Nouns A noun is a person, place, or thing. PERSON:Bob,
colonist, swimmer, Ms. Yang, Mr. Smith PLACE:kitchen, James River,
canyon, Oklahoma The category thing contains several subcategories:
VISIBLE THINGS:duck, daffodil, fort IDEAS:capitalism, recession,
freedom ACTIONS:competition, exercise, labor CONDITIONS:joy,
health, happiness QUALITIES:compassion, intelligence, drive
Slide 3
Common and Proper Nouns A common noun names any one of a class
of people, places, or things. A common noun is not capitalized. A
proper noun names a specific person, place,or thing. A proper noun
is always capitalized. COMMON:leader, place, book, war
PROPER:Jefferson, Virginia, Leaves of Grass, Revolutionary War
Slide 4
Identifying Types of Nouns For each of the nouns below,
identify it as either common or proper. 1. colony 2. Jamestown 3.
leadership 4. farmer 5. Captain John Smith 6. self-government 7.
Pocahontas 8. peace 9. farmland 10. history
Slide 5
Recognizing Nouns Write each sentence below on your paper.
Underline each noun in the sentence. Identify each noun as common
or proper. 1. To our dismay, the escalator halted between floors.
2. Sally bought an encyclopedia on technology. 3. Can Amy get the
cooperation of her classmates? 4. Ted is interested in the origin
of words. 5. Halifax is the capital of Nova Scotia. 6. The surgeon
predicted gradual improvement of her health. 7. First-class postage
has almost doubled in this decade. 8. Mr. Reid disagreed with her
decision on that issue. 9. A violent storm threatened the coast and
the valley. 10. Jane made a jack-o-lantern for the party on
Saturday.
Slide 6
Pronouns A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun,
another pronoun, or a group of words functioning as a noun. An
antecedent is the noun, pronoun, or group of words functioning as a
noun to which a pronoun refers. A crowd quickly gathered. Looking
at the seat, they saw a schooner inching its way into Jamestown
harbor. Losing the crops was frightening; it was an experience the
colonist said she would never forget.
Slide 7
Personal Pronouns A personal pronoun is a pronoun that refers
to the person speaking (first person), the person spoken to (second
person), or the person, place, or thing spoken about (third
person). Personal Pronouns SingularPlural First PersonI, me, my,
minewe, us, our, ours Second Personyou, your, yours Third Personhe,
him, his, she, her, hers, it, its they, them, their, theirs
Slide 8
Personal Pronouns Nominative pronouns are pronouns that appear
as the subject of a sentence. She went to the store for her mother.
They saw a movie together. We will have the money by Monday.
Objective pronouns are pronouns that appear in the sentence as an
object of another word. Mary gave a speech to them. She bought me a
present. Possessive pronouns indicate ownership of something. I
gave back her book. My sister will call you tomorrow.
Slide 9
Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns A reflexive pronoun ends in
self or selves and indicates that someone or something in the
sentence acts for or on itself. The settlers prepared themselves
for the approaching winter. An intensive pronoun ends in self or
selves and simply adds emphasis to a noun or pronoun in the same
sentence. John Smith himself wrote an account of the meeting.
Slide 10
Demonstrative Pronouns A demonstrative pronoun directs
attention to a specific person, place, or thing. There are four
demonstrative pronouns: That is a beautiful city.Those are the
books you need. This is my report.These books need to be returned.
Demonstrative Pronouns SingularPlural this, thatthese, those
Slide 11
Relative Pronouns A relative pronoun introduces an adjective
clause and connects it to the word that the clause modifies. We
read a book that contained an account of the settlers experiences.
The settlers wanted to know who would work. The winter, which they
knew would be harsh, was quickly approaching. Relative Pronouns
that which who whom whose
Slide 12
Interrogative Pronouns An interrogative pronoun is used to
begin a question Who surrendered at Yorktown? What was the name of
the British general? Interrogative Pronouns what which who whom
whose
Slide 13
Indefinite Pronouns An indefinite pronoun refers to a person,
place, or thing that may or may not be specifically named.
