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MSW policy and WTE in Thailand
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sirintornthep Towprayoon
Dr. Komsilp Wangyao Center of Excellence on Energy Technology and Environment
Global situation
Source: Arunprasad, Swati. (2009) “Waste Management as a Sector of Green Economy,” Presentation at International Forum on Green Economy, Beijing, China, November 2009
•Approx. 2.5-4 Billion tonnes of waste generated per year ( data in 2006) •MSW is accounted more than half
Evolution of Waste
Technology concept
Mcdougall et al. (2009) Integrated solid waste management: A life cycle inventory
Revolution of waste management concept
Derived from M. Yamada NIES Japan
Current waste generation trend in Thailand
30,000
31,000
32,000
33,000
34,000
35,000
36,000
37,000
38,000
39,000
40,000
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Ton
s/d
ay
Year
~5% / year
~1% / year
Waste generation rate = 0.64 kg/cap/d in 2005
ONEP, 2010
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2005 2008
ton
ne
s o
f M
SW
Bangkok Municipality and Pattaya Non municipality
Percent of change per
year 1993-2002 2003-2008
Total MSW 3.1 0.8
Bangkok 4.0 -1.5
Municipality and Pattaya 6.5 3.9
Non municipality 1.1 -0.1
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2
21%
40%
39%
2010 Waste recycling (26%) 10798 tpd Waste disposal (74%) - Sanitary landfill 38% 15782 tpd - Open dumping 36% 14951 tpd
Thai Environmental Report 2010
Waste Recycle and Utilization 82 % valuable waste (to market) 15% organic waste( to compost and biogas) 3% other waste (to electricity)
Flow of waste management in 2008
Waste generated 15.03
M tons
Collected 12.62 M tons
Sanitary LF 5.71 M tons(38%)
Open dumping 9.32 M
tons(62%)
Waste utilization 3.45 Mtons
Recycle 3.30 M tons (89%)
Compost and biogas 0.249 M
tons (7%)
Heat and electricity 0.126
M tons (4%)
Current MSW management
Waste generate from sources
Waste stream 1
Waste stream 2
Waste stream 3
Rec
ycle
Sh
op
Waste reduction
Waste recycle collected by
tricycle
Waste collected by collector
Waste collected by scavengers
Landfill
Incineration
Composting
Anaerobic digestion
Open dumping
40-60% of solid waste
generated can be recycled
and reused.
The 3 top recycled waste
categories are
Paper 57%
Glass 19%
Plastic 15%
The recycling rate has
increased approximately 9%
per year
Waste Recycle
Source: Surveys of Waste and hazardous Substances Management Bureau, Pollution Control Department, Nov 10, 2010
Integrated Systems
Wieng Fang (Chiang Mai) – 150 tons/day
Rayong Municipality – 80 tons/day
Mae Sai (Chiang Rai) – 60 tons/day
Incineration Phuket – 250 tons/day
Samui Island* – 150 tons/day
Lamphun** – 20 tons/day
Sanitary Landfill
Working – 97 sites
Never Run (due to NIMBY) – 6 sites
Stop Operating – 8 sites
Under Construction – 16 sites
MSW Disposal Facilities
* System Stop due to Maintenance
**Currently Dysfunction
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Waste Composition of Bangkok (2007)
Source: BMA, 2009
9
Most waste in Thailand has high organic composition, similar to other Asian countries.
