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2012 Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture. All rights reserved.
Published by the ACSA Press and distributed by the
Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture
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Washington, DC20006
(202) 785-2324 www.acsa-arch.org
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Contents
A cademia I: P e d a g og i ca l A f fo rda n ce s o f t he D esign Studio
3 Eros ive Cartographie s
Karl Wallick, University of Wisco nsin-Milwaukee
7 Ne ith er Ind ivid ua l, Nor G ro up:
A Fi rs t Y e ar D e sig n S t u d io E x p er im e n t
Sevgi TOrkkan, Istanbul Technical University
Nizam Onur Sonmez, Istanbul Technical University
Burr,;in KOrtOncO, Istanbul Technical University
Cities I
17 C h a n g in g P o v e r ty P o c k e ts i n M e t ro p o li ta n s
Mos tafa Rabea Abdelbaset Khalifa,University of Camerino, Italy
Maria Federica Ottone, University of Camerino, Italy
23 T h e U n p la n n e d C i ty : P r e s er v in g P l a ce Th r o u g h U rb a n M a k in g
James Fowler Eckler, Jr. , Marywood University
28 C h i na ' s E m e r g in g Eco -C ities
Zhongjie Lin, University of North Carolina at Cha rlotte
32 H igh-Per fo rmance C i t ies o r Bu i ld ings
Seu ng R a, O klahom a State University
S usta ina b il it y I: To ward Carb on N eutral C it ies
41 A c h i ev in g t h e ' 20 2 0- 2 03 0 T a r ge t s' o f N e t-Zero -Energy-Bui ldings
w i th P ara m e tr ic 3 D /4 D -B IM D e s ig n T o o ls
Thomas Spiegel halter, Florida International University
48 A ir ing Renovations : Th e A t m o s p h er e o f P a u l R u d o lp h
Kevin Moo re, Aubu rn University
Justin M ille r, Auburn University
55 A r c h it e c tu r e M u s t F o ll o w t h e S tra te g y o f M u s i c: S h a rin g
Eduard Sancho Pou, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya
57 Loca l Exa m p l es , G l o ba l P e r s ec t iv e : F r o m T h e o ry t o P ra c t ic e
in D e s ig n in g , M e a su ri ng a n d B en c h m ar ki ng C a rb o n-Neutral
Arch itecture
Thomas Spiegelhalter, Florida International University
65 Tradit iona l Mate r ials Opt imize d fo r the 21s t Century
Elizabeth Golden, Universit y o f W as hington
Civ ic Engagement I: D i rect A cti vi sm
75 F rom Freed o m o f Expression to E x p r es s i on o f F re e d o m :
Respond in g t o S o cio - P o li ti c al C h a n g e in t h e C lassroom
Magda Mostafa, American University in Cairo
82 Th e A rc h it ec t C itize n : Th e N ature o f C ivi c E n g a g e m e n t
in P o s twar R e c o n s tr u c ti o n P ro j ec t s i n Lebanon
Mar wan Ghandour, Iowa State University
85 T rans-ac ti vis m in D e sign : A Case S tudy
Sally Harrison, Tem pl e University
O pen I95 Ce c i T u e r a C e l a: A rchitectural P ra c ti c e i n t h e A g e o f
U biquitous S oft ware
Colin R ipley, Ryers on U niversity
99 Fr a m in g t h e F a ct s: M o ving Be y on d a M ult icultural
S u r ve y o f A r c h it e c tu r a l H i stor y
Charles Davis, II, Univers ity of North Carolina
at Cha rlotte
P ra c ti ce I: A t the Con fluenc e o f R esearc h and D esign
10 7 Deve lopin g a De s ig n T h eo r y: T h e A b e n d S ing le to n S tory
David S achs, Kansas State University
11 2 L ea rn in g A rc hite ctu ra l Res to r a ti o n T h r o ug h
Cooperat ive W ork ing S t ra teg ies
Mar iona G enis-V inyals, Universitat Po/itecnica de Catalunya
Albert Casals Balague, Universitat Politecnica deCatalunya
