`a{ fdrler {`a ah Dgerakdh faoe( Odgafae{ dhj heal`bmr{ fa{'
zehej zmlez`er zm rekmrj{> fdrle dujaehke{ kmhvehej gdhq zage{ jdafq ah gmvae
`mu{e{> hdzamh|aje z`mu{dhj{& evehzudffq gaffamh{& {`drej fave gu{akdf mr z`e'
7/31/2019 Music, Sound, and Technology in America, edited by Timothy Taylor, Mark Katz, and Tony Grajeda
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:
dzrakdf seromrgdhke{ mver z`e rdjam( Ser`ds{ gmre z`dh z`e mz`er zek`hmfmlae{
resre{ehzej ah z`a{ vmfuge& rdjam agsdrzej d oeefahl mo kmhhekzejhe{{& {ahke
everqmhe fa{zehahl ah nhe| z`dz mz`er{ |ere `edrahl z`e {dge srmlrdg{ dz z`e
{dge zage( D{ mhe kmggehzdzmr |rmze ah 412;& @m| ed{q az a{ zm kfm{e z`e
eqe{ dhj agdlahe z`e mz`er fa{zeher{ ah fazzfe bdkn rmmg{& ah nazk`eh{& jahahl'rmmg{& {azzahl'rmmg{& dzzak{> ah ldrdle{& mke{& kdbah{& ehlahe'rmmg{& buhld'
fm|{& kmzzdle{& gdh{amh{& `mzef{& dsdrzgehz{> mhe `ere& z|m z`ere& d fazzfe kmg'
sdhq drmuhj d zdbfe d|dq m qmhjer& edk` dhj dff {azzahl dhj `edrahl |az` z`e
{dge kmgomrz iu{z |`ere z`eq `dsseh zm be( Ze |razer lme{ mh dbmuz geg'
ber{ mo z`e odr'uhl dujaehke& uhazej ah zage dhj ah z`ear sfed{ure dz `edrahl
gu{ak kmgahl muz mo z`ear rdjam{(
Ze s`mhmlrds`& z`e {muhj fg& dhj z`e rdjam egerlej drmuhj z`e {dge
zage d{ Orejerakn \ah{fm| dqfmr{ {kaehzak gdhdlegehz zek`hatue{ z`dzrdzamhdfayej |mrn dhj @ehrq Omrj{ d{{egbfq' fahe gdhuodkzurahl z`dz gdje
|mrn resezazave& dfaehdzahl& dhj juff& d{ ah e Krm|j( Za{ bdhdfaydzamh mo |mrn
`eal`zehej z`e agsmrzdhke mo kmh{ugszamh d{ d fea{ure dkzavazq dhj dh e{kdse(
Djjazamhdffq& z`e gmvegehz ormg rurdf zm urbdh dred{& |`ere z`e gdimrazq
mo Dgerakdh{ `dj kmge zm re{aje bq z`e 4123{& gedhz z`dz gdhq Dgerakdh{
|ere favahl ah dh ehvarmhgehz ah |`ak` z`eq |ere {urrmuhjej bq d krm|j mo
{zrdhler{& d kmhjazamh z`dz |d{ kmgsmuhjej bq uhsrekejehzej |dve{ mo agga'
lrdzamh( Ze dhmhqgazq mo epa{zehke ah z`e kazq& fane z`dz mo _ajmr{ Im`h [ag{&kmusfej |az` z`e ra{ahl agsmrzdhke mo kmh{ugszamh mver srmjukzamh dhj z`e
lrm|z` mo gd{{ kufzure& srmvmnej d lmmj jedf mo dhpaezq dgmhl gdhq Dgera'
kdh{& |`m oedrej z`dz z`eq |ere fm{ahl z`ear ahjavajudfazq zm z`e gd{{e{( D{ edrfq
d{ 4131& d gdldyahe |razer je{sdarej& \e dre d gd{{( D{ d |`mfe& |e `dve fm{z
z`e kdsdkazq omr {esdrdze {efmmj(
Ze djverza{ahl ahju{zrq& bekmgahl d gdimr omrke ah Dgerakdh kufzure ah
z`a{ seramj bq {effahl hmz mhfq lmmj{ buz d he| kmh{ugszamh'mraehzej gmje
mo epa{zehke& zmmn {eramu{fq az{ rmfe d{ dh drbazer mo z`a{ he|& gd{{ hdzamhdf kuf'
zure9 Srahzer{ Ahn& z`e gdah zrdje gdldyahe omr z`e djverza{ahl ahju{zrq beomre
z`e [ekmhj \mrfj \dr& |rmze ah 41;0 z`dz ah z`e 4123{ djverza{er{ `dj odafej zm
redfaye iu{z |`dz z`ear sm|er |d{& omr gd{{ srmjukzamh `dj gdje az hmz mhfq
sm{{abfe buz agserdzave z`dz z`e gd{{e{ {`mufj fave fave{ mo kmgomrz dhj fea{ure>
z`dz z`e ouzure mo bu{ahe{{ fdq ah az{ dbafazq zm gdhuodkzure ku{zmger{ d{ |eff d{
srmjukz{( Ze ja{zahkz buz mverfdssahl jevefmsgehz{ mo z`e rekmrjahl ahju{'
zrq& z`e gmvae ahju{zrq& dhj brmdjkd{zahl dff ouefej z`e gmjerh hmzamh mo gd{{
dujaehke{ d{ lredz gufzazuje{ mo ku{zmger{& dhj z`e djvehz mo rdjam ah z`e 4123{
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e{sekadffq srmvej d `ule bmmh zm djverza{er{& |`m |ere tuakn zm {smh{mr srm'
lrdg{ z`dz `d|nej z`ear srmjukz{(
Dz z`e {dge zage& `m|ever& gdhq ahzeffekzudf{ dhj drza{z{ |ere ja{zurbej
bq z`e ra{e mo gd{{ kufzure dhj z`e z`redz{ zm ahjavajudfazq z`dz z`eq z`mul`z az
resre{ehzej& oedrahl z`dz z`e resezazamh mo lredz |mrn{ mo gu{ak mh z`e rdjam mrs`mhmlrds` |mufj fedj zm z`ear zravadfaydzamh z`rmul` {userkadf fa{zehahl& d{
gdhq resre{ehzej ah z`a{ vmfuge drlue( Buz z`eq |ere ah z`e gahmrazq( D{ |e dff
nhm| hm|& |az` mur ahodzudzamh |az` aSmj{& a_m& dhj mz`er ldjlez{& z`e kufzure
ahju{zrq |d{ {ukke{{ouf ah rekruazahl semsfe ahzm z`e |mrfj mo surk`d{ahl gu{ak&
ejukdzahl z`eg zm refdze zm gu{ak d{ kmh{uger{ gmre z`dh d{ srmjuker{(
Gejadzej Gu{ak ah Everqjdq Faoe
Kmh{ugahl gu{ak d{ {muhj gedhz z`dz semsfe |ere gdnahl gu{ak fe{{ |`afe
sergazzahl az zm ehzer z`ear mge{ |az` z`e he|e{z jevake{( Za{ |d{ d fmhl zrdh'
{azamhdf seramj& ah |`ak` semsfe |mufj ahzerdkz |az` z`e s`mhmlrds` dhj rdjam
d{ z`mul` z`eq |ere gu{akdf ah{zrugehz{( Gdhq Dgerakdh{ lreezej z`e djvehz
mo z`e{e jevake{ |az` gapej oeefahl{ ah z`e r{z `dfo mo z`e z|ehzaez` kehzurq(
\`dz |e `dve kdszurej ah z`a{ vmfuge dre z`e dzzazuje{ mo everqjdq semsfe
zm|drj z`e{e he| zek`hmfmlae{& sdrzakufdrfq |`eh z`eq beldh zm egsfmq z`eg
ah z`ear everqjdq fave{( Ze tue{zamh{ z`dz kmhkerh u{& dgmhl mz`er{& dre z`e
omffm|ahl9 @m| jaj semsfe hj u{e{ omr z`e he| zek`hmfmlae{= Dre z`m{e u{e{
z`e {dge z`dz {kaehza{z{ dhj ehlaheer{ ehva{amhej= @m| jaj d zek`hmfmlq z`dz
{eegej dz r{z fane d {zrdhle ldjlez mr d odj bekmge {m ahzelrdf zm everqjdq faoe=
Mz`er tue{zamh{ kmhkerh z`e kmhzrmver{ae{ {urrmuhjahl he| zek`hmfmlae{( @m|
|ere z`eq k`dgsamhej mr mssm{ej= Oahdffq& |e ahve{zaldze gu{ak dhj semsfe{
refdzamh{`as{ zm az( @m| jaj semsfe redkz zm gu{ak |`eh z`eq kmufj hm fmhler
{ee z`e gu{akadh{= @m| jaj z`e{e zek`hmfmlae{ k`dhle z`e |dq semsfe fedrhejgu{ak& |`ez`er d{ fa{zeher mr seromrger= @m| |d{ z`e srevamu{fq kfedr ja{zahk'
zamh bez|eeh z`e srmjukzamh dhj kmh{ugszamh mo gu{ak bfurrej bq z`e{e he|
zek`hmfmlae{= @m| jaj z`e s`mhmlrds` dhj rdjam k`dhle semsfe{ refdzamh{`as
zm fave gu{ak= @m| jaj z`e kmgbahdzamh mo gu{ak dhj fg ahzrmjuke dhj ahekz
he| gedhahl{ zm odgafadr gu{akdf |mrn{=
m djjre{{ z`e{e dhj mz`er tue{zamh{& mur kmffekzamh brahl{ zmlez`er sragdrq
