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CHAPTER 2
TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND
FORMATION OF MALAYSIA
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Colonial Era
• Reflets t!e attration of t!e ountr" # of t!e Mala" Ar!i$ela%o to t!e forei%n ountries
• Su&'u%ated &" ot!er $o(ers for ))* "ears +,-,, . ,/-0 1
• ritis! # 3a$anese sueeded in oloni4in% and left t!ei5$at on t!e $eo$le
•T!e Fators for oloni4in% Mala"sia6
• 7ase natural resoures # ot!er soures of (ealt!• to e8tend $olitial influene # C!ristian fait!
• 3a$anese
• and e7en Sia5ese
• Portu%uese
• Dut!• ritis!
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Ta&le ,9:6 Colonists and t!e Features of Do5ination
Colonist Duration Notes
Portu%uese ,-,, . ,*),
+,:; "ears1
• Mainl" in Malaa
• Was o$$osed &" t!e Mala"s of Malaa (it! t!e aid of A!e!
• Did not lea7e &e!ind 5an" traes< e8e$t in t!e areas of lan%ua%e and dane
Dut! ,*), . ,=2)
+,=: "ears1
• Mainl" in Malaa
• Did not lea7e 5an" traes> foused on oloni4in% Indonesia
• Was o$$osed &" t!e Mala"s (!o fre?uentl" reei7ed !el$ fro5 t!e u%is
ritis! ,=2) . ,/)2
,/)- . ,/-0
+,:; "ears1
• Coloni4ed t!e (!ole of Peninsula Mala"sia> t(o $!ases
• Left &e!ind si%nifiant influene on t!e (a" of t!e life of t!e $eo$le +P@E@S1
• Was stron%l" o$$osed &" t!e ountr"s $o$ulation
Sia5ese ,=2, . ,/;/
+== "ears1
• Was for a lon% ti5e lord of t!e states in t!e nort! of t!e Mala" Peninsula
• Sta"ed 5ainl" in t!e nort!ern states of t!e Mala" Peninsula na5el"< Perlis<
Beda! and Belantan• Traes of influene 7er" e7ident in t!e states in t!e nort!< es$eiall" in t!e
areas of reli%ion +udd!ist1 and art
3a$anese ,/)2 . ,/)-
+: "ears1
• Coloni4ed t!e entire ountr"
• reatl" influened t!e life of t!e $eo$le< es$eiall" in ter5s of relations
&et(een t!e raes
• Was o$$osed &" t!e (!ole ountr"
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Portu%uese +,-,, . ,*),1
• T!e 5ain reason6• to ontrol t!e 5ariti5e trade in t!e East
• S$read C!ristianit"
• Failure to e8$end $o(er6• Inonsisten" &et(een t!eir6
» tradin% $raties
» Reli%ion
– Alfonso de Albuquerque usin% fore to 5ae t!e %rou$ of
5er!ants lea7e Malaa and t!e" 7ie(ed t!e Portu%uese as
ene5" to ot!er Isla5i ountries
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Portu%uese +,-,, . ,*),1 Cont
• Main influenes e7idenes6• Eurasian o55unit"
• ro5ani4ed (ritin%
• lan%ua%e• ter5inolo%" + palsu, almari, jandela, garpu & tuala in Mala"1
• Led to start 3o!oreRiau Mala" Bin%do5
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ritis! +,=2) . ,/)21• ,0=*6 Penan% (as founded &" &" Franis Li%!t
G+after an a%ree5ent &et(een Franis Li%!t # Sultan A&dulla! $rotet Beda! fro5 Sia5ese t!reat1
• ,=,/6 Sin%a$ore (as founded &" Sta5ford Raffles
G+a!ie7ed t!rou%! t!e 5ani$ulation &" t!e ritis! of a loal issues of 5isunderstandin% &et(eenC!ief Militar" Offier A&dul Ra!5an +Sin%a$ore Ad5inistrator1 # Sultan A&dul Ra!5an in Riau 1