Indefinite Pronouns SingularPluralBoth
anothereveryonenothingbothall anybodyeverythingonefewany
anyonelittleothermanymore anythingmuchsomebodyothersmost
eachneithersomeoneseveralnone eithernobodysomethingsome everybodyno
one
Slide 14
Recognizing Pronouns Underline the personal pronoun in each
sentence. Identify it as 1 st person, 2 nd person, or 3 rd person
AND nominative, objective, or possessive. 1. Todd gave his class
ring to Betsy. 2. Where will you stay in London, Phil? 3. With
their oxygen running low, the divers signaled for help. 4. Jeff
asked his father for the keys to the car. 5. Beethoven wrote his
violin concerto in 1806. 6. When she finished the novel, Pam turned
on the phonograph. 7. Maggie, have you outlined the research paper
yet? 8. I am going to Denver for Christmas, Pat told Derrick. 9.
The congressman said that he would speak first. 10. The car in the
driveway has its lights on.
Slide 15
Identifying Different Types of Pronouns Identify the type of
each underlined pronoun. When snow (1)that is held in place by
friction is dislodged, (2)it can cause a serious avalanche. (3)This
is a vast amount of snow cascading down a mountainside. The snow
(4)itself can exert over 22,000 pounds of pressure per square inch
and travel over 192 miles per hour. (5)Few caught in an avalanche
can save (6)themselves, but Saint Bernards have been trained to
locate victims. They have rescued over 2,500 people during (7)their
nearly three hundred years of service. (8)Which of the dogs has the
best rescue record? (9)None of the animals has a more impressive
list than Barry, (10)who saved over forty avalanche victims.
Slide 16
Adjectives An adjective is a word used to describe a noun or
pronoun or to give a noun or pronoun more specific meaning.
Adjectives answer any of the following questions: What kind?big
nests Which one?that bird How many?seventeen flocks How much?more
bird seed Sometimes the adjectives is located after the noun it
modifies. The nest looked old. Tired after the flight, he rested.
More than one adjective may modify a noun or pronoun. The quick,
darting falcon captured its prey.
Slide 17
Adjectives Nouns used as adjectives: vegetable soup bird food
Proper adjectives proper nouns used as adjectives Audubon paintings
Florida sunshine North American birds Spanish language Compound
adjectives made up of more than one word, sometimes hyphenated
long-term mates, oval-shaped nest warmblooded animals, lifelong
partners South American birds
Slide 18
Identifying Adjectives Write the adjectives in these sentences.
Then, write the noun that each adjective modifies. 1. Bald eagles,
weighing up to fourteen pounds, are very large birds of prey. 2.
Female bald eagles are usually larger than male bald eagles. 3.
These North American birds have a dark-brown body, white head,
white tail, and sharp yellow beak. 4. An eagles nest is difficult
to find. 5. The cliff towers on which eagles build their homes are
safe from predators. 6. Eagles are lifelong partners. 7. If
something happens to one eagle, the other eagle may pine for
months. 8. The male eagle and female eagle share the eaglet-raising
responsibilities. 9. While the male hunts, the female will guard
the stick-and-twig nest. 10. When the female hunts, the male takes
on guard duty.
Slide 19
Adverbs An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective,
or another adverbs. Answers any of the following questions:
Where?The finch flew up. Her eggs lay here. When?The flocks
migration began today. In what way?The falcon quickly passed over
our heads. To what extent?We have just enough time. Nouns
functioning as adverbs: We raced home to see the news of the eagle
sighting.