{murke{ k`rmhakfahl z`e jevefmsgehz dhj {ub{etuehz u{e{ mo zek`hmfmlae{& sra'
gdrafq ah Dgerakd& z`dz srmomuhjfq {`dsej semsfe{ refdzamh{`as zm gu{ak beomre
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z`e [ekmhj \mrfj \dr( Az belah{ ah z`e fdze hahezeehz` kehzurq |az` z`e ra{e mo
z`e s`mhmlrds` dhj gmve{ z`rmul` z`e lrm|z` mo rdjam dhj zdfnahl sakzure{
ah z`e 4123{& z`u{ kmverahl rmul`fq {evehzq qedr{ ah z`e jevefmsgehz mo z`e{e
z`ree agsmrzdhz gu{ak dhj gejad zek`hmfmlae{(
Ze vmfuge kmhkfuje{ |az` z`e ehj mo z`e [ekmhj \mrfj \dr& bq |`ak`smahz dff z`ree zek`hmfmlae{ `dj gdzurej dhj beeh ahzelrdzej ahzm everqjdq
Dgerakdh faoe( Bq z`e zage mo z`e drravdf mo zefeva{amh ah z`e fdze 41:3{ dhj edrfq
4153{ mr& omr z`dz gdzzer& z`e \mrfj \aje \eb ah z`e 4113{!& Dgerakdh kuf'
zure `dj dfredjq beeh {`dsej bq dhj `dj djdszej zm z`e s`mhmlrds`& rdjam&
dhj {muhj fg( Az |d{ z`e{e edrfaer zek`hmfmlae{ z`dz `dj `efsej zm ahzrmjuke
z`e hmzamh z`dz mhe jajhz `dve zm gdne mhe{ m|h gu{ak mr lm muz zm `edr az&
buz kmufj ehimq az dz `mge |`eh mhe |dhzej( Ourz`ergmre& bmz` rdjam dhj z`e
s`mhmlrds` e{zdbfa{`ej he| ekmhmgak dhj feldf {zdhjdrj{ reldrjahl brmdj'kd{zahl dhj kmsqral`z fd|( Gmre rekehz zek`hmfmlae{& {uk` d{ zefeva{amh dhj z`e
Ahzerhez& rdz`er z`dh resre{ehzahl kmgguhakdzamh revmfuzamh{& ah{zedj |ere
buafz usmh epa{zahl {zrukzure{ omrgej dfmhl{aje edrfaer zek`hmfmlae{( Ahjeej&
|e |mufj drlue z`dz z`e{e edrfq qedr{ mo z`e s`mhmlrds`& rdjam& dhj {muhj fg
dre ah {mge |dq{ dz fed{z d{ agsmrzdhz {mkadffq dhj kufzurdffq d{ gdhq jevefms'
gehz{ der|drj(
Omr dhq zek`hmfmlq& semsfe gdq hj u{e{ z`dz az{ ahvehzmr{ jajhz omre{ee( Az
a{ {zranahl& omr epdgsfe& z`dz heaz`er z`e s`mhmlrds` hmr rdjam |d{ jevefmsejsragdrafq omr gu{akdf sursm{e{( Ze rdjam lre| muz mo zefes`mhe zek`hmfmlae{&
dhj z`e s`mhmlrds` |d{ mralahdffq u{ej d{ d jakzdzamh jevake( Zdz z`e{e ahveh'
zamh{ bekdge agsmrzdhz gu{akdf jevake{ {sedn{ zm |`dz Imhdz`dh [zerhe `d{
kdffej sfd{zakazq& z`e u{e mo zek`hmfmlq omr sursm{e{ hmz agdlahej ah z`e fdbm'
rdzmrq(
Djjazamhdffq& |e befaeve z`dz az a{ e{{ehzadf zm vae| he| zek`hmfmlae{ hmz {m
guk` d{ omrealh zm {mkadf mr sravdze faoe buz d{ jevake{& |`eh z`eq ldah d ommz'
`mfj& z`dz `efs semsfe kmhzahue zm jm |`dz z`eq `dve df|dq{ jmhe& buz ser`ds{
ah he| |dq{& |`ez`er od{zer& {fm|er& mr gmre ekaehzfq( Ze ajed z`dz semsfe
djdsz zek`hmfmlae{ zm z`ear m|h u{e{ a{ omuhj ah z`e {mkamfmla{z Kfduje Oa{k`er{
{zujq mo z`e zefes`mhe& |`ak` gdne{ ah{al`zouf drlugehz{ dbmuz m| he| zek`'
hmfmlae{ jm hmz k`dhle everqz`ahl& jm hmz jezergahe z`e bd{ak k`drdkzer mo
^DgerakdhW faoe( Ze zefes`mhe& `e |raze{& jaj hmz rdjakdffq dfzer Dgerakdh
|dq{ mo faoe> rdz`er& Dgerakdh{ u{ej az zm gmre valmrmu{fq sur{ue z`ear k`drdk'
zera{zak |dq{ mo faoe( Mr d{ z`e dhz`rmsmfmla{z Gdrafqh [zrdz`erh |raze{ gmre
leherdffq& @m|ever zrdh{omrgdzave dhj ahhmvdzave ^he| zek`hmfmlae{W dre& z`eq
|mrn mh |`dz a{ dfredjq z`ere& |`dz dfredjq lave{ {`dse zm semsfe{ fave{(
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mz`er subfakdzamh{ dhj lehre{ dre df{m resre{ehzej&
{uk` d{ z`e smsufdr sre{{& djverza{egehz{& kzamh& {`eez gu{ak& odh fezzer{& dhj
bu{ahe{{ jmkugehz{|`dzever affugahdze{ semsfe{ k`dhlahl refdzamh{`as{ zm
gu{ak( [ahke z`a{ vmfuge a{ sragdrafq dbmuz `m| z`e{e zek`hmfmlae{ ldahej dk'
keszdhke ah redf semsfe{ fave{& az belah{ |az` z`e djvehz mo z`e{e zek`hmfmlae{
dhj kmhkfuje{ |az` z`ear gdzurdzamh& z`ear ouff'ejlej sdrzakasdzamh ah Dgera'
kdh{ everqjdq fave{( Omr z`e gm{z sdrz& z`e jmkugehz{ dre z`egdzakdffq rdz`er
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z`dh k`rmhmfmlakdffq drrdhlej& |`ak` `efs{ `al`fal`z z`e vdramu{ a{{ue{ {ur'
rmuhjahl z`e ahzrmjukzamh dhj u{e mo z`e{e zek`hmfmlae{(
\`afe gm{z mo z`e jmkugehz{ kmhzdahej `ere kdh be redj omr z`e ahomrgd'
zamh z`eq surveq& |e befaeve z`dz z`eq {`mufj dff be redj ez`hmlrds`akdffqmhe
kdh redj z`eg omr |`dz z`eq revedf dbmuz semsfe{ dzzazuje{ dhj ajed{ dbmuz dsdrzakufdr zek`hmfmlq dhj gu{ak& |az` tue{zamh{ {uk` d{ z`e omffm|ahl9 \`q
jaj d subfakdzamh {ee z zm subfa{` d {zmrq mh d sdrzakufdr {ubiekz= \`m |d{ z`e
ahzehjej dujaehke= \`dz |ere z`e uhjerfqahl d{{ugszamh{ mo z`e drzakfe= Bq
redjahl z`a{ |dq& az a{ sm{{abfe zm belah zm uhjer{zdhj iu{z m| semsfe |ere oeef'
ahl dhj z`ahnahl dbmuz z`e{e zek`hmfmlae{ dhj z`e k`dhle{ z`eq |ere brahlahl
zm everqjdq semsfe{ fave{( Iu{z d{ |e dve mur m|h redkzamh{ zm& dhj ja{ku{{amh{
mo& z`e fdze{z dhj gm{z sfed{urdbfe nahj mo zek`hmfmlq& {m zmm jaj semsfe ah z`e
4123{ mr mz`er `a{zmrakdf seramj{ fmhl beomre mur m|h(\e befaeve z`dz d vmfuge mo jmkugehz{ mh z`e{e zek`hmfmlae{ {erve{ z|m ag'
smrzdhz sursm{e{( Ze r{z a{ zm gdne z`e{e od{kahdzahl dhj javer{e {murke{
gdhq fazzfe'nhm|h& uhsubfa{`ej& mr jakufz zm hjed{afq dvdafdbfe zm {zujehz{&
{k`mfdr{& dhj mz`er ahzere{zej redjer{( Ze {ekmhj red{mh a{ gmre ahzeffekzudf(
\e dve ldz`erej z`e{e |razahl{ zm jegmh{zrdze z`dz z`e{e z`ree zek`hmfmlae{
dhj z`e {mhl{& {qgs`mhae{& dhj gmvae{ srmjukej |az` z`egdre srmomuhjfq
{`dsej bq {mkadf& kufzurdf& dhj a{zmrakdf omrke{( \e befaeve z`dz z`e{e zek`hmfm'
lae{ kdhhmz be uhjer{zmmj |az`muz df{m uhjer{zdhjahl z`ear refdzamh{`as |az`redf semsfe ah redf sfdke{ ah redf `a{zmrakdf gmgehz{( Laveh z`dz {muhj rekmrj'
ahl& rdjam& dhj fg dre {zaff |az` u{ zmjdq dhj d{ jeesfq ahuehzadf d{ ever& z`e{e
jmkugehz{ hmz mhfq mseh d |ahjm| mhzm z`e sd{z buz kdh `efs u{ uhjer{zdhj
mur kmhzahuej dhj kfm{e refdzamh{`as |az` gejadzej {muhj dhj gu{ak(