Jose Luis Gonzalez M oreno-Navarro, Universitat Politecnica
de Catalunya
Citie s I I
121 A poca lypt ic D es ir e a n d O u r U r ba n I m ag inat ion
Amy Murphy, University of Sout he rn California
127 C it ie s f ro m t h e B o t t o m -Up: 22@ P lanning ,A S y s te m A t t ac h e d t o C h a n g e
Philip S peranza, University of Oregon
13 3 Urban M a p pi ng s a s a Visua l Rhetorica l Too l
fo r D es ign Teach ing C hange
Paulo Providencia, Universidade de Coimbra
13 8 U rba n No m a d s
Nicolin e L oe per, S axion University
Matthias Ott, Saxion University
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IV
Civ ic En gagement II I: Sus tainable Neighborhoods
277 The Paradise Creek Eco Park: A Collaborative
Model of Academic Civic Engagement
Phoebe Crisman, University of Virginia
283 The Race Is Really the Prize: Des igning Community
Capacity in Ecodistricts
Christine Mondor, Carnegie Mellon University
Prac t ice I I: A t th e C o n flue nce of Aut hor ship and Collabara tion
291 Collaps e t o Expand: Alessi's Tea and Coffee Piazza
Shannon Starkey, University of Cal ifornia, Los Angeles
296 Dbjects of Our A ffection
Daniel le Etzler, Harvard University
299 Rethinking Post-Vanguard Conceptual Practices
Santiago Per ez, University of Arkansas
Globalization I: Energetic Stra tegies &Analyt ic M o de ls
309 ENERGY-(R)EVOLUTION
Wendy F ok, University of Houston
316 Geograph ie s of Energy
Rania Ghosn, Univers it y o f Michigan
321 Mapping Urbanism
Kelly Hutzell, Carnegie Mellon University
Open I I I
331 A Certain Brand of H umanism: Lewis Mumford, Matthew Nowicki,
and the Architectura l Pedagogy of North Carolina State College,
194 8-1952
Eric Bel lin, Universit y o f Pe nnsylvania
338 Silver Residence Hall at NYU U ptown: A Bridge to Co-ed Hous ing
Carla Yanni, Rutgers University
Technology II : Te chnologica l Pedagogies
345 How Can Students Learn to Integrate Form and Construction?
Karel Vandenhen de , U niversi ty o f L euven
349 Imperatives of Craft: Pedagogy for Emergent Technologies
James Fowler Eckler, Jr., Marywood University
Karl W allick , U ni versity of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
355 Manual Operations in the Age of Digital Design:
A Case of a Beginning Design Studio
M yung Seok H yun, Georgia Institute of Technology
Open IV
363 Anisotropia: Morpho-generative Sound Analysis
Christoph Klemmt, Orproject
367 Cultura l Cognition and Smart Space Design Culture
Alfredo Andia, Florida International University
Branko Kolarevic, University of Calgary
372 Forces o f Change: Past and Present
Marci Uihlein, University of I llinois,
Urbana-Champaign
Prac tic e III: At the Co nf luence of Representat ion and Pol itics
381 A Case of Mistaken Identity: Changes in the
Perception of Female Archite ct s in Puer to Rico
Norm a I sa F igueroa, University of Texas at Arlington
387 Los t in Translation: Searching for the Detail in
Contemporary Architectural Practice
Patrick D oa n, Virginia Tech
392 The Architect's Visua l Prac ti ce s a s a Source of Power
Richard Klopp, Vanier College
Sustainability III : Ne w Studio Des ign M ethodolog ies
401 Architecture Beyond Borders: Provisional Lessons
Learned from the Developing World
Joseph Dahmen, University of Brit ish Columbia
407 Change INo Change
Ingrid Strong, Wentworth Institute of Technology
Jenni fer Lee Michaliszyn, Wentworth Institute of Technology
415 Heal thy Buildings for the Future: How Can We Ens ure
that Designs or Adaptations Deliver Sus tainability Principles
and Can Be Integrated into Studio Based Teaching?