Problems encounter
1. Limited allocated budget for solid waste
management
2. Lack of co-operation between local authorities
3. Lack of skill personnel in waste management
practice
4. Ineffective waste recycling program/regulations
5. Opposition against waste disposal facilities
from public/communities
6. Lack of public awareness/participation
Source: Chart Chiemchaisri, KU
Current technology
• Landfill
• Open Dump
• Composting
• Incineration
• Anaerobic Digestion
• Mechanical Biological Treatment
• Sorting Plant
Landfill
12
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OPEN DUMPS
13
70-80 T/d
Gas Collection
Tank
Power generated
of 625 kW Gas Digestor
Sorting Organic waste
Organic Waste Compost and Energy Production Plant, Rayong
Anaerobic Digestion
Biogas at SamChuk Supanburi Province
Local Implementation of Anaerobic Digestion
Waste from market and restaurant 23 household use biogas
Composting
BMA and some market waste treatment
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Static Pile Composting System for Market Wastes (5 tpd) Organic Fertilized Plant in Nonthaburi
Production rate 20 ton/day
Composting at Nonthaburi Municipality
Incineration 3 incineration plants
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Solid Waste Management Programme for Phitsanulok by GTZ
Mechanical Biological Waste Treatment MBT Process
The National Environmental Quality Management Plan (2007-2011)
• Reducing municipal sol id waste generation rate to not more than 1kg/person/day; • Utilizing municipal solid waste by at least 30%; • Increasing coverage of sanitary disposal of municipal solid waste by at least 40%; • Separating municipal hazardous waste and safely disposing of it by at least 30%; • Establishing a center for municipal hazardous waste management in each region.
To achieve these targets, integrated waste management is included in the national agenda.
National Integrated Waste Management Policy
• Applying 3Rs for achieving waste reduction & utilization;
• Promoting the integrated waste management system to reduce the landfill areas and generate the renewable energy;
• Encouraging the cooperation of adjacent Local Governments for establishment of waste management facility;
• Endorsing public and private sectors to participate in waste management project.
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The draft of the National 3Rs Strategy
i) Production and distribution – enhance proper designing of goods and packages, promote manufacturing and distribution of eco-friendly products, etc.; ii) Consumption - increase public participation in using reusable, recyclable, and eco-friendly products, etc.; iii) Reuse , recycling , treatment ,and disposal - promote waste separation at source, enhance the use of biodegradable waste for soil amendment and energy use, encourage the use of non-recyclable waste for thermal recovery, etc.
Targets for reduction, reuse, and recycling
Strategies Reduction targets (%)
2012-2016 2017-2021 2022-2026
1. Waste reduction 1 3 5
2. Utilization of solid waste and recycling materials
2.1 Material recycling 20 22 25
2.2 Waste to energy (thermal recovery) 5 10 15
2.3 Biodegradable recovery (composting, anaerobic digestion)
5 30 50
3. Total recovery 30 62 90
4. Total achievements (targets 1, 2) 31 65 95
Source: Draft of National 3Rs Strategy, PCD, 2011
National Climate Change Strategies GHG emission from the solid waste treatment in 2000 was 4.89 MtCO2 equivalents which were approximately 2.1% of total GHG emissions
The National Climate Change Strategies include reducing organic waste composition in waste for disposal, upgrading waste disposal technology from open dumping to sanitary landfill, and promoting the 5Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle, refill, repair) for waste management. Waste separation is promoted to enhance waste utilization and resource recovery. Waste to energy and composting are recommended.
National Waste Management Targets within 2011
Waste Reductions: - Applying 3Rs
- Promoting Green Procurement
Waste Utilization Rate more
than 30%
Waste Disposal at Engineered Practices more than 40% Integrated Waste
Management System
HHW properly managed at least 30%
Household Hazardous Waste Management
System
Source: Pinthong, 2010
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Policy Frameworks
6
15
16
5
13
14
1210
117
2
3
8
4
9
1 1
9
4
8
3
2
711
10 12
14
13
5
16
15
6
Supporting Local Government Clusters to obtain long-term effectiveness of waste management
Source: PCD
Clusters of Local Governments
CLUSTER SIZES Numbers MOU
agreement
LARGE
> 500 tons/day 3 3
MEDIUM 250 – 500 tons/day
100 – 250 tons/day
50 - 100 tons/day
206
26
88
92
140
18
65
57
SMALL
50 tons/day 92 64
Total 301 207
Source: PCD
Policy Frameworks
Endorse the Partnership between Governments and Private Sectors for Implementing Integrated Waste
Management
Heat/Electricity
Source: PCD
WTE Strategic Approaches
Heat/Electricity
Landfill
Non-Combustible
Wastewater Treatment Plant
WASTE
Incineration
RDF
Compost
Digestion
Recycled Waste
3Rs
Waste Reductions:
Applying 3Rs, Promoting
Green Procurement
Integrated Waste Management System Specifically for Generating Renewable Energy
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Alternative Energy Development Plan : AEDP (2012-2021)
Source: DEDE
The 2021 target for WTE is 160 MW
Source: DEDE
Energy from waste: MSW
1. Promoting community to collaborate in broaden production and consumption of renewable energy
– Promote and support producing energy from MSW in the medium and small sizing Local Admin Organizations.