Slide 20
Adverb or Adjective? You can distinguish between adjectives and
adverbs by remembering that adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and
adverbs; adjectives modify nouns and pronouns. Spring arrived
early. The early bird gets the worm. slow flight, hasty decision
flew slowly, decided hastily Adjectives that end in ly: a lonely
thrush, a ghostly wall, a lovely sight
Slide 21
Recognizing Adverbs and Their Uses Write the adverbs in these
sentences. Next to them, write the word each one modifies. 1. Many
types of hawks live freely throughout North America. 2. The Coopers
hawk is also known, somewhat derogatorily, as the chicken hawk. 3.
This very powerful bird kills large prey, such as chickens. 4. In
the nineteenth century, hawks were frequently shot. 5. All hawks
have become completely protected by federal law. 6. Today, we
better understand the role birds of prey play in the natural world.
7. The Harriss hawk behaves very socially, which greatly puzzles
scientists. 8. It is very common to find several birds happily
sharing a nest. 9. It is not surprising to find two Harriss hawks
flying home with one catch: the hawks even hunt in pairs. 10. On an
early March morning, thousands of red-tailed hawks rise up and
continue the annual migration.
Slide 22
Verbs A verb is a word or group of words that expresses time
while showing an action, a condition, or the fact that something
exists. A action verb is a verb that tells what action someone or
something is performing. The students are learning about winter
sports. The radio blared the broadcast of the hockey game. The
action does not have to be visible. Words expressing mental
activities such as learn, think, or decide are also considered
action verbs.
Slide 23
Linking Verbs A linking verb is a verb that connects its
subject with a noun or pronoun that identifies or describes the
subject. That man is a famous hockey player. The ice surface seems
smooth. The verb be is the most common linking verb.
Slide 24
Forms of the Verb to be The Forms of Be amam beingcan behave
been areare beingcould behas been isis beingmay behad been waswas
beingmight becould have been werewere beingmust bemay have been
shall bemight have been should beshall have been will beshould have
been would bewill have been would have been
Slide 25
Examples of Linking Verbs The skater is on the rink. The winter
air smelled crisp and clean. The crowd sounds excited. The driver
stayed alert. The air felt cold.
Slide 26
Identifying Action and Linking Verbs Write action or linking
for each underlined verb. 1. The telephone rings in both offices.
2. Milk turns bad quickly unless refrigerated. 3. Grandfather grew
cucumbers during the summer. 4. The injured man stumbled into the
hospital. 5. Two hours late, the bus pulled into the station. 6.
His forehead feels cool to the touch. 7. Brian memorized the
opening line of his speech. 8. Winter will arrive on December 21.
9. After the accident, he looked pale and worried. 10. The express
bus may be late this evening.
Slide 27
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs A transitive verb directs
action toward someone or something named in the same sentence. An
intransitive verb does not direct action toward anyone or anything
named in the same sentence. The word toward which a transitive verb
directs its action is called the object of the verb. Intransitive
verbs never have objects Linking verbs are always intransitive You
can determine whether a verb has an object by asking whom or what
after the verb. TRANSITIVE:The player shot the puck.
INTRANSITIVE:The team practiced in the old ice arena.
Slide 28
Identifying Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Label each
underlined verb as transitive or intransitive. 1. Keith placed the
heavy metal turntable on his desk. 2. Clouds swirled near the top
of the mountain. 3. After much delay the judge rendered an
unpopular decision. 4. Did you buy the vegetables for the stew? 5.
East Hampton is not far from Shelter Island. 6. For a good
analysis, read Understanding Fiction. 7. Vicki rehearsed her speech
many times. 8. The runaway bus careened into a stone wall. 9. City
dwellers always enjoy a trip into the country. 10. The orchestra
began with a loud overture.
Slide 29
Verb Phrases A verb phrase consists of a main verb and one or
more helping verbs. As many as three helping verbs may preced the
main verb in a verb phrase. I will be taking a horse and carriage
ride through the snow. I should have taken a horse and carriage
ride through the snow. A verb phrase may be interrupted by other
words in a sentence. I will definitely be taking a horse and
carriage ride through the show. Should I take a horse and carriage
ride through the snow?