Faidon Nikiforiadis, Low Carbon Bui ld ing Design
Sam antha Jayne Townsend, Low C arbon Bui ld ing Design
Aca dem ia IV: Fin ding the World in Our C urricula
421 Networking Learning Processes: A Virtual Campus
to Support Housing Studies
Lean dro Madrazo, Ramon Llull University
Paul Riddy, Ram on L iu ll U niversity
Marta Masdeu, Ramon L lu ll U niversity
429 Design as Research: The Role of Argument in Design Projects
That Rep resent Contributions to Architectural Knowledge
John Gordon Hun t, University of Auckland
435 Study on Transitio n o f Accredi tatio n S ys te m
for Architectural Educatio n in Japan
Tomoaki Tanaka, Meiji University
Koichiro Aitani , Kyushu University
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H U M A N IS M , U N IV E RS A LIS M A N D T H E N AT IV E G E N I U S
Palladio's architecture together with their theoretical contributions to
the discipl ine. This book suddenly became instrumental in challeng-
ing both the academic (Beaux Arts) account on the architecture of
the Renaissance and the most dogmatic modernist principles. In fact,
already in 1947 Colin Rowe published in The Architectural Reviewhis
seminal artic le "The Mathematics of the Ideal Vil la." In this art icle,Rowe, a pupil of Wittkower, famously demonstrated the resonances
in the generative geometry of Palladio's Villa Malcontenta a nd L a Ro -
tonda with Le Corbusier's Vil la Stein de Monzie at Garches and Villa
Savoye.4 At the end of the 1940s, both Wittkower and Rowe w ere thus
showing that the archi tectural principles of the Renaissance were
worth for something more than mere images to be li teral ly copied as it
had been hitherto approached in Beaux Arts architectural education,
After the publication of Rowe's article and in the same year of Witt-
k ow er 's b oo k, L e C orbusier publ ished his Le Modulor where, ac-
cording to the book's subtitle, he sought "une mesure harmonique
a I 'echelle humaine applicable universellement
a l'Architecture et
a la mecanique" (a harmonious measure to the human scale univer-
sally applicable to architecture and mechanics,)
Systems of proport ion thus became a trendy topic fa r the p os twar
younger generation of architects, as c an b e stated by the opinion of
notable members of this generation such as the Smithsons, whom
declared in a l e tter to th e e di to r o f the RIBA Journal, published in
February 1952, tha t the y w ere a w are th e mos t d iscu ss ed books of
that moment were Le Corbusier's Le Modulor and Wittkower's Archi-
tectural Principles, both concerned wi th systems of proportion.5 They
argued, mo reover,
"Dr. W ittkower is regarded by the youngerarchitects as the onlya rt-his-torian working i n England capableo f describing and a nalysingbuildingsin spatial and plastic terms, and not inte rmso f derivationsand dates."6
Le Corbusier's Le Modulor was translated into English in 1954 and
reviewed in 1957 by Sybil Moholy-Nagy, whom considered the Mod-
ulor as a "magnificent folly." Le Corbusier, Moholy-Nag y remarks,
dwells between violent contradictions: from revolting monstrosity and
brutal dictatorship in his urban concepts, to deep humanism in his
religious projects and love for nature. With the Modulor, she argues,
"the service which Le Corbusier rendered l ies in the transforma tion
of time-bound phenomena - industrial ization, urbanization, building
technology - into timeless art." And she goes on to conclude that "[iJ
n a century of al l-pervading uti li tarianism the fol ly and depth of inap-
pi icable greatness is the contri bution of Le Corbusier. "7
In the same year Sibyl Moholy-Nagy reviewed Le Modulor, her book
Native Genius in Anonymous Architecture in North America was
launched, In this book, Mo holy-Nagy delivers criticism on architec-
tural approaches more interested in mechanical progress than in tru-
ly humanist progress. In producing "architectural standards based on
different values than those of pre-industr ial t imes," she argues new
architectural standards were created, which "are concerned less and
less wi th design and more and more wi th technology."8
Moreover, she goes on criticiz i n g also those who, out of an inferior-
complex, need to find architectural s ignif icance in remote conteE
overlooking their native circumstance. She contends thus that
"[tlhe romantic glow of the ancient and the far-away has dimmed "";:
us the aChieve ments o f our own untutored and intuitive architectL~geniuses ."