Ejazmradf Hmze
Omr ed{e mo redjahl& dff {seffahl{ dhj suhkzudzamh `dve beeh gmjerhayej e(l(&
zm'gmrrm| a{ {seffej zmgmrrm|!( qsmlrds`akdf dhj {seffahl errmr{ ah mrala'
hdf subfakdzamh{ `dve beeh kmrrekzej> ah uhsubfa{`ej gdzeradf{ {uk` d{ odh fez'
zer{& mralahdf {seffahl{ dhj suhkzudzamh `dve beeh rezdahej(
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SDz ( { l
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Ahzrmukzamh Gdrn Ndzy
Agdlahe ehkmuhzerahl rekmrjej gu{ak omr z`e r{z zage( [dq& omr epdgsfe& z`dz
qmu ehzer d rmmg z`dz a{ egszq epkesz omr d {gdffa{` bmp {azzahl mh d zdbfe& dhj
egdhdzahl ormg az a{ d `ugdh vmake{ahlahl( Ah z`e |mrfj mo z`a{ z`mul`z ep'
seragehz& gu{ak `dj df|dq{ beehuhzaf hm|epseraehkej fave> z`a{ a{ z`ere'
omre d |`mffq uhsrekejehzej ehkmuhzer( \`dz& z`eh& gal`z qmur redkzamh be=
@m| |mufj qmu epsfdah d vmake |az`muz d bmjq= Qmu gal`z befaeve qmur{efo z`e
vakzag mo d vehzrafmtua{z{ `mdp( Qmu gal`z kmhkfuje z`dz qmu dre ah z`e sre{ehkemo gdlak& |`ez`er lmmj mr evaf( Qmu gal`z tue{zamh qmur {dhazq( Ser`ds{ qmu
|mufj be& ah z`e |mrj{ mo z`e kmgsm{er Drz`ur [uffavdh& d{zmha{`ej dhj {mge'
|`dz zerraej( Za{ a{ `m| [uffavdh mo Lafberz dhj [uffavdh odge! je{krabej
`a{ redkzamh zm d jegmh{zrdzamh ah 4000 mo Zmgd{ Eja{mh{ {zaff refdzavefq he|
ahvehzamh& z`e s`mhmlrds`& |`ak` e zzahlfq sre{ervej mh d rekmrjahl kqfahjer
z`dz hal`z& |eff mver d kehzurq dlm(
Dgdyegehz dhj eveh oedr |ere hmz uhkmggmh redkzamh{ zm z`e zek`hmfmlq
mo {muhj rekmrjahl ah z`e fdze hahezeehz` kehzurq dhj z`e edrfq z|ehzaez`( Ze
red{mh a{ {agsfe& buz krukadf9 rekmrjej gu{ak a{ verq jaerehz ormg fave gu{ak(
Fave gu{ak epa{z{ mhfq ah z`e gmgehz> rekmrjahl{& m|ever& kdszure z`m{e eez'
ahl {muhj{ dhj sre{erve z`eg mh s`q{akdf gejad( \az` rekmrjahl zek`hmfmlq&
gu{ak kmufj be ja{{egahdzej& gdhasufdzej& dhj kmh{ugej ah |dq{ z`dz `dj
hever beomre beeh sm{{abfe( \`eh rekmrjej& gu{ak kmge{ uhgmmrej ormg az{
zegsmrdf mralah{( Az kdh be `edrj der az{ mralahdf seromrgdhke dhj resedzej
dfgm{z ahjehazefq( Ze zek`hmfmlq a{ z`ereomre d nahj mo gdlak& omr az lrdhz{
aggmrzdfazq dhj dffm|{ z`e jedj zm kmgguhakdze |az` z`e favahl( Az a{ z`e{e
ja{zahkzave d{sekz{ mo rekmrjej {muhjz`e{e k`dhle{ ah z`e gdzeradfazq dhj
{ l
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zegsmrdfazq mo gu{akz`dz edrfq u{er{ mo z`e zek`hmfmlq re{smhjej zm> z`ear
redkzamh{& ah zurh& fej zm srmomuhj k`dhle{ ah z`e |dq gu{ak kdge zm be kredzej
dhj epseraehkej(
Ze djvehz mo {muhj rekmrjahl kdh be uhjer{zmmj& dkkmrjahl zm z`e {k`mfdr
Sdzrakn Oed{zer& d{ mhe mo z`m{e gmgehz{ mo kra{a{ ( ( ( ah |`ak` z`e sreepa{z'ahl kmh{zeffdzamh mo zek`hmfmlae{ mo kmgguhakdzamh a{ z`rm|h muz mo etuafab'
raug dhj z`eh lrdjudffq rekmhlurej d{ d {zdbfe hak`e a{ kdrvej muz omr z`e
he|kmger( Zdz fm{{ mo etuafabraug a{ epdkzfq |`dz gdne{ z`e edrfq `a{zmrq
mo {muhj rekmrjahl dhj ahjeej& rdjam dhj fg! {m od{kahdzahl& dhj z`e jmku'
gehz{ resrmjukej `ere revedf `m| u{er{ mo z`e zek`hmfmlq {zrullfej zm gdne
{eh{e mo |`mffq he| |dq{ mo epseraehkahl {muhj dhj& ah sdrzakufdr& gu{ak(
Ze r{z z`ree jmkugehz{ resrmjukej `ere dre z`e mfje{z ah z`a{ vmfuge& dhj
mer edrfq srejakzamh{ dbmuz z`e s`mhmlrds` |`eh az{ sm{{abafazae{ |ere d{ msehd{ z`eq |ere uh{ezzfej( A lave z`e r{z |mrj zm Zmgd{ Eja{mh& |`m& dfz`mul`
{sednahl d{ z`e s`mhmlrds`{ ahvehzmr& uhjer{zmmj z`dz `e `dj hm sravafelej ah'
omrgdzamh |`eh az kdge zm z`e ouzure mo `a{ kredzamh( \`eh redjahl z`a{ jmku'
gehz az a{ agsmrzdhz zm uhjer{zdhj z`dz Eja{mh jaj hmz {ez muz zm ahvehz d jevake
omr rekmrjahl dhj resrmjukahl gu{ak( \mrnahl |az` z|m epa{zahl zek`hmfm'
lae{& z`e zefes`mhe dhj z`e zefelrds`& `e dhj `a{ d{{a{zdhz{ |ere {eenahl d |dq
zm sre{erve {smneh ge{{dle{( Ze r{z |mrnahl s`mhmlrds`& |`ak` d{{a{zdhz
Im`h Nrue{a buafz ah 40 z`a{ dkzamh rever{ej z`e kmhveqdhke mo {muhj ormg z`e omaf zm z`e heejfe
zm z`e resrmjukahl jads`rdlg& e{{ehzadffq d {gdff {sedner {ee lure 4!(
\`dz gal`z {zrane u{ zmjdq d{ sdrzakufdrfq regdrndbfe dbmuz z`e edrfae{z
s`mhmlrds`{ dhj gm{z s`mhmlrds`{ buafz beomre z`e gaj' 4123{! a{ z`dz hm
efekzrakazq |d{ ahvmfvejomr z`e gm{z sdrz {muhj |d{ kdszurej dhj resrmjukej
gek`dhakdffq( Ze qedr{ bez|eeh 40
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4;
dkmu{zak erd |ere kmh{ajerdbfe& dhj az a{ jurahl z`e{e qedr{ z`dz |e {ee gm{z
kfedrfq `m| u{er{ kdge zm zerg{ |az` z`e s`mhmlrds`( Ah odkz& rmul`fq `dfo z`ejmkugehz{ `ere kmge ormg z`e jekdje bez|eeh 414? dhj 412?& d seramj z`dz
|e gal`z kmh{ajer z`e zek`hmfmlq{ djmfe{kehke& dhj az |d{ ahjeej d zage z`dz
kmgbahej rdsaj lrm|z` |az` oretuehz ahzrm{sekzamh dhj dhpaezq(
D{ Eja{mh gdne{ kfedr ah `a{ drzakfe ormg 40
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4:
dhj {ergmh{ mo srmgahehz lure{ mo z`e jdq( Gu{ak a{ hmz eveh gehzamhej( Az
|d{ gmre z`dh d jekdje beomre gu{ak kdge zm be kmh{ajerej d vadbfe mszamh
omr z`e zek`hmfmlq( Za{ |d{ jue zm d hugber mo odkzmr{& ahkfujahl z`e odafure
mo Eja{mh{ bu{ahe{{ s`mhmlrds` vehzure& z`e jevefmsgehz mo kmah' mserdzej
gdk`ahe{ |`ak` ehkmurdlej z`e u{e mo z`e s`mhmlrds` d{ dh ehzerzdahgehzjevake ah subfak ldz`erahl sfdke{!& dhj zek`hmfmlakdf djvdhke{ {uk` d{ Egafe
Berfaher{ ahvehzamh mo z`e dz ja{k dhj az{ sfdqer& z`e lrdgms`mhe& sdzehzej ah
400
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Oalure 2( [u{dh& Jedr [ue Ze S`mhmlrds`
[mhl!( \mrj{ bq Id{( MJed dhj Drz`ur
Laffe{sae( Gu{ak bq @erberz Jaffed( He| Qmrn9
\azgdrn& 4134(