Slide 30
Identifying Verb Phrases Write down all parts of the verb
phrase in each sentence. Label each verb as action, linking, or
helping and transitive or intransitive. 1. By now, we should have
been in Boston. 2. The police department has already been notified.
3. We can expect a letter from them in a month. 4. The flood has
not blocked the main highway. 5. Their roles have not been clearly
defined. 6. The doctor should have given you a more complete
diagnosis. 7. Obviously, the trip must have taken several hours
longer. 8. Will you remind them of our change in plans? 9. The
senator did undoubtedly intend a postponement of the bill. 10. Can
I really have forgotten their anniversary?
Slide 31
Prepositions A preposition is a word that relates the noun or
pronoun that appears with it to another word in the sentence.
Slide 32
Prepositions Common Prepositions aboardaroundbetweeninnext
toprior to aboutaside frombeyondin addition toofregarding aboveas
ofbutin back ofoffround according toatbyin front ofonthrough
acrossatopby means ofin place ofon account ofthroughout
afterbarringconcerningin regard toontoto againstbecause
ofconsideringinsideon top oftoward ahead ofbeforedespitein spite
ofoppositeunder alongbehinddowninstead ofoutuntil
alongsidebelowduringintoout ofup amidbeneathexceptin view
ofoverupon amongbesideforlikeowingwith apart
frombesidesfromnearpastwithin
Slide 33
Prepositional Phrases Prepositions are always part of a group
of words called prepositional phrases. A prepositional phrase
contains a preposition and a noun or pronoun known as the object of
the preposition. Who is the famous actress in the movie? Shawn
checked under the couch and chair. Preposition or Adverb? A
preposition must always appear with an object of a preposition. Joe
Louis sidled around the rink. The boxer slowly looked around.
Slide 34
Identifying Prepositional Phrases Write each sentence below.
Place parentheses around the prepositional phrase or phrases in
each sentence. Then underline the preposition and circle the
object. Then draw an arrow to the word the phrase is describing. 1.
In back of the shop the owner and his son baked fresh bread every
day. 2. Step outside the door and see the sunset. 3. We ran out of
money during our shopping expedition. 4. According to the
Presidents speech, we need a greater awareness of pollution
problems. 5. Chinese lanterns were hung from the ceiling. 6. David
carefully placed the delicate glass figurine next to the vase. 7.
The terrified rabbit slipped between the fence posts and ran to
safety. 8. Billy the Kid stayed ahead of his pursuers by means of a
stolen horse. 9. Dont walk in the storm without a hat and boots.
10. The exhausted long-distance runner finally fell behind to
others.
Slide 35
Coordinating Conjunctions A conjunction is a word used to
connect other words or groups of words. A coordinating conjunction
connects words or groups of words. She and Grandmother once went to
see Bessie Smith. Turning to the left or to the right, all Bessie
could see was a throng of admiring fans. They climbed aboard the
midnight train, for the tour was just beginning. FANBOYS = for,
and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Slide 36
Correlative Conjunctions A correlative conjunction joins
elements in sentences, but always work in pairs. Both, and Either,
or Neither, nor Not only, but also Whether, or Neither Lola nor he
knows about Paul Robeson. He was not only intelligent but also
charismatic. He excelled both during college and in life. His
choice after college as either athletics or law.
Slide 37
Subordinating Conjunctions A subordinating conjunction joins
two complete ideas by making one of the ideas subordinate, or
dependent, upon the other. Subordinating Conjunctions
afterbecauselesttill althoughbeforenow thatunless aseven ifprovided
thatuntil as ifeven thoughsincewhen as long ashowso thatwhenever as
much asifthanwhere as soon asinasmuch asthatwherever as thoughin
order thatthoughwhile
Slide 38
Identifying Conjunctions Underline the conjunction in each
sentence. Then identify it as coordinating, correlative, or
subordinating. 1. I offered my help, but she refused. 2. Both a
dictionary and a thesaurus are useful in college. 3. My brother has
held several jobs since he graduated. 4. Either I will go, or I
will send a representative. 5. When she arrived, the crowd cheered
wildly. 6. My brother and two sisters all play sports. 7. He is not
only neat, but he is also accurate. 8. I travel because I enjoy
meeting new people. 9. Unfortunately, she knows neither French nor
German. 10. We had a winning record while he was our captain.