– Promote and support producing energy from MSW in small communities, for instances: schools, temples, communities, local organizations.
Source: AEDP (2012-2021)
2. Amending laws and regulations which do not benefit to renewable energy development
– Speed up the amendment of Joint Venture (Allowing the Private Sector for Co-working or Implementing the Government Enterprises) Act B.E 2535 to benefit for private sector to co-invest with Local Admin Organization in producing energy from MSW by all types, especially RDF (Refuse-Derived Fuel) type, then to co-generate heat and power in factory, includes promote producing oil derived from plastic waste.
Source: AEDP (2012-2021)
Energy from waste: MSW
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3. Public Relations and building up comprehensive knowledge of people
–Build up the collaboration in targeted area for establishment of waste to energy system, conduct campaign to educate children and juveniles in the detailed waste management for energy and environment at local level.
Source: AEDP (2012-2021)
Energy from waste: MSW
4. Promoting research work as mechanism in development of integrated renewable energy industry
– Study the RDF (Refuse-Derived Fuel) management
– Research, develop the domestic production of incinerator and the small waste to energy system at capacity not over 50 t/day.
– Develop the standards and appliances for producing oil from plastic waste
Source: AEDP (2012-2021)
Energy from waste: MSW
Renewable Cogeneration
Cogeneration
Promotion • Fixed Adder cost
1,600 MW
Quotation 1,030 MW 500 MW 530 MW
SPP (> 10 MW-< 90 MW
Fuel ฿ /kWh Special* Biomass 0.30 – 0.50 1.00 + 1.00
Biogas 0.30 – 0.50 1.00 + 1.00
Mini-Hydro (50-200 kW) 0.80 1.00 + 1.00
Micro-Hydro (< 50 kW) 1.50 1.00 + 1.00
MSW 2.50 – 3.50 1.00 + 1.00
Wind 3.50 - 4.50 1.50 + 1.50
Solar 8.0 1.50 + 1.50
VSPP (< 10 MW)
• Adder cost for Renewable power producers by term of support 7 years and 10 years for power generation from wind and solar;
SPP
115 3.50 Wind
15 8.00 Solar
0.30
2.50
Adder (Baht/kWh)
300 Other Renewable
100 MSW
530 Total
Capacity
(MW)
Type
Fixed
Bidding
*special cost in 3 provinces in Southern of Thailand
1. BOI Privilege: waive import duty on equipment and income corporate taxes;
2. Adder cost of power generation from RE.
Renewable
Measures for RE promotion
Project feature: set up fund to joint capital promote investment in energy conservation and renewable energy development projects
3. Revolving Fund with 4% interest rate & 7 years of payment term; 4. Encourage RE project to be CDM project;
5. ESCO Venture Capital
Investor
Technical Assistance
ESCO Venture Capital Equipment Leasing
Carbon Market
Equity Investment
Credit Guarantee Facility
Energy Conservation Promotion Fund
Investor
Investor Investor
ESCO Fund Investment Committee
Results 1. Stimulate investment energy conservation & renewable energy development with
total value > 2,500 million ฿ /year 2. Provide energy conservation & renewable energy development with total value >
500 million ฿ /year
Budget year 2008-09
500 million Baht
Financial support
Status: Be in action Fund manager
EFE ECFT
Measures for RE promotion
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Fuel Types / Size Adder
(Baht/kwh)
Extra Adder1
(Baht/kwh)
Extra Adder2
(Baht/kwh)
Period
(Years)
1. Biomass
Capacity ≤ 1 MW 0.50 1.00 1.00 7
Capacity > 1 MW 0.30 1.00 1.00 7
2. Biogas
Capacity ≤ 1 MW 0.50 1.00 1.00 7
Capacity > 1 MW 0.30 1.00 1.00 7
3. MSW
AD / Land Fill Gas 2.50 1.00 1.00 7