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zmmn d gmre kduzamu{ dssrmdk` zm z`e zek`hmfmlq( Kmh{ajer z`e {agsfe odkz z`dz
|az` rekmrjahl{ mhe edr{ gu{ak buz jme{ hmz {ee gu{akadh{( Za{ |d{ dh uh{ez'
zfahl epseraehke omr gdhq edrfq fa{zeher{ |`m& d{ d gu{ak krazak epsfdahej ah 412;&
kdhhmz bedr zm `edr d regdrndbfq faoe' fane `ugdh vmake a{{uahl ormg d bmp(
Zeq je{are z`e s`q{akdf sre{ehke( Omr |dhz mo az& z`e lrdgms`mhe ja{zre{{e{z`eg( Ze ahju{zrq& mo kmur{e& |dhzej zm dvmaj srmjukahl {uk` kmlhazave ja{'
{mhdhke dhj meh u{ej djverza{egehz{ zm kmhvahke z`e subfak z`dz z`e va{udf
epseraehke mo gu{ak |d{ hmz kmgsfezefq fm{z ah z`e srmke{{ mo rekmrjahl( [mge
dj{ bmd{zej z`dz z`ear rekmrjahl{ |ere {m faoefane z`dz fa{zeher{ kmufj srdkzakdffq
{ee z`e seromrger{> gdhq jesakzej z`e rekmrjej gu{akadh{ {zdhjahl hepz zm z`e
gdk`ahe{& {mgezage{ ah l`m{zfq muzfahe{& {mgezage{ ah gahadzure& {mgezage{
d{ faoe'{aye lure{ gahlfahl |az` fa{zeher{ {ee lure ;!(
Dhmz`er {ulle{zamh omr va{udfayahl fave seromrgdhke a{ omuhj ah dh ah{zruk'zamh {`eez laveh zm va{azmr{ mo Eja{mh s`mhmlrds` {`ms{ 414?& azeg :!( Ku{'
zmger{ |ere d{nej zm zdne z`e Eja{mh Redfa{g e{z& z`e sursm{e mo |`ak` |d{
zm rekredze z`e egmzamhdf agsdkz mo fave seromrgdhke omr z`e s`mhmlrds` fa{'
zeher( [uk` sdah{zdnahl jarekzamh{ omr fa{zehahl zm d rekmrj {eeg uhheke{{drq&
eveh kmgakdf( Buz az a{ kfedr ormg Eja{mh{ ah{zrukzamh{& dhj ormg gdhq s`mhm'
lrds` dj{ mo z`e zage& z`dz {al`zfe{{ fa{zehahl |d{ odr ormg z`e hdzurdf dkzavazq
|e hm| zdne omr lrdhzej(
[mfazdrq fa{zehahl |d{ dhmz`er odkez mo z`e s`mhmlrds`ak epseraehke z`dzk`dffehlej edrfq u{er{( Kmh{ajer z`e tue{zamh sm{ej bq Mrfm \affadg{ ah dh
drzakfe ah z`e Braza{` imurhdf Lrdgms`mhe 412;& azeg ?!( @m| |mufj qmu redkz&
`e d{nej& ao qmu |ere zm ja{kmver d oraehj fa{zehahl zm rekmrjej gu{ak dfmhe=
@a{ dh{|er& |`ak` |aff fanefq {zrane gmjerh redjer{ d{ odhkaouf& |d{ z`a{9 {uk`
dh dkzavazq |mufj be evajehke mo dh uh|eff gahj& |`ez`er kdu{ej bq gehzdf ah'
{zdbafazq mr {ub{zdhke dbu{e( m gdne {eh{e mo z`a{ {zdzegehz |e `dve zm uhjer'
{zdhj z`dz beomre z`e jdq{ mo {muhj rekmrjahl& az `dj beeh omr z`e gm{z sdrz
heaz`er srdkzakdf hmr je{ardbfe zm `edr gu{ak dfmhe( Gu{ak `dj df|dq{ dkkmg'
sdhaej {mkadf dhj kmgguhdf evehz{> {mfazdrq fa{zehahl& z`ereomre& kmhzrdjakzej
kehzurae{ mo zrdjazamh dhj k`dffehlej fmhl'`efj hmzamh{ dbmuz z`e ouhkzamh mo
gu{ak( \affadg{& `m|ever& |d{ ep`mrzahl redjer{ zm dkkesz dhj eveh egbrdke
{mfazdrq fa{zehahl& dhj ah z`a{ zeh{amh bez|eeh zrdjazamh dhj hmvefzq |e |azhe{{
z`e srmke{{ bq |`ak` fa{zeher{ kdge zm zerg{ |az` |`dz |d{ meh kdffej kdhhej
gu{ak(
Hmz dff fa{zeher{ aggejadzefq dkkeszej z`e{e he| sm{{abafazae{& dhj gdhq re'
{a{zej( Mhe |d{ \( K( [`mzz mo He| S`afdjefs`ad& M`am& |`m kmgsfdahej zm
Zmgd{ Eja{mh ah 4124 z`dz resre{ehzdzave{ mo `a{ s`mhmlrds` kmgsdhq |ere
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Oalure ;( Djverza{egehz omr _akzrmfd& Kmffaer{ 52 : Mkzmber 414;!& bdkn kmver( Kmffekzamh mo Gdrn Ndzy(
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merahl subfak jegmh{zrdzamh{ mo {ekufdr gu{ak mh [uhjdq{& dhj z`u{ ja{re'
ldrjej z`e javahe kmggdhj zm nees z`e Fmrj{ jdq azeg 43!( Leherdffq& `m|'
ever& ah{zedj mo re{a{zahl z`e zek`hmfmlq muzral`z& fa{zeher{ djdszej zm z`a{ he|
gmje mo gu{akdf epseraehke bq jrd|ahl usmh epa{zahl srdkzake{ dhj zrdjazamh{(
Ah z`e edrfae{z qedr{& s`mhmlrds` m|her{ meh ehimqej fa{zehahl zm rekmrjahl{mo z`ear m|h gdnahl( Kqfahjer gdk`ahe{ |ere zqsakdffq kdsdbfe mo bmz` rekmrj'
ahl dhj sfdqbdkn& dhj z`e ahju{zrq eveh ehkmurdlej dgdzeur rekmrjahl{& d{
ah z`e Hdzamhdf S`mhmlrds` Kmgsdhq{ k`drgahl sdgs`fez @m| \e Ldve d
S`mhmlrds` Sdrzq 4011& azeg z`mu{dhj{ mo {uk` rekmrjahl{ {zaff epa{z d{ eva'
jehke mo z`e{e ldz`erahl{( Lrmus fa{zehahl |d{ srdkzakej ah mz`er |dq{ d{ |eff(
Omr epdgsfe& ah 4135 Lrahheff Brmz`er{ Gu{ak Sdrfmr{ mo Jezrmaz ahvazej sdzrmh{
zm evehahl gu{akdfe{& |az` gu{ak ourha{`ej bq d s`mhmlrds`> {uk` kmhkerz{
|ere hmz dz dff uhkmggmh ah z`e r{z jekdje{ mo z`e kehzurq( S`mhmlrds`{mkaezae{& |`ak` drm{e ah Ehlfdhj ah z`e {ekmhj jekdje mo z`e kehzurq dhj fdzer
{sredj zm z`e Uhazej [zdze{ dhj kmhzahehzdf Eurmse& {smh{mrej kmhkerz{ z`dz
brmul`z gu{ak fmver{ zmlez`er zm fa{zeh zm rekmrjej gu{ak( Ze{e kmhkerz{ |ere
guk` fane zrdjazamhdf mhe{9 z`eq |ere `efj ah rekazdf mr kmhkerz `dff{& srmlrdg{
|ere ja{zrabuzej& z`e jre{{ |d{ omrgdf& dhj z`e saeke{ |ere lreezej |az` ds'
sfdu{e( Ze mhfq {zranahl jaerehke |d{ z`dz ah z`e{e kmhkerz{ z`e dujaehke {dz
odkahl gdk`ahe{ rdz`er z`dh gu{akadh{( Muzjmmr s`mhmlrds` kmhkerz{ |ere
df{m ah vmlue omr d zage( Ah 4131& omr epdgsfe& dh dujaehke mo mver omrzq z`mu'{dhj ldz`erej ah @edzmh Sdrn ah Gdhk`e{zer& Ehlfdhj& omr d oree kmhkerz mo
rekmrjahl{ bq z`e zehmr Ehrakm Kdru{m(
S`mhmlrds` kmhkerz{ |ere df{m laveh ah sravdze `mge{( Ah 4135 d |razer ah
z`e Zdfnahl Gdk`ahe He|{ zmfj mo `m{zahl d |eff'dzzehjej s`mhmlrds` ehzer'
zdahgehz dz `a{ `mge( @e je{krabej d vdraej srmlrdgguk` fane z`e zqsakdf
smzsmurra kmhkerz mo z`e zagedhj hmzej z`dz ehkmre{ |ere jegdhjej mo {ev'
erdf saeke{( Ah 4142 z`e Lergdh s`mhmlrds` imurhdf Jae [zagge {eahe{ @errh
{ulle{zej {everdf z`egdzak s`mhmlrds` srmlrdg{ omr mge ldz`erahl{& ahkfuj'
ahl barz`jdq{& kmhrgdzamh{& |ejjahl{eveh {zdl sdrzae{ @errehdbehj!(
Dhj ah 4124 dh Dgerakdh fazerdrq gdldyahe resmrzej z`dz `mge kmhkerz ag'
sre{dram{ |mufj eveh lm zm z`e fehlz` mo ( ( ( gdahzdahahl d{ ralaj d ja{kasfahe
dldah{z zdfnahl jurahl z`e gu{ak d{ ao Kdru{m mr Rdk`gdhahm |ere z`ere ah