Slide 39
Conjunctive Adverbs These are adverbs used as conjunctions to
connect complete ideas. They are often used as transitions,
creating bridges between different ideas by showing comparisons,
contrasts, or results. The film was great; nevertheless, I prefer
Show Boat. Conjunctive Adverbs accordinglyfinallynevertheless
againfurthermoreotherwise alsohoweverthen besidesindeedtherefore
consequentlyinsteadthus moreover
Slide 40
Verbals A participle is a form of a verb that can act as an
adjective The flowing lava covered the road to Lassen Peak. The
melting glacier drained into the Kenai Fjords. The frozen mass is
slowly shrinking. Kinds of Participles FormsExamples Present
ParticipleEnds in ingI took a fishing pole. The winding trail
descended. Past ParticipleUsually ends in ed; sometimes en or
another irregular ending We saw abandoned mines. Watch out for that
fallen branch. Perfect ParticipleIncludes having or having been
before a past participle Having eaten, I moved on. Having been
warned, I did not litter the park.
Slide 41
Distinguishing Between Participles and Verbs Identify each verb
in the following sentences and indicate whether it is acting as an
adjective (participle) or a verb. 1. We were hiking along a winding
trail. 2. We spotted another hiking party coming toward us. 3. We
had raised our hands to wave when we saw the raised hand of the
leader waving to us. 4. We asked if they had experienced any
camping difficulties. 5. They said experienced hikers like us
wouldnt have problems.
Slide 42
Gerunds A gerund is a form of a verb that acts as a noun.
Camping is fun. Some parks allow fishing. Some Uses of Gerunds in
Sentences As a SubjectHiking is a pleasant activity. As a Direct
ObjectI mastered rock-climbing. As an Indirect ObjectAgnes gave
rappelling a try but found it too dangerous. As an Object of a
PrepositionEat lunch before leaving. As a Predicate NominativeMy
new hobby is diving. As an AppositiveMy favorite sport, fishing,
gives me hours of pleasure.
Slide 43
Identifying Gerunds Identify each gerund. Then, identify its
function as a subject, direct object, indirect object, object of a
preposition, predicate nominative, or appositive. 1. Preserving
Yosemite National Park became a priority in the 1850s. 2. Because
of Yosemites sheer granite cliffs, climbing has become a favorite
activity of the park's visitors. 3. Many consider rising before the
sun to attack the cliffs. 4. Rock climbers enjoy ascending the
monolith El Capitan. 5. Glacier Point is popular for providing
spectacular views.
Slide 44
Infinitives An infinitive is a form of a verb that generally
appears with the word to and acts as a noun, an adjective, or an
adverb. To go to Yellowstone is my dream. (noun) I made the
decision to go. (adjective) I was excited to go. (adverb)
Infinitives Used as Nouns and Modifiers As a SubjectTo move his arm
may cause further injury. As a Direct ObjectWith two weeks off,
Nina planned to relax. As a Predicate NominativeThis summer, Joels
plan was to travel. As an AppositiveThe suggestion, to return, was
rejected. As an AdjectiveThe whole group displayed an ardent desire
to ski. As an AdverbEveryone thought the reef was beautiful to
see.
Slide 45
Identifying Infinitives Write each infinitive. Then, label each
as subject, direct object, predicate nominative, appositive,
adjective, or adverb. 1. The goal of the National Park Service is
to conserve natural scenery and wildlife. 2. National parks are
designated by Congress to provide public recreation areas. 3. To
maintain the parks takes a great deal of money. 4. Guides are happy
to meet the needs of visitors. 5. Yellowstone was the first area to
become a national park.