Thermal Process 3.50 1.00 1.00 7
4. Wind Energy
Capacity ≤ 50 kW 4.50 1.50 1.50 10
Capacity > 50 kW 3.50 1.50 1.50 10
5. Mini Hydro
Capacity 50 kW - < 200 kW 0.80 1.00 1.00 7
Capacity < 50 kW 1.50 1.00 1.00 7
6. Solar PV 8.00 1.50 1.50 10
Notes 1 = Electricity from Renewable Energy for diesel oil replacing 2 = For 3 Southern Provinces
1 USD = 35 THB
Adder Cost approved by the Cabinet on 24th March, 2009
Source: DEDE
Electricity generation from waste (MW)
Technology Number of
projects Capacity
(MW) Incinerator/Gasifier 3 4.22
Landfill gas to energy 7 21.23
Anaerobic digestion 5 2.034 27.484
Source: DEDE – March 2012
Heat generation from waste (ktoe)
Municipality Hotel and canteen
School Market Total
0.82 0.64 0.23 0.02 1.71
Source: DEDE Source: DEDE – March 2012
Small scale AD in schools
Source: DEDE – March 2012
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Community scale AD and RDF production
AD 0.8 tpd MBT 4.2 tpd
Place: Nong Muang, Lopburi Source: DEDE – March 2012 Source: TGO, 2012
Waste related projects which approved and received LoA
Project Title Project Detail Project lifetime
(yrs) Generated
Electricity(MW) Project Status
Jaroensompong Corporation Rachathewa Landfill Gas to Energy Project
Generate electricity from municipal waste
20 1 MW Registered to CDM EB
Bionersis Project Thailand 1 Generate electricity from landfill gas
10 2 MW Issuance of CERs
Jaroensompong Corporation Panomsarakham Landfill Gas to Energy Project
Generate electricity from landfill gas
10 1.02 MW X 2 Units Under validation process by DOE
Chiang Mai Landfill Gas to Electricity Project
Generate electricity from landfill gas
21 1.26 MW x 3 Units Under validation process by DOE
Bangkok Kamphaeng Saen East: Landfill Gas to Electricity Project
Generate electricity from landfill gas
21 1.063 MW x 9 Units Registered to CDM EB
Bangkok Kamphaeng Saen West: Landfill Gas to Electricity Project
Generate electricity from landfill gas
21 6 MW Registered to CDM EB
Active Synergy Landfill Gas Power Generation Project Nakhon Pathom
Generate electricity from landfill gas
10 1 MW Registered to CDM EB
Rak Baan Rao (RBR) Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management and Utilization Facility
Generate electricity from domestic waste biogas (AD)
30 500 kW* 12 Units Under validation process by DOE
Source: TGO, 2012 Source: TGO, 2012
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Projects that received CERs
• Bionersis Project Thailand 1- CERs issued is 21,594 tCO2e (1 Apr 2010 – 31 Dec 2010)
• Bangkok Kamphaeng Saen West: Landfill Gas to Electricity Project - CERs issued is 87,868 tCO2e (20 Jan 2011 – 2 May 2011)
• Active Synergy Landfill Gas Power Generation Project Nakhon Pathom : CERs issued is 75,192 tCO2e (18 Nov 2010 – 31 May 2011)
• Bangkok Kamphenng Saen East : Landfill Gas to Electricity Project - CERs issued is 85,138 tCO2e (21 Jan 2011 – 31 May 2011) and 2nd CERs issued is 123,736 tCO2e. (1 Jun 2011 – 31 Oct 2011)
S = 269,792 tCO2e Source: TGO, 2012
Bionersis Project Thailand 1
Bangkok Kamphaeng Saen Active Synergy Landfill Gas Power Generation Project
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Conclusion
• Waste to energy has been promoted in Thailand due to its composition and the need of renewables to replace fossil according to national policy
• Policy support both upstream ( waste recycle and waste separation) and downstream ( CDM, adder) process
• High opportunity for WtE in tropical country
Khobkun and Sawasdee ka
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