ser{mh( Hmze z`dz dff z`e epdgsfe{ mo s`mhmlrds` kmhkerz{ kazej dbmve zmmn
sfdke ah z`e r{z z|m jekdje{ mo z`e kehzurq( [uk` omrgdf evehz{ bekdge fe{{
kmggmh ah z`e 4123{ dhj beqmhj& {ulle{zahl z`dz fa{zeher{ |ere bekmgahl {uo'
kaehzfq dkku{zmgej zm z`e s`mhmlrds` zm epsfmre he| |dq{ mo u{ahl az(
D{ evajehke mo z`e s`mhmlrds`{ ahkred{ahl d{{agafdzamh ahzm z`e gmjerh
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`mge& |e kdh df{m smahz zm z`e lredz smsufdrazq mo jdhkahl zm rekmrjej gu{ak( Ah
odkz& z`e {m'kdffej jdhke krdye z`dz servdjej z`e Uhazej [zdze{ dhj Eurmse ormg
4143 zm 41;3 |d{ meh dzzrabuzej zm {muhj rekmrjahl( D{ z`e Dgerakdh imurhdf
Gu{ak Gmhazmr dhj \mrfjdrluej ah 414:& Ze revavdf mo jdhkahl a{ uhjmubz'
ejfq jue ah fdrle ged{ure zm z`e ahuehke mo z`e sfdqer' sadhm dhj z`e s`mhm'lrds`( Ze Braza{` gdldyahe Lrdgms`mhe gdje z`e kfdag eveh gmre {zrmhlfq
d oe| qedr{ fdzer9 Oe| semsfe |aff jehq z`dz z`e jdhke krdye& |`ak` hm| `mfj{
everqmhe fazerdffq ah az{ lras& m|e{ hedrfq everqz`ahl zm z`e lrdgms`mhe( Ze
kmhhekzamh |d{ odarfq {agsfe9 |az` rekmrjahl{ az |d{ sm{{abfe zm jdhke dz `mge&
k`edsfq& dhj dz mhe{ kmhvehaehke( D{ Sdufahe Sdrzrajle epsfdahej ah `er drzakfe
Ze @mge [ez zm Gu{ak 412:& azeg 1!& Dh ahomrgdf jdhkahl sdrzq kdh be
laveh |az` hm sresdrdzamh gmre jakufz z`dh rmffahl us z`e rul{ dhj kdffahl
ah z`e heal`bmr{( Gmremver& z`m{e |`m |dhzej zm fedrh zm jdhke buz oedrejsubfak egbdrrd{{gehz kmufj srdkzake z`ear {zes{ ah sravdze& |`ez`er dfmhe mr
|az` d zru{zej sdrzher( Kmuhzfe{{ djverza{egehz{ ehkmurdlej `mge jdhkahl&
dhj d{ edrfq d{ 414: z`e _akzmr dfnahl Gdk`ahe Kmgsdhq subfa{`ej sdgs`fez{
z`dz {ervej d{ jdhke gdhudf{'kug'rekmrj kdzdfmlue{( Ze dssedf mo jmge{zak
jdhkahl |d{ eveh reekzej ah smsufdr {mhl{ mo z`e jdq& {uk` d{ Zeq [zdrz z`e
_akzrmfd Dhj Lm Jdhkahl drmuhj z`e Ofmmr!( _akzrmfd |d{ d brdhj hdge
mo d vdraezq mo s`mhmlrds`{ gdje bq z`e _akzmr dfnahl Gdk`ahe Kmgsdhq(
_akzrmfd{ |ere {m smsufdr z`dz z`e hdge kdge zm be u{ej leherakdffq zm reoer zmdhq zqse mo rekmrj sfdqer(!
Ah z`e {ekmhj jekdje mo z`e kehzurq z`e s`mhmlrds` beldh zm {sredj ormg
z`e `mge zm z`e {k`mmf& dhj sdrzakufdrfq ah z`e Uhazej [zdze{ ejukdzmr{ tuaknfq
egbrdkej z`e sm{{abafazae{ mo rekmrjej gu{ak( Dz z`e zage& Dgerakdh gu{ak eju'
kdzamh |d{ uhjerlmahl d revmfuzamh& mhe z`dz srmgmzej d he| ajedf nhm|h d{
dssrekadzamhleherdffq uhjer{zmmj d{ z`e ahzeffalehz ehimqgehz mo gu{ak& zqsa'
kdffq kfd{{akdf gu{ak& d{ d fa{zeher( Rekmrjej gu{ak |d{ {eeh d{ dh epkeffehz |dq
zm srmgmze gu{ak dssrekadzamh& omr bq z`a{ zage {zurjq& smrzdbfe& dhj refdzavefq
k`eds s`mhmlrds`{ |ere dvdafdbfe& gdnahl az sm{{abfe zm brahl z`e kfd{{ak{ mr
lmmj gu{ak& d{ az |d{ meh kdffej! zm dff z`e hdzamh{ k`afjreh( Fdzer& d{ |e |aff
{ee ah sdrz AA mo z`a{ vmfuge& rdjam |d{ zm d{{uge dh agsmrzdhz rmfe ah z`e gu{ak
dssrekadzamh gmvegehz(! |m drzakfe{ resrmjukej `ere azeg{ 44 dhj 42! lave d
{eh{e mo z`e s`mhmlrds`{ rmfe ah sragdrq ejukdzamh dhj z`e ehz`u{ad{g |az`
|`ak` z`e zek`hmfmlq |d{ leherdffq rekeavej( Dhhae Sane Lreeh|mmj{ Ze
_akzmr ah z`e Rurdf [k`mmf {`m|{ `m| mhe qmuhl zedk`er brmul`z gu{ak dhj
ja{kasfahe! zm z`e k`afjreh mo Gafher& Ajd`m( Ze drzakfe {m agsre{{ej z`e srmga'
hehz ejukdzmr dhj fmhlzage ejazmr mo z`eImurhdf mo Ejukdzamh& D( E( \ah{`as&
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z`dz `e va{azej Lreeh|mmj dhj fdzer |rmze z`a{ ah srda{e mo z`e s`mhmlrds`9 A
qaefj zm hm mhe ah gq dssrekadzamh mo z`e rurdf gdaf {ervake& dhj mo z`e rurdf
zefes`mhe& buz A sfdke dbmve eaz`er dhj bmz` mo z`eg ah z`e {ervake omr Lmj dhj
`ugdhazq z`e sm{{abafazae{ mo z`e ah{zrugehz |`ak` |aff evergmre z`raff kmuh'
zrq faoe |az` z`e rak`e{z gu{ak mo z`e lredze{z gd{zer{( Ze {ekmhj drzakfe ep'sfdah{ z`e s`ehmgehmh mo z`e gu{ak gegmrq kmhze{z& |`ak` K( G( regdahe
ahzrmjukej ah 414? d{ d |dq mo u{ahl {muhj rekmrjahl{ zm efs k`afjreh fedrh z`e
gd{zer|mrn{ mo kfd{{akdf gu{ak( Ze gu{ak gegmrq kmhze{z tuaknfq kdul`z mh&
dhj bq 412? {k`mmf{ ah gmre z`dh omurzeeh `uhjrej kazae{ |ere sdrzakasdzahl(
\`afe z`e s`ehmgehmh {eeg{ zm `dve sednej iu{z beomre z`e Jesre{{amh `az&
kmhze{z{ dre {zaff beahl efj zmjdq& z`ear lmdf{ dhj omrgdz guk` z`e {dge d{ z`eq
`dj beeh ah z`e edrfq z|ehzaez` kehzurq(
D{ rekmrjej gu{ak kdge zm `dve dh ahkred{ahl sre{ehke ah z`e fave{ mo gaf'famh{ mo geh dhj |mgeh& |e {ee a{{ue{ mo lehjer kmgahl zm z`e omre ah z`e
s`mhmlrds`ak ja{kmur{e( Dh drzakfe ah 41;4 ah z`e Dgerakdh imurhdf Ja{tue{&
omr epdgsfe& resedz{ z|m {zeremzqse{ z`dz zm z`e duz`mr dhj dssdrehzfq gdhq
mz`er{ |ere ehzarefq uhsrmbfegdzak9 Zdz geh dre hmzmramu{fq od{kahdzej bq
{gdff gek`dhakdf jezdaf{ a{ d {ekurefq e{zdbfa{`ej odkz( \mgeh& d{ everqbmjq
nhm|{& zdne fazzfe mr hm ahzere{z ah gek`dhakdf z`ahl{( Ze us{`mz mo z`e{e odkz{
a{ tuaze kfedr9 \eff& z`eh& a{ az dhq |mhjer z`dz `uhjrej{ mo geh {ujjehfq be'
kdge srmomuhjfq ahzere{zej ah z`e s`mhmlrds`= Qez z`e odkz{ |ere hmz tuaze{m kfedr( D{ z`e jmkugehz{ resrahzej ere revedf& gdhq edrfq'z|ehzaez`'kehzurq
|mgeh |ere jeesfq ahzere{zej ah z`e s`mhmlrds`& |`afe geh meh `dj zm be
kmdpej ahzm dkkeszahl z`e zek`hmfmlq(
Ze ahju{zrq kfedrfq rekmlhayej z`e agsmrzdhke mo |mgeh ku{zmger{( Ah
4141 d {zujq kmgga{{amhej bq z`e [mhmrd S`mhmlrds` Kmgsdhq {`m|ej z`dz
|mgeh surk`d{ej sfdqer{ gmre z`dh z|ake d{ meh d{ geh dhj& |`eh dkkmg'
sdhaej ahzm {zmre{ bq geh& regdahej z`e sragdrq jeka{amh gdner{( Lfdjq{
Naggef{ drzakfe omr z`e zrdje gdldyahe Zdfnahl Gdk`ahe Imurhdf4141& azeg 45!