And goes on argu ing that
"[ilt is this verya nonymity that gives special weight to their work : r . : -caus e it was preserved for no other reason that i ts adequacy beyc-the life of the builder. It fulfilled an ideal standard. "9
Sibyl Moh oly-Nagy's i de al s ta nd ard, produced by the native gen,_
seems, thus, to chal lenge Le Corbusier's aim t o "harmon iz e t he L
of the world's product throu gh s tandardization" with the Modular. S ,_
champions an alternative approach, praising the outcome of a natL''=:
relation betwee n the architectura l a rt ifact a nd i ts circumstance.
N E G O TIA T IN G A R C H IT E C TU R E W IT H N A TU R E
The intertwined r ela tion betwe en the p ursu it o f a esthetic perfectic-
and the acknowledgm ent of Nature as i ts mai n reference can a'-
be found in Alberti 's De re aedificatoria.
In his treatise, Albert i contends that the elements relevant for L--
derstanding a build in g a re regio (the surroundings of the bui lding. .
area (th e b ui ld in g s ite), partitio (partition), paries (wall), teet/.;-
(roo f), a nd apertio (opening).l0 In the definition o f th es e e le menc;:
Albert i conspicuou sly uses references from Na ture. For e x ampl=
when Albert i describes the proper way to design a building's par:-
tion, he compares i t to animals' bod ie s. H e argu es "just as wr : -
animals members relate to members, so too in b ui ld in gs p ar t oug-
to relate to part;" And he goes on conten di ng tha t
[Iln fashioning the members, the moderation shown by nature oug-
to be followed; and here,a s elsew here, we should not somuch prais:'sobriety as condemn unruly passion for building; each part should ~appropriate, and suit its purposell
Alberti goes even further, declaring that one should bui ld accordir;~
to the laws of Nature, avoiding challe ng in g h er, He argues that
[Nlothing should be attempted that l ies beyond human capacity, n _anything undertaken th at might immediately come into conflict wiL :"Nature. For sogreat is Nature's strength that, although on occasic-some hugeo bstacle mayobstruct her, or some barrier divert her,s l;~
will always overcome and destroy any oppo sition or impediment; ar:.any s tubbornness, as it were, d isplayed against her, will eventually tEoverthrown and destroyed by herco ntinual and persistent onslaught::
Next to stressing the lessons provided by Nature, Alberti draws als:
o ur a t te nt io n to th e n ee d to tak e in to consideration the native gE-
nius, i.e. to learn from the past. He thus states that
[Ilt wi ll be helpful to derive ideas and draw compariso n s bystudyill~completed buildings nearby, and to base our own proposals on the'
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H U M A N IS M , U N IV E R S A LIS M A N D T H E N A T IV E G E N I U S
C H A LL EN G IN G A N U N I V ER SA LI S T A P P R O A C H
After the groundbreaking meeting held at Doorn, The Netherlands,
in January 1954, some of this generation's most active members
launched a"statement on habitat" also known as"The Doorn Man i-
'esto," In this manifesto, they challenged ClAM's interwar urbanand architectural principles, chiefly expressed in their criticism on
the universalism of the Athens Charter.