• T!e %eneral tenden"6
• Fous on o$enin% of Sin%a$ore• An%loDut! Treat" of ,=2) Mar! ,06 Mala" Ar!i$ela%o di7ided
to t(o different %eo$olitial area in ,/ # 2; entur"
• T!e esta&lis!5ent # transfer of $o(er of t!e Straits Settle5ents
• T!e %ro(t! of t!e tin 5inin% industr"
• Inrease of C!inese $o$ulation• T!e inter7ention of t!e Mala" States in ,=0)
• Pro%ress in ritis! ad5inistration
• For5ation of t!e Federated Mala" States in ,=/*
• O$enin% of ru&&er estate
See table 1.4: The Chronology Of British Colonization – pg. 10
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ritis! +,=2) . ,/)21 Cont
• Straits Settle5ents• Consisted of Sin%a$ore< Malaa # Penan% Island
• nited in ,=2/
• Penan% Island6,st a$ital state (it! o7ernor as!ead
• Ad5inistration of Straits Settle5ents transferredfro5 Culutta in India to London oursed6
» More effiient ad5inistration
» Co55erial a%riulture +&la $a$er< %a5&ier<nut5e%< lo7e # su%ar ane1
» Pirate ati7ities (ere eradiated
» ritis! &e%an to $a" attention to t!e Mala" state
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ritis! +,=2) . ,/)21 Cont
• ritis! Inter7ention in Mala" States< Sa&a! # Sara(a• T!ere !ad &een se7eral ases of indiret inter7ention6
» Ra'a Ali # Te5en%%un% I&ra!i5 in 3o!ore
» Nanin% War of ,=:,
» Andersons a%ree5ent (it! Selan%or # Pera in ,=2-• In Se$te5&er ,=0:< Lord Bi5&erl"inau%urated inter7ention $oli"
• efore t!at ritis! inter7ened onl" in Sara(a
* See Table 1.5: Suary of British !nter"ention in the #alay States$
Sabah % Sara&a'
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State Record of Events
Selan%or +,=0)1
Con’t
• In 1873, a ritis! car"o boat #as attac$ed b% &irates' t!e ritis! too$ t!is as ane(cuse to intervene
• In Au"ust 187), *ran$ S#etten!a+ #as a&&ointed official advisor to t!e Sultan
-./. Davidson as t!e Resident
Sun%ai 'un%
+,=0)1
• Stru%%le for $o(er in Sun%ai Lin%%i &et(een Dato Belana Said A&dul Ra!5an # Dato
andar Bulu$ Tun%%al
• Dato Belana sou%!t !el$ fro5 t!e En%lis! # (as su&se?uentl" ano(led%ed as !ief of
Sun%ai 'on%9 Ho(e7er< t!e a$$oint5ent of Dato Belana # ritis! $resene (ereo$$osed
&" Dato andar Bulu$ Tun%%al
• T!e ritis! ar5"< led &" W9A9 Pierin%< suessfull" defeated Dato andar Bulu$Tun%%al
• Sun%ai 'on% ae$ted ritis! Ad7isor< W9I9 Tat!a5
Pa!an%
+,==;s1
• Ci7il (ar &roe out due to t!e stru%%le &et(een Wan Muta!ir # Wan A!5ad for t!e $ost of
C!ief Minister
• T!e ritis! (ere (orried o7er Sultan A!5ads su%%estion to %i7e trade onessions to
Western $o(ers
• In Fe&ruar" ,===< a ritis! iti4en +of C!inese desent1 (as 5urdered in Pean +near t!e
sultans $alae1
• T!e ritis! too t!at as an e8use to inter7ene
• Sultan A!5ad ae$ted t!e ritis! Resident 39P9 Rod%er
Table 1.5: Suary of British !nter"ention in the #alay States$ Sabah % Sara&a'
Con(t
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Table 1.5: Suary of British !nter"ention in the #alay States$ Sabah % Sara&a'
Con(t
State Record of Events
Saba!