javaje{ |mgeh ku{zmger{ ahzm z`ree kdzelmrae{& merahl jezdafej {ulle{zamh{
zm s`mhmlrds` jedfer{ omr ahzerdkzahl |az` edk` zqse( S`mhmlrds` kmgsdhae{
|ere gdimr djverza{er{ ah z`e r{z jekdje{ mo z`e z|ehzaez` kehzurq& dhj everq
{alhakdhz Dgerakdh gdldyahe kdrraej dj{& meh ouff'sdle dhj ah kmfmr( Gdhq
|ere kfedrfq dagej dz |mgeh& dssedrahl ah subfakdzamh{ fane Lmmj @mu{enees'
ahldhj Fdjae{ @mge Imurhdf( [mge zmuzej z`e kmhvehaehke dhj ver{dzafazq mo
z`e s`mhmlrds`& |`ak` kmufj be u{ej omr ejukdzahl k`afjreh dhj ehzerzdahahl
djufz{( Mz`er{ kfdagej z`dz z`e zek`hmfmlq kmufj djj d zmuk` mo kufzure dhj
kfd{{ zm z`e dverdle `mge( D ouff' sdle _akzrmfd djverza{egehz ah 414; ah z`e
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|eenfqKmffaer{ {ehz z`a{ ge{{dle z`rmul` zepz d{ |eff d{ agdle {ee lure ;!(
Ze affu{zrdzamh mer{ d lfags{e ahzm d fupuramu{ {dfmh z`dz oe| redjer{ |mufj
`dve ever ehkmuhzerej( D lrmus mo mserd k`drdkzer{ kmge{ zm faoe zm omrg d re'
keavahl fahe& lreezej bq z`e efeldhzfq jre{{ej `m{ze{{ {zdhjahl hedr d kmh{saku'
mu{fq sfdkej `al`'ehj _akzrmfd( Ze zepz& `m|ever& djjre{{e{ |mgeh mo gmregmje{z gedh{& |`m |mufj fanefq hmz |edr lm|h{ zm ehzerzdah dhj |ere kerzdah
zm zdne dh ahzere{z ah nhm|ahl z`dz z`eq zmm kmufjz`rmul` z`e gdlak mo z`e
_akzrmfd`dve d zd{ze mo z`e lmmj faoe omr d{ fazzfe d{ zeh jmffdr{(
Oe|er s`mhmlrds` djverza{egehz{ |ere dagej {sekakdffq dz geh( \`afe az
gdq `dve beeh& d{ z`e edrfaer'kazej Ja{tue{ drzakfe {ulle{zej& z`dz geh mo z`e
zage |ere meh gek`dhakdffq ahkfahej& z`e s`mhmlrds` ahju{zrq {eegej zm be'
faeve z`dz oe|er |ere gu{akdffq ahkfahej d{ |eff( Ser`ds{ omr lmmj red{mh9 ah
z`e edrfq z|ehzaez` kehzurq jevmzamh zm gu{ak |d{ `drjfq z`mul`z zm epegsfaoqgdhfahe{{zm {`m| zmm lredz dh ahzere{z ah gu{ak |d{ meh zm ra{n beahl {eeh
d{ {a{{q mr {m( Dj{ jarekzej dz geh meh dzzegszej zm kmhvahke z`eg z`dz
az |d{ dkkeszdbfe zm ehimq gu{ak z`rmul` z`e s`mhmlrds`& sdrzakufdrfq d{ d omrg
mo {mkadfayahl |az` mz`er geh( Dkkmrjahl zm dh dj ah 4135& Everq qmuhl gdh
{`mufj `dve dh Eja{mh S`mhmlrds`( @ere a{ qmur mssmrzuhazq& az epsfdahej&
zm bekmge d lmmj oeffm|& dhj gdne qmur rmmg{ z`e gerrae{z rehjeyvmu{ ah
zm|h( Dh Demfadh'_mkdfamh dj ah 414? merej dhmz`er dssrmdk` azeg 4:!(
Az zmuzej z`e Lrdjumfd& d {agsfe vmfuge kmhzrmf jevake mserdzej bq suffahl mrsu{`ahl d nhmb dzzdk`ej zm d kdbfe> z`e {fehjer zube zergahdzahl ah d `dhjfe&
d{ z`e dj je{krabe{ az& ah zurh msehej mr kfm{ej d {ez mo ahzerhdf {`uzzer{ ah{erzej
|az`ah z`e gdk`ahe{ `mrh( Ze srmzdlmha{z mo z`e djverza{egehz lme{ |az` `a{
|aoe zm sfdq brajle dz z`e Imhe{e{& der |`ak` `e a{ ahzrmjukej zm z`e Lrdjumfd(
Usmh zrqahl az muz |`afe d rekmrj mo z`e {ehzagehzdf {mhl Beh Bmfz sfdq{&
`e aggejadzefq fm{e{ `a{ sreiujake dldah{z s`mhmlrds`{ dhj gardkufmu{fq be'
kmge{ d gu{akadh( \`ez`er ahzehjej mr hmz& z`ere {eeg{ zm be d `mgmermzak
{ubzepz `ere& d{ z`e uhhdgej bu{ahe{{gdh `dhjfe{ z`e {|effahl& s`dffak Lrd'
jumfd |az` lfmramu{ zregbfahl( Dz d ja{zdhke mo gmre z`dh hahezq've qedr{&
`m|ever& mhe kdh mhfq {sekufdze mh m| {uk` kmsq gal`z dve beeh ahzersrezej
dz z`e zage(
Ze fezzer{ z`dz dssedrej ah z`e Braza{` imurhdf Lrdgms`mhe dhj az{ Dgera'
kdh kmuhzersdrz S`mhmlrds` Gmhz`fq Revae| azeg{ 4?41! kdszure dh edrfq esa'
{mje ah d kmhzahuahl kmhver{dzamh dbmuz |mgeh d{ s`mhmlrds` dhj rekmrj
ehz`u{ad{z{( Ze msehahl {dfvm& ormg z`e s{eujmhqgmu{ [kruzdzmr& sm{e{ z`e
tue{zamh \`ere dre z`e fdjae{=& d{nahl omr |mgeh redjer{ zm kmhzrabuze z`ear
k`drgahl srdzzfe zm z`e gdldyahe( Omffm|ahl z`a{ kmhje{kehjahl buz dssdr'
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ehzfq |eff'gedhahl fezzer kmge{ zrue ga{mlqhq ormg d s`mhmlrds` jedfer |raz'
ahl d{ (D(O( [everdf |mgeh& dff u{ahl z`ear ouff hdge{& re{smhjej |az` vdrqahl
jelree{ mo ahjalhdzamh( Mhe mo z`eg& Jmrmz`q Oa{`er& |d{ dh Dgerakdh redjer
|`m |rmze hmz zm Lrdgms`mhe buz zm z`e S`mhmlrds` Gmhz`fq Revae|& {sdrn'
ahl ourz`er fezzer{ dhj leherdzahl d zrdh{dzfdhzak jebdze( dneh zmlez`er& z`e{ejmkugehz{ revedf d kmgsfep lehjerahl mo z`e zek`hmfmlq ah z`e edrfq z|ehzaez`
kehzurq& mhe z`dz bmz` reahomrkej dhj re{a{zej kmggmh {zeremzqse{(
Dz z`e {dge zage z`e s`mhmlrds` omuhj az{efo ah z`e gajjfe mo z`e {m'kdffej
bdzzfe mo z`e {epe{& az df{m sfdqej d rmfe ah fe{{ gezds`mrakdf bdzzfe{& d{ {mfjaer{
l`zahl dbrmdj brmul`z rekmrj sfdqer{ dhj ja{k{ |az` z`eg bq z`e z`mu{dhj{(
Azeg{ 2322 mer d fmmn dz z`e rmfe mo z`e s`mhmlrds` ah z`e Lredz \dr& {se'
kakdffq ormg z`e Dgerakdh ser{sekzave( dfnahl Gdk`ahe{ Dre E{{ehzadf{
414
zurahl {sekzrug beahl resursm{ej omr z`e |dr emrz& z`e duz`mr drluej z`dz
s`mhmlrds`{ dhj rekmrjahl{ dhj z`u{ z`e odkzmrae{ z`dz srmjuke z`eg! |ere
ah odkz e{{ehzadf omr z`e gmrdfe mo z`e {mfjaer{ dhj z`m{e mh z`e `mge ormhz(
Ze dhmhqgmu{ duz`mr heejhz `dve |mrraej( Dfz`mul` gdhq rekmrj sfdhz{
|ere kmhverzej mr sdrzadffq kmhverzej& z`e |dr qedr{ {d| d zregehjmu{ bmmg ah
{dfe{( Dkkmrjahl zm keh{u{ lure{& bez|eeh 414: dhj 4141 z`e vdfue mo Dgerakd{s`mhmlrds` srmjukzamh rmknezej ormg iu{z mver *2< gaffamh zm iu{z uhjer *451
gaffamh> d{ mhe a{zmradh mo z`e s`mhmlrds` mb{ervej& Dgerakdh{ dj lmhe mh
d s`mhmlrds` bahle(
Gr( _avadh Burhezz& kmgsm{er dhj fqraka{z mo \`eh A @edr Zdz S`mhmlrds`
Sfdq azeg 24!& |d{ hmz d kdreer kmgsm{er buz rdz`er d imurhdfa{z dhj& omr d zage&
dh d{{mkadze ejazmr dz Zdfnahl Gdk`ahe Imurhdf( @e gdq |eff `dve beeh z`e du'