The notes of the first meeting in Doorn, reported that the Smithsons
condemned past ClAM's excessive dualism between house and city.
They argued that now it was time for accomplishing its interrela-
tion.23 This resonated with Alberti's famous dictum "a house is like
a small city and the city is like a big house", which had been al-
ready suggested by Plato in his "Leges."
In the Smithson's original manuscript for the" Doorn Manifesto",
the first point argued that "[ilt is useless to consider the houseexcept as a part of a community owing to the inter-action of these
[sicJ on each other."24They shunned the universality of the codifi-
cation proposed by the Athens Charter's four functions by declar-
ing that "we should not waste our time codifying the elements of
the house untill [sicJ the other relationship has been established."
Thus, they went on arguing "[hJabitat is concerned with the par-
ticular house in the particular type of community."
The methodological apparatus they suggested as an alternative
to the Athens Charter was the scales of association, inspired by
Patrick Geddes' "Valley Section," where they identified four "eco-
logical fields" or human associations: isolated buildings, villages,
towns, and cities, The "Statement on Habitat" later disseminated
by the ClAM members present at Doorn, stressed that "[tJo compre-
hend these human associations we must consider every community
as a particular total complex."25
The Doorn manifesto embodies, thus, a shift from the abstract and
universalizing character of the Athens Charter towards the ecologi-
cal and humanist approach triggered by the acknowledgment of
natural relationships between the individual and the community.
As stated above, Alberti was concerned with learning the lesson
delivered by Nature, recognizing the cultural significance of the
particular circumstance at a given building site, and praising the
interlocking relation between building and city, With the Doorn'
manifesto, some members of the mid-1950s ClAM younger genera-
tion echoed Alberti's more organic principles, which would eventu-
ally become programmatic in the folowing years.
In fact, the organizers of the 10th ClAM congress, who became
known as Team 10, decided to use the scales of association as an
essential methodological tool to debate and eventually formulate
the Charter of Habitat. Hence, for the 10th ClAM congress, all
ClAM groups were asked to present projects related with one of the
scales of association.
Figure l.ClAM-Porto - A New Agricultural Community. Project presented
at ClAM 10 - Dubrovnik, 1956. Extract of Panel 2 - General Plan. SourcE:
Centro de Documenta~ao da Faculdade de Arquitectura da Universidadedo Porto.
The scale of association that arguably del ivered the most interes:-
ing case studies was the village, for it provided a scale where tt-:::
issue of relationships between the individual and its communi::;could be best perceived and assessed, The contribution to the co~-
gress of the group ClAM-Porto, a project for a Rural Communi:::
(Figure 1), utterly illustrates this.
C IV IC E N G AG E M EN T IN A R C HIT E CT U RA L E D U CA T IO N A N D P R A C T I C E
The project presented by the Portuguese ClAM group at the 10:-
ClAM congress, held at Dubrovnik in the summer of 1956, delri-
ered a proposal for a new agricultural community. Designed by :" -
nesto Viana de Lima, Fernando Tavora and Octavio Lixa FiIgueira~
it was the first outcome of an ongoing survey on Portuguese region.
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H U M A N I S M , U N I V E R S A L IS M A ND T HE N AT IV E G E N I U S
The impact on architectural education, however, was not only trig-
gered by the lessons learned from rural communities. The method-
ological apparatus provided by the development of surveys on rural
vernacular was also used to promote the student's consciousness
on the living conditions of some urban communit ies. Octavio Lixa
Filgueiras, after his appointment as professor at Porto's architecture
school, became deeply engaged in involving his colleagues and,
chiefly, his students in the development of urban surveys (Figure 4).
Figure 4. F. Guedes, J. Godinho, G. Largo - Barredo: Study o f Quarter
1, 1st level. Analysis developed for the course "Arquitectura Analftica"
(Analytic Architecture) 1964/65, Teacher: Octavio L. Filgueiras. Source:Centro de Documenta
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