01)2
• 4art of Saba! #as under t!e runei Sultanate since t!e 12 t! centur%
• 5as leased to C!arles 6ee oses in 182 subsequentl% sold to aron 9on
:verbec$
•; !e Sulu Sultanete a"reed to "ive u& t!eir land in Saba! to :verbac$ Dent in 1878
• ;!e Nort! orneo C!artered Co+&an% #as establis!ed to ad+inister Saba!• :n 1t! -ul% 1)2, Saba! #as declared a ritis! colon%
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T!e Era of t!e E5er%en"
• Related to de7elo$5ent of Co55unist Part" ofMala"a +MCP1
• Cre$t into Mala"a in ,/2;s (it! Buo5intan%Part" fro5 C!ina9
• Pri5ar" o&'eti7e6o7ert!ro( ritis! # esta&lis!Co55unist Re$u&li of Mala"a
• ,/)2 'oint (it! ritis! for5ed MPA3A to a%ainstt!e 3a$anese
• After 3a$anese left t!e" for5ed Mala"an RaesLi&eration A5" +MRLA1 to a%ainst ritis! a%ain# no(n as : Stars +: raes19
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T!e Era of t!e E5er%en" Cont
• No su$$ort for Co55unist Ideolo%"• Mala"s6 o55unis5 a%ainst Isla5i tea!in%
denied t!e e8istene of od
do5inated &" C!inese . reated sus$iion
%i7e 5ore fous on i5$ro7in% t!e eono5"
• C!inese6 se7eral leaders esta&lis! Mala"an C!inese
Assoiation +MCA1
to sa7e%uard t!e interest of C!inese $eo$le
• En%lis! %o7ern5ent too definite sta$es to (i$e out
o55unis5 and MCP ati7ities
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T!e Era of t!e E5er%en" Cont
Declaration of E+er"enc% E+er"enc% 6a#s
• 3une ,*< ,/)=< &" Sir Ed(ard ent +ritis! Hi%!
Co55issioner1 . due to illin% of : Euro$ean estate
5ana%er in Pera
• Pera # 3o!ore
• 3une ,0< ,/)= . t!e (!ole of Mala"a
• i7e $o(er to Polie # Soldiers to arrest # detain
o55unist sus$ets (it!out trial9
• Road&los # urfe(s< re%istration s"ste5 (as
introdued . iti4ens a%ed ,2 "ears # a&o7e 5ust o(n
an identifiation ard9
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T!e Era of t!e E5er%en" Cont
ritis! Plans
• T!e ri%%s Plan• " Sir Harold ri%%s . reloate t!e C!inese s?uatter areas to ne( 7illa%e .
);; 7illa%es +started 3une ,< ,/-; in 3o!ore1
• Militar" Measures• " Sir erald Te5$ler +5ilitar" %eneral1 . used fir5 5ilitar" fore +En%lis!
soldiers< ur!as # Mala"s1
• Ps"!olo%ial Warfare• " Sir erald Te5$ler . eas" iti4ens!i$ for nonMala"< $ardonin% t!e lar%e
nu5&er of MCP 5e5&ers (!o surrendered< re(ardin% $eo$le (!o $ro7ideinfor5ation on MCP %i7in% out $a5$!lets< introdue W!ite # la areaJ
• One of t!e suess 5et!od in endin% MCP ati7ities
• T!e alin% Ne%otiation•
MCP deided to ne%otiate (it! %o7ern5ent• At alin%< Beda! on 2= # 2/ De9 ,/--• Ten%u A&dul Ra!5an< Da7id Mars!all # Tan C!en% Lo re$resented
%o7ern5ent• C!in Pen%< C!en Tien # Ras!id Maidin re$resented t!e MCP• MCP re?uested to &e le%all" reo%nised• Ne%otiations failed9
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T!e Era of t!e E5er%en" Cont
I5$at of E5er%en"
• 3ul" :,< ,/*;< Ten%u A&dul Ra!5an $rolai5ed t!e end of t!e e5er%en"• MCP failure6
• Offensi7e ats a%ainst Mala"an nion
• La of su$$ort fro5 Mala"an $eo$le
• La of $rotetion fro5 Russia # C!ina
• ,2 "ears left 5an" ne%ati7e results• /
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#))+), -,!O, 14/ 14
•Reason for t!e Mala"an nion Plan
a9 To(ards a 5ore effiient ad5inistration
&9 Need for a stron%< united ountr"unifor5it"
9 Pre$aration for self %o7ern5ent
d9 To $rotet ritis! interest•. Introdued in A$ril ,/)*
•. :&&osition to t!e ala%an
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233)T!O, of #))+) 14
•i9e9 S$eial $ri7ile%es
- nonMala"s un!a$$" . iti4ens!i$ re?uire5ents
• C!inese C!a5&er of Co55ere
• AMC3A . Tan C!en% Lo
Federation . states still retain so5e $o(er nion entrali4ed $o(er
Effect of t!e *ederation
a9 Mala" Peninsula under one %o7ern5ent
&9 Po(ers of Sultan and state ounils (ere restored
9 Reation of t!e Mala"s and nonMala"s
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363O7#3,T of 7O!T!C)
7)T!3S • C4 04> 13?- under%round $art"do5inated &" C!ineseinfluene of 5ainland C!ina
- Me5&ers 5ostl" disontented lo(er (orin% lass
- ai+ to esta&lis! Co55unist Re$u&li of Mala"a &" o7ert!ro(in%%o7ern5ent
- 7er" suessful durin% 3a$anese ou$ation . ne( loo MPA3Aritis!
su$$ort5arria%e of on7eniene- (!en ritis! returned . t!e ordial relations!i$ started to strain as MCP still
een to for5 Co55unist re$u&li
- leaders!i$ under C!in Pen% and Lai Te
- ritis! suesfull" la5$ed do(n MCPs ati7ities
@.