z`mr mo dfnahl Gdk`ahe{ Dre E{{ehzadf{(! Affhe{{ nesz ag muz mo z`e |dr& buz
`e omuhj dhmz`er |dq zm {erve( Ah 4140 `e mrldhayej d Hdzamhdf S`mhmlrds`
Rekmrj{ Rekruazahl Kmrs{ mo eeh z`mu{dhj vmfuhzeer{ zm kmffekz {fdkner
rekmrj{ zm {ehj zm {mfjaer{ ah z`e zrdahahl kdgs{ dhj mver{ed{( Dz z`e zage& d
{fdkner |d{ {mgemhe |`m evdjej gafazdrq {ervake& {m z`a{ |d{ d kfever |dq zm
ehkmurdle sdzramzak s`mhmlrds` m|her{ zm jmhdze ja{k{( Oalure : resrmjuke{
mhe mo z`e sm{zer{ djverza{ahl z`e rekmrj jrave(! Zdz {dge qedr `e drzakufdzej
`a{ {ussmrz omr z`e heke{{azq mo rekmrjej gu{ak jurahl |drzage ah dhmz`er |dq9
z`rmul` {mhl( \`eh A @edr Zdz S`mhmlrds` Sfdq a{ d {ehzagehzdf saeke omr
vmake dhj sadhm z`dz ahvmne{ z`e sm|er mo rekmrjej gu{ak zm kmhhekz ja{zdhz
fmvej mhe{( Burhezz{ |mrn mh be`dfo mo z`e {mfjaer{ jre| d lmmj jedf mo sm{azave
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sre{{& z`mul` az fanefq hever mver{`djm|ej `a{ redf kfdag zm odge( D{ d k`afj `e
|d{ z`e ah{sardzamh omr z`e gdah k`drdkzer mo d |afjfq smsufdr bmmn |razzeh bq
`a{ gmz`er& Ordhke{ @mjl{mh Burhezz9 Fazzfe Fmrj Oduhzfermq(
Dfz`mul` Burhezz jaj hmz |raze `a{ {mhl ormg r{z`dhj epseraehke& z`e dk'
kmuhz{ mo {mfjaer{ fa{zehahl zm rekmrj{ mh z`e ormhz& eveh ah z`e zrehk`e{& revedf
z`dz omr gdhq& rekmrj{ |ere ahjeej e{{ehzadf{( Ze drzakfe S`mhmlrds`{ mh z`e
Oarahl Fahe 4141& azeg 22! vavajfq refdze{ z`e vdfue z`dz {mfjaer{ sfdkej usmh
z`ear bdzzerej rekmrj sfdqer{ dhj z`ear |mrh dhj {krdzk`ej ja{k{(
\`afe z`e sragdrq fazerdzure rak`fq jmkugehz{ z`e dzzazuje{ dhj srdkzake{ mo
kmh{uger{& |`ez`er gmz`er{& zedk`er{& mr {mfjaer{& z`ere a{ guk` fe{{ gdzeradf
ormg z`e ser{sekzave mo z`m{e |`m gdje z`e rekmrj{( Omr epdgsfe& z`ere dre
oe| ao dhq luaje{ mr gdhudf{ dhdfmlmu{ zm z`m{e z`dz fdzer dssedrej omr ser'
omrger{ dhj kmgsm{er{ ahvmfvej |az` rdjam(! Ormg |`dz dkkmuhz{ |e jm `dve&
`m|ever& az a{ kfedr z`dz z`e rekmrjahl {zujam mo z`e edrfq z|ehzaez` kehzurq |d{
hmz d kmhlehadf vehue omr gdnahl gu{ak( Ze rmmg |d{ u{udffq krdgsej dhj
`mz& |az` z`e gu{akadh{ sfdqahl omr dh dujaehke mo ehlaheer{ dhj& beomre z`e dj'
Oalure :( Sm{zer ep`mrzahl
Dgerakdh{ zm jmhdze
uhu{ej {fdkner! rekmrj{
zm {mfjaer{& 4140( Kmurze{q
mo z`e Uhaver{azq mo Hmrz`
Kdrmfahd& K`dsef @aff& Rdre
Bmmn Kmffekzamh(
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vehz mo z`e gakrms`mhe ah 4125& d fdrle dkmu{zak rekmrjahl `mrh mr gdhq {uk`
jevake{{mgezage{ us zm d jmyeh mrh{ |ere u{ej ah d rekmrjahl {e{{amh!( \ekdh uhjer{zdhj& z`eh& |`q eveh verq epseraehkej seromrger{ {mgezage{ {uo'
oerej s`mhmlrds` oral`z ah z`ear rekmrjahl {e{{amh{( Ze ah{eh{azavazq mo z`e
`mrh dhj z`e {`mrz rekmrjahl zage mo kqfahjer{ dhj z`e re{ufz{& d{ kdh be {eeh ah lure 5& rdrefq
re{egbfej |`dz mhe gal`z {ee mh d kmhkerz {zdle(
[mge ah{zrugehz{ jaj hmz srmiekz |eff ehmul` dhj |ere meh dfzerej mr re'
sfdkej( Oalure 5 {`m|{ {everdf [zrm` vamfah{& z`e gm{z hmzakedbfe beahl sfdqej
bq z`e seromrger ah z`e omrelrmuhj( Sdzehzej ah 4011 bq Dulu{zu{ [zrm`& z`e
ah{zrugehz ja{seh{ej |az` z`e |mmjeh bmjq mo z`e vamfah& resfdkahl az |az` d
kmhakdf gezdf mrh> d {ekmhj {gdffer mrh smahzej zm|drj z`e gu{akadh{ fe edr
ah d |dq sre{dlahl z`e u{e mo `edjs`mhe{ bq {zujam gu{akadh{!( Ze {muhj |d{
tuaze sm|erouf dhj `drj zm ja{zahlua{` ormg d zrdjazamhdf vamfah |`eh `edrj mh
edrfq rekmrjahl{( Zere |ere hm [zrm` bd{{e{& dhj ah z`e edrfq qedr{ mo rekmrj'
ahl z`e zubd meh {dz ah omr z`e bal jjfe( Idyy rekmrjahl {e{{amh{ rdrefq u{ej
{hdre mr bd{{ jrug{> serku{{amh |d{ meh fagazej zm |mmjbfmkn{& km|beff{& mr
Oalure 5( Rm{dram Bmurjmh kmhjukzahl z`e _akzmr [dfmh Mrk`e{zrd& k( 4123(
S`mzm kmurze{q mo z`e Be`rahl Kehzer& [gaz`{mhadh Ah{zazuzamh& \d{`ahlzmh(
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25
|d{`bmdrj{& |`ak` `dj d kmhkehzrdzej& ed{afq ja{zahlua{`ej {muhj( [mfma{z{&
|`ez`er {ahler{ mr ah{zrugehzdfa{z{& {zmmj ral`z ah ormhz mo z`e `mrh dhj `dj zm
reah ah z`ear omrza{{agm{& fe{z z`eq bfd{z z`e heejfe muz mo z`e lrmmve& dhj `dj
zm resfdke z`ear sadha{{agm{ |az` geyymomrze{ {agsfq zm be `edrj( D{ Qvmhhe
je revaffe hmze{ ah `er drzakfe Gdnahl d S`mhmlrds` Rekmrj 414?& azeg 2:!&{mge rekmrjahl {e{{amh{ ahkfujej |`dz {`e kdffej d lehzfe su{`er& d {zujam eg'
sfmqee |`m& {zdhjahl jarekzfq be`ahj er& su{`ej er zm|drj z`e mrh mr suffej
`er d|dq |`eh {`e {dhl zmm {mfq mr zmm fmujfq(
Bekdu{e mo z`e sergdhehke mo rekmrjahl{ dhj z`ear fagazej sfdqahl zage& d
{e{{amh ah z`e {zujam |d{ meh d zeh{e& kdreouffq sfdhhej ddar( Ah z`e jdq{ be'
omre gdlhezak zdse bekdge |ajefq dvdafdbfe k( 41:0! z`ere |d{ hm {sfakahl mr
sdzk`ahlao d kqfahjer mr {aje mo d ja{k |d{ zm mfj d |`mfe saeke mr gmvegehz&
az dj zm be sfdqej ormg {zdrz zm ha{` |az`muz ahzerruszamh( Ze gu{akadh{ |ereretuarej zm {zdrz dhj ehj epdkzfq mh kue& |az` db{mfuze {afehke beomre dhj der(
D{ z`e valhezze ormg _amfaha{zgdldyahe gdne{ kfedr 4143& azeg 2;!& rekmrjahl
{e{{amh{ jegdhjej dh epzregefq fm| zmferdhke omr errmr( Ah `er gegmar{& z`e
Du{zrdfadh {msrdhm Heffae Gefbd rekdffej d {e{{amh ah 413?9 Der gdnahl |`dz
A befaeve |mufj dve beeh z`e gm{z beduzaouf rekmrj& A {zugbfej bdkn|drj{ mver
d k`dar& dhj {daj Jdgh ah dh dff zmm dujabfe vmake( Zdz jdgh& |`eh z`e rekmrj
|d{ sfdqej mver& kdge muz |az` d zerrabfe kfdrazq& gdnahl ge oeef guk` d{ d {ah'
her gu{z mh z`e Jdq mo Iujlgehz( Gdhq dh edrfq rekmrjahl |d{ ruahej bq{agafdrfq ahzegserdze epkfdgdzamh{( Idyy sfdqer{ `dj d ourz`er kmhkerh9 d{ z`e
