Psychology of Motivation
• Motive- is a stimulus that moves a person to behave in ways designed to accomplish a specific goal.
– What motivates you?
Psychology of Motivation
• Needs– A condition when we require something we lack
– 2 types of needs • Psychological • Biological
• Which is more powerful?
Psychology of Motivation
• Drives– The force that motivates an organism to take
action
– How is drive created?– How is one person more driven than another?
Instinct Theory
• Instincts- behavior patterns that are genetically transmitted from generation to generation.
– Examples of instincts?– What is an instinct in today’s society for humans?
Drive Reduction Theory
• Based on learning as well as motivation• People and animals experience a drive arising
from a need as an unpleasant tension.
• People will learn to do whatever will reduce the tension by reducing the drive.
Humanistic Theory
• Argument that people are motivated and driven by personal fulfillment more than basic needs.
• People are willing to tolerate pain, hunger, and other kinds of tension to fulfill their goals.
• Self actualization- refers to the need to become what one believes he/she is capable of being. – Striving to become something is essential to human well-
being
Sociocultural Theory
• Argue that even the most basic drives such as hunger and thirst are cultural experiences.
• This is a very important factor in all of our lives, but just how important?
Biological Needs
• People need food and water to survive
• However, food can mean so much more to a person that just something to shove in their face.
• Food can mark the time of day, month, and mood your in.
The Hunger Drive
• Role of Chewing– Chewing and swallowing sensation for us. – The hunger drive is usually satisfied once the food
is digested and enters the bloodstream, however chewing seems to satisfy that need thus saving us from eating more.
– It is smart to stop eating before you feel like you are going to explode.
The Hunger Drive
• The Role of the Stomach– Hunger pangs, or growling of the stomach is
actually a thing when you are hungry due to stomach contractions.
– Hunger can have effects on mood and actions• Any ideas on examples?
The Hunger Drive
• The Hypothalamus – Level of sugar in the blood plays a key role in
feelings of hunger.
– When blood sugar drops it sends information to the brain which then regulates body temperature
– The “start eating” and “stop eating” sensor in your brain is located here.
Psychological Needs: Stimulus Motives
• Stimulus Motives- Desires for stimulation that include activity, exploration, and manipulation
• Sensory deprivation- the absence of stimulation• Experiment- students blindfolded and bound, put in room
with no sensation.– Results?
– Why do we desire sensory stimulation?
Psychological Needs: Exploration and Manipulation
• Once people become sufficiently comfortable with their environment they seek stimulation?
• Do people manipulate and explore their surroundings for their own survival or because they want the stimulation?
Psychological Motivation: Achievement Motivation
• Achievement Motivation- is what may drive people to tackle challenges and meet high personal standards of success.
• Performance Goals- specific goals that can measure the success of an individual
• Learning Goals- learning for learning’s sake.• Extrinsic Rewards• Intrinsic Rewards
Making things fit
• Cognitive Consistency- people seek to think and behave in a way that fits what they believe.
• Boys and girls• Conservative and Liberal• Religions?
Making Things Fit
• Balance Theory- people need to organize their thoughts, opinions, and beliefs in a harmonious manner.– Why are your closest friends your best friends.
• Imbalance- when somebody disagrees with what you care about
• Nonbalance- when people we do not care about disagrees with us and leaves you feeling indifferent.
Making Things Fit
• Cognitive-dissonance theory- when people have the motivation to do actions that reflect their beliefs.
– Lying– Doing things that don’t reflect your belief
Affiliation
• Affiliation- the desire to be apart of something larger than oneself
– This motivation keeps families, groups and nations together.
– Affiliation may be a sign of anxiety• Why?
Emotions
• Emotions are love, anger, sadness, and other states of feeling
• All emotions are biological, cognitive, and behavioral– Can emotions effect your body?
Happiness
• Everything we do it to attain of gain happiness in our lives. – True or False?
– People who are happier think the world is a happier and safer place
– They also make decisions more readily and report greater satisfaction
Anger
• Anger is a common reaction to insult or attack– Angry people may seek revenge as well
– In a study people said in a course of a week they became angry several times a week while others say they became angry several times a day, why?• Most people were angry with someone close a friend
or a family member that offended them.
• Best way to handle anger???
Theories of Emotion
• The Opponent-Process Theory– Emotions often come in pairs, with one emotion
being followed by another – Extreme happiness followed by extreme sadness– Anxiety followed by relief
Commonsense Approach
• When something happens to a person in a certain situation, the person interprets the situation and a bodily function follows.
– Chad is walking down the street at night when he suddenly sees Ben walking towards him, he is filled with fear and anxiety and pees his pants………..Ben giggles
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