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Parties un!a$$" (it! t!e
Federation
a9 AMC3A . Tan C!en% Lo
&9 PBMM . Dr ur!anuddin alHel5i
9 AWAS . S!a5sia! Fae!
d9 API . A!5ad oesta5an
•. PTERA +PBMM< AWAS # API1 . AMC3A
•. ,/)0 Dr ur!anuddin alHel5i introduedPerle5&a%aan Ra"at<
•. ritis! found it too radial
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3. CA 0@7 *eb 1)2
-. Tan C!en% Lo first $resident -. to unite C!inese a%ainst Co55unist< to
s!o( lo"alt" and (or alon%side (it! t!e
%o7ern5ent and to $rotet C!ineseeono5i and $olitial ri%!ts
). IC 0 8 Au"ust 1)2•. ,st President (as 3o!n T!i7"
•. 363O7#3,T of 7O!T!C) 7)T!3S
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2O#)T!O, of #))+S!)
• " ,/*, t!e FM !ad &een inde$endent for ) "ears9• Mala"a !ad a sta&le %o7ern5ent and t!ere (as eono5i and
soial
• $ro%ress9
•Sin%a$ore !ad o&tained full internal self . %o7ern5ent sine ,/-/
• &ut still ontrolled &" ritain9
• Sa&a!< Sara(a and runei . ritis! Cro(n Colonial sine ,/)*9
•20 Ma" ,/*,< Ten%u A&dul Ra!5an $ro$osed a 5er%er of Mala"a Sa&a! Sara(a Sin%a$ore runei MALAYSIA
- t!ere (ould &e a entral %o7ern5ent for all t!ese territories9
- ea! territories (ould retain so5e of its $o(ers9
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SIN/A4:RE’S DESIRE for
ER/ER
- 4A4 ca+e to &o#er in 1
- Lee Buan Ye(< as Pri5e Minister of Sin%a$ore9
• Reasons
- Eono5iall"< Sin%a$ore still de$endent on Mala"a9
- Sin%a$ore ontinued to fae t!e t!reat of Co55unist
• ;E A6ABAN /:9ERNEN; 5AS A/AINS; ER/ER
- t!e $o$ulation in Sin%a$ore (as lar%el" C!inese9
- Co55unist ati7ities (ould s$read to Mala"a fro5 Sin%a$ore9
• REAS:NS for ;AR 4R:4:SA6 for ;E *
- inreasin% Co55unist influene in Sin%a$ore
- to &alane t!e raial Co5$osition9
- to enoura%e eono5i de7elo$5ent9
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PROPOSAL of THE MALAYSIA
PLAN
- Sin%a$ore< Sa&a!< Sara(a # runei if a%reed to t!e Mala"sia Plant!e" (ould %et t!eir inde$endene earl"9
- In 3ul" ,/*,< a Mala"sia Solidarit" Consultati7e Co55ittee (as setu$9
- To %et t!eir o$inions9
• RITAIN
- t!e ritis! %o7ern5ent ne( t!at it !ad to %i7e inde$endene toSin%a$ore< Sa&a! # Sara(a sooner or later9
- It reali4ed t!at t!e Mala"sia Plan (ould %i7e t!ese territories $olitialsta&ilit"< and $ros$erit"9
- In ,/*2< t!e ritis! %o7ern5ent a$$ointed a o55ission of in?uir"9
- T!e Co&&old Co55ission9
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THE RNEI REKOLT
• T(o 5ont!s &efore t!e Mala"sia A%ree5ent (as si%ned< Sultan of runei
• deided not to 'oin Mala"sia9- ta8ation of runeis oil re7enue9- T!e ri%!t to a senior $lae a5on% t!e
Mala" Rulers9
• 12..123 = T!e For5ation of ala%sia.
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