jrugger Bdbq Jmjj{ epsfdahej ah `a{ gegmar{ epkerszej ah azeg 25!& gu{a'
kadh{ rekmrjahl ah z`e dkmu{zak erd kmufj hever sfdq ah z`e {zujam epdkzfq d{ z`eq
jaj ah d kfub& |`ere z`eq kmufj epzehj z`ear {mfm{ dhj sfdq gufzasfe k`mru{e{ d{
z`eq {d| z( Jmjj{ df{m rekmuhz{ z`e hm| felehjdrq {zmrq mo z`e 412; rekmrjahl
mo Jassergmuz` Bfue{& ah |`ak` z`e bdhima{z Baff Im`h{mh qeffej& Sfdq z`dz
z`ahl$ |`eh Jmjj{ omrlmz zm kmge ah& aggmrzdfayahl z`e fahe z`dz fdzer bekdge
sdrz mo z`e {mhl ah z`ear {ub{etuehz seromrgdhke{(
D{ Jmjj{ dhj z`e Dgerakdh kmhjukzmr Ej|ah GkDrz`ur epsfdah 41:4& azeg
2?!& hmz dff mo z`e jaerehke{ bez|eeh fave dhj rekmrjej gu{ak drm{e ormg z`e
zek`hakdf fagazdzamh{ mo z`e etuasgehz( D{ gehzamhej& mhe odkz mo rekmrjahl a{
z`dz z`e seromrger{ dhj fa{zeher{ kdhhmz {ee mhe dhmz`er( Jmjj{ fdgehzej z`a{
dhj |mhjerej `m| az kmufj be z`dz rekmrjahl{ bekdge {m smsufdr laveh z`a{
guzudf ahva{abafazq( GkDrz`ur& ah `a{ drzakfe& drluej z`dz z`e fdkn mo z`e va{udf
kmgsmhehz retuarej {fal`zfq od{zer zegsm{ dhj zal`zer s`rd{ahl( Laveh dff z`e
zrdvdaf{ z`e gu{akadh{ je{krabe& az {eeg{ d |mhjer z`dz {m guk` gu{ak gdhdlej
zm gdne az muz mo z`e rekmrjahl {zujam dfave( Qez eveh z`e gm{z odgmu{ dhj re'
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{sekzej gu{akadh{ mo z`e jdqz`e mserd {zdr Ehrakm Kdru{m& z`e vamfaha{z Orazy
Nrea{fer& mr z`e sadha{z Alhdkq Sdjere|{na& omr epdgsfetuaknfq dkkeszej z`e
zek`hmfmlq& {eeahl az{ vdfue zm z`ear kdreer{& dhj fe rekmrjahl{ z`dz dre k`er'
a{`ej zm z`a{ jdq( Ser`ds{ az a{ zrue& d{ GkDrz`ur {ulle{zej& z`dz z`e `dr{` kmh'
jazamh{ omrkej gu{akadh{ zm ra{e zm z`e mkkd{amh(\`afe d kerzdah |drahe{{ dbmuz {muhj rekmrjahl k`drdkzeraye{ z`e |razahl{
mo srmoe{{amhdf seromrger{& kmggehzdzmr{ |ere leherdffq gmre {dhluahe dbmuz
z`e zek`hmfmlq |`eh az kdge zm zedk`ahl qmuhl gu{akadh{( Ah 414? z`e ahueh'
zadf Dgerakdh gu{ak imurhdf Ezuje d{nej srmgahehz ejukdzmr{ zm ja{ku{{ z`ear
epseraehke |az` dhj msahamh mo z`e u{e mo gek`dhakdf ah{zrugehz{ ah gu{ak
sejdlmlq azeg 2
z`e epkazegehz& dhj zm d fe{{er epzehz zresajdzamh& z`dz gdhq oefz dbmuz z`e sejd'
lmlakdf agsdkz mo zek`hmfmlq( [everdf mo z`e re{smhjehz{ {smne mo u{ahl rekmrj{
zm ah{sare z`ear susaf{ dhj zm {erve d{ gmjef{ omr z`ear seromrgdhke{( Ze hmzej
vmake zedk`er M{kdr [dehler |ehz ourz`er dhj subfa{`ej d kmur{e mo vmkdf {zujq
ah |`ak` z`e {zujehz fa{zehej zm dhj z`eh agazdzej vdramu{ eperka{e{ mh {everdf
{sekadffq gdje ja{k{> azeg 20 resrmjuke{ ah{zrukzamh{ dhj s`mzmlrds { ormg z`e
vmfuge omr {msrdhm( Dfz`mul` mhe mo z`e resedzej krazaka{g{ mo z`e s`mhm'lrds` |d{ z`dz az |mufj ja{kmurdle seromrgdhke gmre mh z`a{ befm|!& omr z`e{e
zedk`er{& dz fed{z& z`ere |d{ hmz`ahl guzudffq epkfu{ave dbmuz gu{ak dssrekad'
zamh dhj gu{akdf dkzavazq(
\`afe eveh z`e gm{z odgmu{ seromrger{ mo z`e edrfq z|ehzaez` kehzurq
tuaknfq dkkeszej z`e s`mhmlrds`& z`a{ |d{ hmz z`e kd{e |az` kmgsm{er{& sdr'
zakufdrfq mo kfd{{akdf gu{ak( urh'mo'z`e'kehzurq kdzdfmlue{ fa{zej mhfq d oe| re'
kehz |mrn{ mo smsufdr gu{ak& {uk` d{ Im{es` Ofdhher{ D @mz age ah z`e Mfj
m|h kmgsm{ej 401?!& Im{es` @m|drj{ @effm& Gd Bdbq 4011!& dhj {everdf
gdrk`e{ bq Im`h S`afas [mu{d( He| kfd{{akdf gu{ak |d{ eveh {kdrker& dhj gm{z
mo z`e be{z'nhm|h kmgsm{er{ |ere hmz resre{ehzej mh ja{k uhzaf der dbmuz
4143( \az` z`e epkeszamh mo [mu{d{ odgmu{ krazatue mo gek`dhakdf gu{ak
413?& azeg ;;& ja{ku{{ej befm|! dhj {mge braeo sm{azave kmggehz{ ormg z`e
Ehlfa{` kmgsm{er Ej|drj Efldr& oe| kmgsm{er{ |rmze subfakfq dbmuz {muhj
rekmrjahl beomre z`e 4123{& dhmz`er ahjakdzamh mo z`ear refdzave fdkn mo ehldle'
gehz |az` z`e zek`hmfmlq( \`eh kmgsm{er{ {zdrzej subfa{`ahl z`ear z`mul`z{
mh rekmrjahl& z`ear msahamh{ rdh z`e ldguz( Ze Orehk` kmgsm{er _ahkehz
jAhjq& omr epdgsfe& drluej ah 412
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agmz`q J( dqfmr& [zrdhle [muhj{9 Gu{ak& Zek`hmfmlq dhj Kufzure He| Qmrn9 Rmuz'
fejle& 2334!> dhj Sduf Zberle&Dhq [muhj Qmu Kdh Agdlahe9 Gdnahl Gu{ak-Kmh{ugahl
7/31/2019 Music, Sound, and Technology in America, edited by Timothy Taylor, Mark Katz, and Tony Grajeda
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Zek`hmfmlq @dhmver& H(@(9 Uhaver{azq Sre{{ mo He| Ehlfdhj& 411
{ee Gak`def K`dhdh& Resedzej Zdne{9 D [`mrz @a{zmrq mo Rekmrjahl dhj Az{ Eekz{ mh Gu{ak
He| Qmrn9 _er{m& 4115!> agmz`q Jdq&D Kehzurq mo Rekmrjej Gu{ak9 Fa{zehahl zm Gu{akdf
@a{zmrq He| @dveh9 Qdfe Uhaver{azq Sre{{& 2333!> Rmfdhj Lefdzz& e Odbufmu{ S`mhm'
lrds & 2hj ej( He| Qmrn9 Gdkgaffdh& 41
Lreeh|mmj& 410 Gdrn Ndzy& Kdszurahl [muhj9 @m| Zek`hmfmlq @d{ K`dhlej Gu{ak&
rev( ej( Bernefeq9 Uhaver{azq mo Kdfaomrhad Sre{{& 2343!> \affadg @m|fdhj Nehheq& Re'
kmrjej Gu{ak ah Dgerakdh Faoe9 e S`mhmlrds` dhj Smsufdr Gegmrq& 401341:5 He|
Qmrn9 Mpomrj Uhaver{azq Sre{{& 4111!> Idge{ S( Nrd& [zdle zm [zujam9 Gu{akadh{ dhj z`e
[muhj Revmfuzamh& 40134153 Bdfzagmre9 Im`h{ @msnah{ Uhaver{azq Sre{{& 411?!> Dhjre
Gaffdrj&Dgerakd mh Rekmrj9 D @a{zmrq mo Rekmrjej [muhjKdgbrajle9 Kdgbrajle Uha'
ver{azq Sre{{& 4115!> dhj Mfaver Redj dhj \dfzer F( \efk`& Ormg Zah Omaf zm [zerem9 Evm'
fuzamh mo z`e S`mhmlrds`& 2hj ej( Ahjadhdsmfa{9 @m|drj \( [dg{& 41
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;
Idge{ @( Im`h{mh& Fa{zehahl ah Sdra{ Bernefeq9 Uhaver{azq mo Kdfaomrhad Sre{{ 4115!> Sdhd'
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